General knowledge of physics and literature in senior high schools
Einstein (1921) put forward that electromagnetic radiation itself is discontinuous and explained the photoelectric effect; Millikan (1923) proposed that photons have energy < P >. The Planck constant of blackbody radiation was measured by experiments in the United States, which proved the correctness of Einstein's theory. The electronic charge was measured by oil drop experiment < P > Compton (1927) The United States explained that there is a light component with a wavelength greater than the original wavelength in the light scattering phenomenon (Compton effect), which proved that photons have momentum.
De Broglie (1929) proposed that physical particles also have fluctuation (De Broglie wave, matter wave)
Lauder used crystal gap as diffraction grating to verify the fluctuation of Roentgen rays
Davisson (1937) conducted electron diffraction experiments with crystals and proved the diffraction pattern of electrons
GP Thomson (1937)
Born. Three hypotheses of Bohr's atomic model
Bohr's theory are established
(1) Steady-state hypothesis: atoms can only be in a series of discontinuous energy states, and in these states, although electrons move at variable speed, they do not radiate electromagnetic waves, so the relatively stable state is called steady state.
(2) transition hypothesis: when the electron rotates around the nucleus in a steady state, it does not radiate electromagnetic waves, but when the electron transitions between two different steady States, it radiates (or absorbs) electromagnetic waves (photons), and its frequency is determined by the energy difference between the two steady States. H ν = △ e
(3) orbital quantization hypothesis: because of the discontinuous energy state, the orbital radius of the electron moving around the nucleus cannot be arbitrarily chosen, and it must be. However, it retains too many classical theoretical components, so its theory can do nothing for slightly more complicated atoms.
Schrodinger wave mechanics, Schrodinger equation
Pluckel, goldstein and German discovered cathode ray
Schuster, Kaufman measured the specific charge of electrons earlier than Thomson, Kaufman found that the specific charge changed with the electron velocity
Rutherford's British alpha particle scattering experiment, and proposed a nuclear structure model; The nitrogen nucleus was bombarded with alpha particles, and O-17 and protons were generated, which was the first artificial transformation of the nucleus in human history.
Fraunhofer Germany discovered the solar spectrum (dark line on continuous spectrum)
Kirchhoff Germany pioneered the spectral analysis method
Frank, G Hertz Frank-Hertz experiment: bombarding mercury atoms with electrons proved that the energy of mercury atoms is quantized
Becquerel (193) France discovered that uranium can emit invisible rays and can penetrate black paper to make photographic plates sensitive. It was the first person to discover radioactive elements
Marie Curie (193,1911), Pierre Curie (193) and his wife Poland's research on radioactivity (193); It was discovered that polonium Po, radium Ra(1911)
Geiger, Miller German G-M counter can be used to detect radiation
Iorio and Curie (1935) bombarded aluminum nuclei with α particles to synthesize P-3, and the
Weinberg, Salam and glashow (1967) temperatures of artificial radioactive elements were synthesized for the first time. Incorporate the four interactions into a unified theory
2. General knowledge of physics and literature in senior high school < P > Einstein (1921) put forward that electromagnetic radiation itself is discontinuous and explained the photoelectric effect; Millikan (1923) proposed that photons have energy. The Planck constant was measured by experiments in the United States and compared with the Planck constant of blackbody radiation, thus proving the correctness of Einstein's theory. Compton (1927) in the United States explained that there is a light component with a wavelength greater than the original wavelength in the light scattering phenomenon (Compton effect), which proved that photons have momentum.
De Broglie (1929) proposed that physical particles also have fluctuation (De Broglie wave, matter wave). Lauder used crystal gap as diffraction grating to verify the fluctuation of Roentgen rays. Davisson (1937) used crystals to conduct electron diffraction experiments, which proved the diffraction pattern of electrons. Born Germany proposed that light is a probability wave. Heisenberg (1932) Germany proposed no. The Bohr atomic model was created.
3. High school physics knowledge ***
Liu Shu's blog
1. Galileo
(1) overthrew Aristotle's view that "force is the reason to maintain motion" through ideal experiments
(2) overthrew Aristotle's view that "heavy objects fall faster than light objects"
2. Kepler: proposed Kepler planet.
3. Newton
(1) put forward three laws of motion.
(2) discovering the law of universal gravitation;
4. Cavendish: The gravitational constant G
5 was measured accurately by using the torsion balance device; (1) Einstein's special theory of relativity (classical mechanics is not suitable for microscopic particles and high-speed moving objects)
(2) he put forward the photon theory, which successfully explained the law of photoelectric effect, and therefore won the Nobel Prize in Physics
(3) he put forward the mass-energy equation.
6. Coulomb: Coulomb's law, the interaction law between charges, was discovered by using the torsion balance experiment.
7. Joule and Leng Ci
have independently discovered the law of thermal effect when current passes through a conductor, which is called Joule-Lenz Law (this is very unpopular! Give priority to with teaching materials! )
8. Oster
found that the electrified straight wires placed in the north and south can deflect the surrounding magnetic needles, which is called the magnetic effect of current.
