1. Pre-Qin was the period when Chinese culture sprouted and was founded. The cultural spirit constructed during this period had a profound impact on later generations. As an important part of Pre-Qin culture, Pre-Qin literature has also become a model of respect and practice in the past dynasties.
2. The various cultural forms in the Pre-Qin era are still integrated but not divided, so the form of Pre-Qin literature also shows the characteristics of not distinguishing literature, history and philosophy, and combining poetry, music and dance.
3. Pre-Qin literature can be roughly divided into three periods: Xia and Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn Period, and Warring States.
3-1 During the Xia and Shang dynasties, primitive religious culture was in a dominant position, and witchcraft played a decisive role. The rhymes (such as oracle bone inscriptions) and incantation songs they created for divination and sacrifice are the oldest existing literary styles.
Historians are the main bearers of another type of cultural inheritance. Their functions were originally also religious affairs. Later, the witches and historians were separated, and the duties of the historians became more focused on personnel affairs. The Shang Dynasty works preserved in "Shangshu" are the earliest creations of historical prose.
After the 3-2 Zhou Revolution and Yin Ming Dynasty, the witchcraft culture was replaced by the ritual and music culture, which is the so-called "replacing heaven with virtue". Concerns about politics, society, and life went beyond religious concerns, and the culture of historians flourished, giving birth to masterpieces of historical prose such as "Zuo Zhuan." Some great cultural giants proposed different social ideals, and works such as The Analects of Confucius and Laozi appeared that had a profound influence on the history of Chinese culture.
3-3 During the Western Zhou Dynasty, learning was done by royal officials, and only nobles had the right to receive education. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Zhou Dynasty declined, the status of the nobility declined and the scholar class rose; the teaching of knowledge broke through the monopoly of the nobility, and folk lectures became popular, which is the so-called "decline of etiquette and music". Schools of thought arose in droves, and various schools of thought sprang up, forming a cultural pattern in which a hundred schools of thought contended. They had different opinions, and their literary concepts and styles were also diverse, producing prose and poetry that were very different from those of the previous generation.
Chapter 1 Ancient Myths
1. What is myth?
In short, myth is the story of God. The psychological basis of its birth is the concept of "animism", usually to explain natural or social phenomena, or to express the desire to conquer and transform. The protagonists of myths are usually natural gods or deified heroes. They have extraordinary strength and supernatural powers and are revered by people.
2. The origin of myth
Regarding the origin of myth, the popular explanations are the theory of labor origin and the theory of religious origin. The former believes that myths are born from the working life of the early people, while the latter believes that myths are born from the religious activities of the early people.
3. Types of ancient Chinese myths
1. Our country’s ancient myths are very rich, but they have not been completely preserved. Among the existing documents, "The Classic of Mountains and Seas" has the greatest mythological value. The remaining fragments are scattered in various records.
2. Ancient myths can be simply divided into two categories: natural myths and ancient history myths. The former was born very early and often personified nature, including the earliest myths about animals and spirits such as mountain spirits and tree monsters, as well as more systematic creation myths, ancestor myths, flood myths, etc.; the latter is the mythification or mythization of history. The historicization of myths is close to legends, including war myths, hero myths, invention myths, etc.
4. Characteristics of mythical thinking
1. The mental level of the early people was still at a low level, and they could not clearly distinguish between the subject and the object of thinking. There was a kind of difference between man and nature. "interpenetration" relationship.
2. When our ancestors perceived nature, they often personified nature, forming the characteristic of thinking of observing things in terms of myself.
3. Mythological thinking is a concrete and figurative way of thinking. Abstract concepts such as time and orientation are represented as various gods and their activities according to specific emotional experiences. Some mythological images are separated from specific images and are composed of different objects.
4. Mythical thinking is always accompanied by strong emotional experience.
5. Mythical thinking is actually a kind of symbolic or metaphorical thinking. Myths are products of collective consciousness.
5. The influence of myth on later literature
Marx once said that Greek mythology is the soil and arsenal of Greek art, and the same is true for Chinese mythology.
1. Myths provide inexhaustible creative materials for future generations.
2. The original way of thinking of myth has provided rich means of expression for the creations of later generations of writers, and the archetypal images created by the mythical world have become a powerful spiritual force in the blood of literature.
Chapter 2 "The Book of Songs"
Section 1 The Organization and Structure of the "Book of Songs"
1. The Organization of the "Book of Songs"
1. "The Book of Songs" is my country's first comprehensive collection of poems. It was originally called "Shi", also known as "Three Hundred Poems". It has 305 poems and six Sheng poems, with purpose and no words. The book mainly collects works spanning more than 500 years from the early Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. The area where these works were produced generally covers the current middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Han River. The authors of the Book of Songs include people from all social classes, from nobles to common people.
2. The compilation of "The Book of Songs" was completed approximately in the 6th century BC. Regarding the situation of compilation, later generations have different opinions about "presenting poems", "collecting poems" and "deleting poems". Nowadays, it is generally believed that these works are the basis for singing and poetry study compiled and compiled by the imperial music officials.
