Time: 2006 Category: Folk Art Region: Hebei Number: V-8 Application area or unit: Leting County, Hebei Province 1. Introduction Leting Dagu is a representative folk art drum book and drum in the north The form of the song is widely spread in Jidong, Beijing, Tianjin and northeastern Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other places. During the performance, one person stands and sings while playing the drum board, and another person holds a three-stringed instrument to accompany him. According to legend, Leting Dagu was founded by Wen Rong in Leting County, Hebei around 1850. It was once known as the "Three Flowers of Jidong Folk Art" together with Pingxi Opera and Tangshan Shadow Play. Since its formation, celebrities have emerged in large numbers, spread widely, and have a profound mass foundation and cultural heritage. 2. Historical origins: Leting drum is one of the main types of music in northern my country. It originated in Leting County and is popular in the vast areas of Beijing, Tianjin, eastern Hebei and northeastern provinces. Leting drum is a product of the historical and cultural era and an inevitable result of the development of rap art. The emergence of Leting Dagu was based on the inheritance of various ancient rap arts and gradually developed and matured through long-term singing practice. According to records, the maturity of Leting drum should be in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, and it was developed and matured on the basis of absorbing the essence of Leting folk music and folk songs. It is said that people in the Leting area have the custom of being good at singing and dancing. During festivals, mass singing and dancing activities and rap activities are held. At the same time, the Leting dialect itself has a natural melody, with every word having a singing sound and a long, thin convolution at the end. Therefore, when people from other places hear Laoting's accent, they feel like singing. If you slightly lengthen the voice and add a drum board to refine and sublimate it, it can become a beautiful tune with a rustic flavor. Leting Dagu gradually developed on this basis. The famous brand of Laoting Dagu has its accidental origin. After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, land was allocated to the bannermen. Cui Youwen's predecessors, who were enfeoffed in Leting, took root in Leting County and were known as the "No. 1 Royal Village in Jingdong". After Cui Youwen's brother won the first prize, the Cui family became richer and more powerful. They had direct access to the five houses and six ministries, and made friends with the emperor's relatives. The Cui family loves folk art. He not only established a shadow puppet troupe, a clapper troupe, and a lotus luo troupe, but also had many drum artists perform in the Cui family. The Cui family also supports these people all year round. Once, Cui Youwen went to Beijing to pay tribute and brought drum artists to Prince Gong's palace to perform. The artists' skills won the prince's joy, and he confirmed the name "Laoting Dagu". This name has been used to this day. This is the origin of the name Laoting Dagu. 3. Artistic Features The performance form of Laoting Dagu is relatively simple. It only requires one drum, one board and one string to be sung by one person. The singer plays the drums and the board, and talks and sings at the same time. Describing scenes, characterizing characters, and discussing pros and cons all focus on the singer's mouth, expressions, and movements. The drum used in Laoting Dagu is basically the same as the drum used in other schools of drum. There is a snare drum with a stand at the bottom and a drum key to beat, but the striking effect is different from other big drums. It has its own fixed drum score and routine to enhance the atmosphere. The board used in the Laoting drum is two crescent-shaped copper plates, which is called "pear board", which is actually the homophony of "ploughshare board". The plowshares used for plowing were made of pig iron and sounded louder when struck. The original plates were ground from plowshare blades. The plates used now are specially made of copper, which has better sound and more beautiful appearance. There are also fixed routines for playing the game, which not only helps the actors control the rhythm, but also plays a role in setting off the atmosphere as the plot changes. The main instrument accompanies the Leting drum is Sanxian. There are two types of sanxian: major sanxian and minor sanxian. The accompaniment of the Leting drum is played with the Dasanxian. The big three-stringed instrument has a long rod, a large sounding box, a loud pronunciation, a thick tone, and a far-reaching sound. Using three-string accompaniment can closely match the actor's voice, making music and singing more integrated. The actors sing to a fixed tune, and the accompaniment is based on the melody of the fixed tune. There is no fixed pattern for the prelude to the interlude, but it is up to the accompanist to perform according to the requirements of the upper and lower sections, so as to better connect the upper and lower singing tunes. The singing style of Laeting Dagu is very rich, which requires correct words, round tune, full rhyme, strong flavor, real atmosphere, bright colors, appropriate breath and suitable drum board. The singing style of Leting Dagu has its own system and unique style. The fixed singing tunes are nine tunes and eighteen tunes, some lyrical, some passionate, some sad, some humorous. These tunes are used to express different scenes, artistic conceptions, emotions and moods. The main singing tunes of the nine tunes and eighteen tunes are four big mouths, eight big sentences, four flats, incisions, double boards, tight flowing water, slow flowing water, medium flowing water, memorizing signs, desolate tune, withdrawing one way, slow starting, Kunqu tail, and lee pedaling. Feet etc.