9. Ampere: Study the law of electric current in magnetic field (Ampere Rule), the hypothesis of molecular current, and the magnetic field can act on electric current
1. Lorentz: Put forward the viewpoint that the moving charge generates a magnetic field and the magnetic field acts on the moving charge (Lorentz force).
11. Faraday
(1) discovered the condition and law of current generated by magnetic field-electromagnetic induction phenomenon (this is the case in textbooks, but there is actually no historical reason, so textbooks are the main ones! )
(2) It is proposed that there is an electric field around the charge, and that the electric field can be described by the electric field, and the concepts of electromagnetic field, magnetic induction line and electric field line are put forward.
12. Leng Ci: the law of determining the direction of induced current, the law of stagnation: induced current has such a direction that the magnetic field of induced current always hinders the change of magnetic flux that causes induced current.
13. Henry: I found the phenomenon of self-induction (this is also relatively unpopular).
14. Maxwell predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves and pointed out that light is an electromagnetic wave, which laid the foundation for the electromagnetic theory of light.
15, Hertz:
(1) The existence of electromagnetic waves is confirmed by experiments and the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves is determined to be equal to the speed of light.
(2) The existence of electromagnetic theory is confirmed.
16. Planck
put forward the "energy quantum hypothesis"-the emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves are not continuous, but one by one, that is, quantum theory
17 Bohr: put forward the atomic structure hypothesis, and successfully explained and predicted the electromagnetic spectrum of hydrogen atoms.
18. De Broglie predicted the fluctuation of physical particles, and put forward wave-particle duality and matter wave. De Broglie wave, any moving object has a wave corresponding to it.
19. Thomson (p)
The discovery of electrons by cathode ray tube shows that atoms can be separated and have complex internal structures, and a jujube cake model of atoms (raisin pudding model) is put forward.
2. Rutherford
4. Summary of Literature Knowledge in Senior One (Guangdong)
I hope it will help you ~ Come on ~ 1. China Ancient Literature (1). Pre-Qin Literature 1. Ancient Myths The famous ancient myths in China are: Nu Wa (wā) mending the sky and Hou Yi (y). )
2. Pre-Qin Prose A. The Confucian classics "Four Books" refer to The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, University and The Doctrine of the Mean. The Five Classics refers to The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Yijing, Chunqiu and Six Classics, also known as Six Arts (Yue).
B. Historical prose. Zuo Zhuan (Chronological Style), Warring States Policy (National Style), Mandarin (National Style), Three Biographies of Spring and Autumn, Zuo Zhuan, Gu Liang Zhuan and Ram Zhuan.
C. hundred schools of thought's prose is famous as follows: ① Laozi, Li Er, the founder of Taoist school, and the author of Tao Te Ching. (2) Confucius mound, word Zhong Ni.
is the founder of Confucianism, and The Analects of Confucius is a book in which Confucius disciples record the words and deeds of Confucius and his students. ("Ji Shi" and "He") ③ Mozi's name is Zhai (dí), the founder of mohists.
53 pieces of Mozi. (4) Mencius' name, the word Zi Yu.
the successor of Confucian school. Mencius is a book in which Mencius students record Mencius' words and deeds.
(If you get more help from the Tao, you will get less help from the Tao; if you are born in sorrow, you will die in happiness; if you see Mencius suddenly, you will get what you want. (5) Zhuangzi, Zhou, wrote Zhuangzi by Taoism in the Warring States Period.
("Knowing the Cow") ⑥ Xunzi, a Confucian in the Warring States Period, wrote 32 articles of Xunzi. ("Encourage Learning") 7 Han Feizi, a legalist.
writing everything is done wrong. (Bian Que meets Cai Huangong, Wu Zhu, Naoko suspects his neighbor).
) ⑧ Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, also known as Lu Lan, is a collective creation of Lv Buwei, the prime minister of Qin Dynasty, and his disciples. ("Cha Jin") Pet-name ruby Lisi's masterpiece is the prose "The Book of Exhortation and Expelling Guests".
③ pre-Qin poetry a. The Book of Songs. The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in China, with 35 poems.
There are three categories: wind, elegance and ode. Wind is a folk song, elegance is a music song, and ode is a sacrifice song. The expression of the book of songs is comparison, xing and fu.
"comparison" is a metaphor, which is compared with other things. "Xing" speaks of other things first to arouse the words sung, and "Fu" goes straight to Chen Qi.
B. Songs of the South. Liu Xiang, a scholar in the Western Han Dynasty, edited the works of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others into a book, and named it Chu Ci.
qu yuan (before 34? -Top 277? ) Ming Ping, a great patriotic poet in China, once served as a left disciple in Chu State, such as Dr. San Lv. His representative works are Li Sao, Nine Songs and Nine Chapters.