2. The structure and function of "The Book of Songs"
1. The current version of "The Book of Songs" is divided into three categories according to the type of music: Feng, Ya, and Song. Wind means music. The styles of the fifteen countries in the Book of Songs refer to different music from different places. Ya means upright, and "Ya" means upright sound. It is the music of the Gyeonggi region of the Dynasty. The difference between Daya and Xiaoya is also based on the type of music. Song originally refers to the dance style during the sacrificial ceremony, but by extension, it specifically refers to the dance music used in the ancestral temple sacrificial ceremony.
2. The Book of Songs is an important carrier of ritual and music culture and an important tool for the implementation of education. In the Zhou Dynasty, it was mainly used for ceremonies, satire and entertainment. It was widely used in sacrifices, court appointments, diplomacy, banquets and other occasions. It was also a popular textbook for aristocratic education. The poetic teaching tradition and poetry-telling system formed after the poetics of the Han Dynasty was transformed into classics, had a profound influence on the formation of Chinese literary tradition.
"The Analects of Confucius·Yang Huo": Confucius said: Why don't you learn from Fu's "Poetry"? "Poetry" can be exciting, can be observed, can be grouped, and can be complained. Those who are near serve the father, those who are far away serve the king; know the names of birds, beasts and plants.
"Poetry Preface": Emotion comes from the sound, and the sound is called the sound in writing. The sound of governing the world is peaceful and happy, and its government is harmonious; the sound of troubled times is resentful, and its government is obedient; the sound of the country's destruction is mourning. Thinking, its people are poor. Therefore, the positive gains and losses, moving the heaven and earth, feeling the ghosts and gods, are nothing close to poetry. The former kings used this scripture to teach couples to develop filial piety, good human relations, beautiful education, and change customs.
3. In the Han Dynasty, the versions of the Book of Songs include modern Qi, Lu, and Han poems, collectively known as the Three Poems. Their authors are Shen Pei from Lu, Yuan Gu from Qi, and Yan Shi. Han Ying; in addition, there are ancient poems by Mao, passed down by Mao Heng from Lu and Mao Chang from Zhao. Later, the three schools of poetry disappeared one after another, and Mao's poetry was passed down alone. The "Book of Songs" we see today is Mao's poetry.
Section 2: Contents of "The Book of Songs"
1. Sacrificial poems and epic poems
In "Daya" and "Song", many sacrifices to ancestors, Poems that trace the origin and prosperity of the tribe and praise the great achievements of the ancestors. Although these poems mainly praise virtues, they also have important historical and cultural value. There are five epic poems of the Zhou people in "Daya": "Shengmin", "Gong Liu", "Mian", "Huang Yi", and "Da Ming", which systematically record the history of the Zhou people from the birth of the ancestor Houji to King Wu's defeat of Zhou. process.
"Shengmin": At the beginning of the year, the people were born, during the reign of Jiang Yuan. How are the people doing? If you suppress your desires and sacrifices, you will have no children. When he was emperor, Wu Minxin, You Jie You Zhi, Zai Zhen Zai Su. Carrying birth and nurturing, time maintains Houji. On the lunar month of his birth, Mr. Ruda. If it is not dismantled, it is harmless. To Hejueling. God was restless and unwilling to worship, so he actually gave birth to a son. The narrow alley where the birthplace was placed was named Cattle, Sheep, and Fei. If you build a flat forest, you will cut down the flat forest. The ice is born, and the bird covers its wings. The birds are gone, and Houji is croaking. ...
2. Agricultural Poetry
The Zhou Dynasty has entered a relatively developed farming society. The works in the "Book of Songs" not only bear the imprint of agricultural civilization in concepts and tastes, It also contains many poems that directly describe agricultural activities. The best one among them is "Bin Feng·July".
3. Yan Feast Poems
There is a type of work in the "Book of Songs" that specifically describes the banquet scenes of nobles, which is the Yan Feast Poems. This type of poetry is the product of a solid patriarchal society. Noble banquets are often out of the need to maintain etiquette and harmony, and banquet rituals are a manifestation of etiquette. Therefore, this type of poetry always praises the harmonious atmosphere and orderly order; The ritual behavior is ironic. Famous works include "Xiaoya·Lu Ming" and "Xiaoya·Bin's First Banquet".
"Deer Ming": Yo yo, the deer roars, eating apples in the wild. I have guests who play the harp and sheng. Playing the sheng, drums and reeds, carrying the basket is the general. People who are kind to me show me how to behave. Yo yo, the deer roars, eating the wild wormwood. I have a guest, Deyin Kong Zhao. If a gentleman treats the people with disdain, he will be effective. I have a banquet, and the guests are Yan Yiao. Yo yo, the deer roars, eating wild herbs. I have a guest who plays the harp, harp, drums and harp. The drums, harps, drums and harps are harmonious and exquisite. I intend to drink wine with the intention of enjoying the guests.