When singing, actors flexibly use these singing styles according to changes in the plot, and Dako is generally used in drum phrases. In short, the beautiful and rich singing style is a major feature of Leting Dagu. Another characteristic of Laoting Dagu is that it can be both spoken and spoken. When it is sung, it has nine tunes and eighteen tunes, and when it is spoken, it is like the dialogue of other operas, and it is even more similar to storytelling. Why is it called Binbai? It can be understood literally that "guest" is not the main one, but the auxiliary one, just like the host and the guest. "Bai" means vernacular, neither singing nor rhyming. Binbai is an auxiliary means for Leting Dagu singing. The lyrics of Laoting Dagu are all in the local language of Laoting. If you don't speak Laoting dialect, it will lack the charm of Laoting Dagu. Therefore, when people from outside the country learn to sing the Leting drum, they all take the Leting artists as their teachers and learn the Leting dialect first. This is called "zhengkou" in recruiting apprentices among Laoting drum artists. That is to correct the original pronunciation and intonation to make it consistent with the local dialect of Leting. It is not easy to learn Laeting Dagu. Each performance has its own style, especially when one person sings and the other performs, and the characteristics of different ages and characters have to be expressed, which makes it even more difficult to learn to sing Laeting Dagu. The so-called "one board and one string" means that things will change over time. One person plays out hundreds of faces of life in one breath. For example, if the plot is to show a child, the voice should imitate a child, the changes in the face should show the child's innocence, and the movements should also have the characteristics of a child. In this way, the character's personality can be more realistically portrayed and the appeal of rapping can be enhanced. There are many repertoires at Laeting Dagu, including traditional and modern repertoires. There are long, medium and short stories. There is also a kind of micro-repertoire, Laeting Dagu called Shumaoer, which lasts for more than ten minutes or as little as a few minutes. A long piece of Dagu can be rapped continuously for one or two months, a medium piece can be raped for ten days and eight days, and a short piece can be raped for one night. , about 2 hours. There are now more than 200 long and medium-length books that have been preserved and documented, and there are even more short stories and book titles. The long-form traditional dramas include "Romance of the Sui and Tang Dynasties", "Yang Family General", "The Story of Yue Fei", etc.; the medium-length traditional dramas include "Wagangzhai", "Returning to the Cup", "Huyanqing" and so on. The main long-length modern plays are "Fire Gold Steel", "Heroes of Tongbai", "Gunshots on the Plain", etc.; the medium-length modern plays mainly include "Sealing the Seal", "Burning Zhongjia Pond", etc. Most of these repertoires are re-created by the authors based on ancient and modern literary works, and more of them are integrated into the local language of Laoting, becoming a drum repertoire with local characteristics. 4. Inheritance Significance Laeting Dagu is deeply loved by the masses in the northern region for its rich rhythm, complete musical form and distinctive local characteristics. In 1950, Laoting County established the Dagu Performing Arts Troupe, giving Laoting Dagu artists their own organization recognized by the government for the first time. And with the support of the government, it has continuously cultivated many drum talents. To this day, there is still a Dagu folk art troupe in Leting County, and people in Leting still love Dagu.

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