(2). Literature in the Han Dynasty and Prose in the Han Dynasty ① Jia Yi, known as Jia Sheng in the world. Also known as Jia Changsha and Jia Taifu.
he is the author of ten new books. "On the Qin Dynasty" and "On Accumulation and Sparse Storage" are his representative works.
② Sima Qian was a great historian and writer. The book Historical Records pioneered the "biographical style", which is divided into biographies, aristocratic families, biographies, watches and books.
Lu Xun called Historical Records "the swan song of historians, leaving Sao without rhyme". (3) Ban Gu's Hanshu and Liu Xiang's Warring States Policy are all famous in history.
B. Yuefu folk songs and fu. 1. Yuefu folk songs: music, folk music; Government, government.
Yuefu was originally a poem collected by the musical organs of the Han Dynasty. Peacock Flying Southeast is the peak of narrative development in Han Yuefu.
It was first seen in the New Ode to Yutai compiled by Xu Ling in the Southern Dynasties. 2. Fu is a synthesis of ancient Chinese verse and prose.
Sima Xiangru's Zi Xu Fu and Shang Lin Fu. Jia Yi's Fu of Hanging Qu Yuan is very famous.
(3). Literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties A. Poetry and Prose of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties ① "Three Caos". The "Three Caos" are Cao Shi's father and son Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi. Cao Cao's View of the Sea, Cao Pi's Journey in Hao Li, and Cao Zhi's Famous Capital, White Horse and Luoshen Fu are all famous.
② "Seven Children of Jian 'an" refers to Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Wang Can, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu (yǔ), Ying Yang (yáng) and Liu Zhen. Wang Can's Seven Sorrow Poems is the highest achievement.
③ "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" refers to seven authors, such as Ji Kang, Ruan Ji and Xiang Xiu; ④ Tao Yuanming, whose name is Qian and his characters are bright, is known as Mr. Jingjie in the world. The Story of Peach Blossom Garden, Returning to Home, Returning to the Garden and Drinking are masterpieces handed down from generation to generation.
⑤ Besides, Zhuge Liang's Model, Fan Ye's History of the Later Han Dynasty, Chen Shou's History of the Three Kingdoms, Wang Xizhi's Preface to the Orchid Pavilion, Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long and Li Daoyuan's Notes on Shui Jing are all famous in history. B. novels of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
(the development period of the novel) ① Mysterious novels are represented by Gan Bao's Searching for the Gods. Mo Xie.
② Anecdotal novels are represented by Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu. Zhou Chu.
(4). Literature of the Tang Dynasty 1. Tang poetry ① "Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty": "Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty" are Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin and Luo Binwang. Wang Bo's "Send Du Shaofu to Ren Shuchuan" and "Preface to Tengwang Pavilion" are well-known.
② "pastoral poets" Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. Wang Weizi is a great poet and a famous "painter and musician"; People say that he "has pictures in his poems and poems in his paintings".
His famous works include "The Embarrassment" and "an autumn evening in the mountains". Meng Haoran is a close friend of Wang Wei, and his famous article is "Passing the Old Man's Village".
③ "frontier poets" Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling and Wang Zhihuan. Gao Shi's Yan Ge Xing, Cen (cén) Shen (shēn) Bai Xuege, Wang Changling's Lotus House to Send Xin Zhe, and Wang Zhihuan's at heron lodge are all famous works.
④ Poet Li Bai, poet Du Fu, people's poet Bai Juyi. Li Bai, whose word is Taibai, is called Qinglian layman.
Li Bai is a great romantic poet. His masterpieces include Coming into Wine, Difficult Road to Shu, tianmu Mountain Ascended in a Dream, Autumn Puge, Poem on a Quiet Night, A Gift to Wang Lun, and Li Taibai's Collection. Du Fu, also known as Du Gongbu, is a great realistic poet.
His masterpieces include Three Officials (Tongguan Officials, Shihao Officials, Xin 'an Officials), Three Farewells (Homelessness, Farewell to the Old, Wedding Farewell), Northern Expedition, Military Vehicle Shop, The Hut Broken by Autumn Wind and so on. Bai Juyi, the word Lotte, was named Xiangshan layman.
Known as Bai Xiangshan, Bai Taifu and Bai Juyi advocate that "articles should be written in time, and songs and poems should be written for things". Famous works "Song of Eternal Sorrow" and "Pipa Travel".
⑤ "Little Li Du": Li Shangyin, Du Mu, author of Collected Works of Fan Chuan. ⑥ "Three Li in Poetry" are Li Bai, Li Shangyin and Li He.
2. Tang prose ① Han Yu. Han Yu, the word back, is named Changli, also known as the Korean official department.
Han Yu was the leader of the "ancient prose movement" in the Tang Dynasty, and he wrote The Collection of Mr. Changli. ② Liu Zongyuan, with a thick word, is also called Liu Hedong.
He wrote the famous Eight Chapters of Yongzhou and the East Collection of Liuhe. 3. The legend of the Tang Dynasty (the development of novels)