"The First Banquet of a Guest":...The first banquet of a guest is warm and respectful. Before he was drunk, his majesty and dignity were reversed. He said that when he had stopped being drunk, he was wearing majestic flags and banners. He left his seat and moved to dance with the immortals many times. He is not drunk anymore, and his majesty is suppressed. He said that when he was drunk, his majesty and demeanor were suppressed. He said that he was drunk and did not know his rank. The guest has stopped being drunk, and the number and number are set. I messed with my beans and danced with them many times. He said that he was drunk and didn't know his mail. The Russian side bends and dances repeatedly. He came out drunk and was blessed by it. Being drunk and not coming out is called a bad virtue. Drinking Kongjia maintains his order. ...
4. Poems of Resentment
1. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the royal power declined and society was in turmoil, so there appeared the poems of resentment that criticized the current ills and felt sad about the world. In traditional Confucian poetry, these are "bianfeng" and "bianya", the so-called "the sound of troubled times is filled with resentment and anger".
"Preface to the Poetry": As for the decline of kingship, the abolition of etiquette and justice, the loss of politics and religion, the change of state and the different customs of the family, the style has changed and the elegance has changed. The history of the country is clear about gains and losses, hurts the abolition of human ethics, mourns the harshness of punishment and administration, sings about emotions, and uses the wind to top it, reaching out to events and nostalgic for the old customs.
2. Erya's poems of resentment were mostly written by officials and laymen, and their content focused on the political level. They expressed the upper-class scholar-officials' awareness of the worries about the fate of the country, and were often combined with their personal feelings. The words are sincere and the style is sad and solemn, such as "Daya·Ban", "Dang", "Minlao", "Sangrou", "Zhanang", "Xiaoya·Jie Nanshan", "Yu Wuzheng", "Qiaoyan", "Xiang Bo" "wait.
"Dang":... King Wen said that he would consult his daughter Yin Shang. The God of bandits comes from time to time, but Yin does not use the old.
Although there are no old men, there are still punishments. Once upon a time, if you don't listen, you will give in to your destiny. King Wen said that he wanted to consult his daughter Yin Shang. People also have a saying: when the branches and leaves are uncovered, the branches and leaves are not harmful, and the true nature is removed first. Yin Jian is not far away, in the time of Queen Xia.
"Zhan'ang": Heaven has come down to you, but you must maintain your excellence. People's clouds are dying, and their hearts are worried. Heaven's surrender is just a matter of a few. When people die, their hearts become sad.
"Xiang Bo": An arrogant person is good, but a laboring person is careless. The heavens and heavens regard this proud man and treat this laboring man with respect. Who can help those who slander others? Take those who are scolding you and throw them into the hands of jackals and tigers. The jackals and tigers refuse to eat and throw them to the north. If you are in the north, you will not be accepted, and if you surrender to you, you will be surrendered to Hao!
"Jienan Mountain":... Haotian is not peaceful, and my king is not at peace. If you don't punish your heart, you will be right if you complain. My father composed a chant to investigate the king's reputation. The style corrupts your heart and serves as an animal to all nations.
3. The grievance poems based on national customs mostly come from the lower class and among the people. They are mostly aimed at specific social phenomena or events. The satire is more sharp and pungent, and the emotions are more exposed. It is good to laugh and curse, and it is rich. Characteristics of civilian literature. For example, "Beifeng·Xintai", "Yuanfeng·Xiangshu", "Weifeng·Shuoshu", "Chenfeng·Zhulin", etc. are all famous works. There are also more subtle and pathos works, such as "Wang Feng·Shui Li".
"Xintai": There is water in Xintai, and the river is full of water. Yan Wan's request is not new. There are sprinklers in Xintai and the river is flowing. Yan Wan's request, Zang Zhen will not die. The fishing net is set up, and the fishermen leave it. Yan Wan's request was met with this gift.
"Shuo Mouse": Shuo Mouse, Shuo Mouse, no food for me! I am not willing to take care of a three-year-old girl. The daughter who is about to die is suitable for that paradise. Happy land, happy land, love is what I want. Big rat, big rat, no food for me! A three-year-old girl, Mo Ikende. The daughter who is about to die is suitable for that happy country. Happy country, happy country, love makes me straight. Big rat, big rat, no food for my seedlings! A three-year-old girl, I am not willing to work hard. The daughter who is about to pass away is suitable for the countryside. Lejiao Lejiao, whose eternal name is it?
"Rat": Rats have skin, but humans have no manners! If a person has no manners, what is the point of not dying? Rats have teeth, but humans have teeth! There is no end to human beings, why wait until death? The Rat has a body, but people are rude, and people are rude! Hu Buxun died?
"Millet Lili": That millet Lili is the seedling of that millet. The pace is slow and timid, and the center is shaking. Those who know me say that I am worried; those who do not know me say that I am worried.
What do I want? Long sky, who is this? The millet is separated, the ears of the grain are separated. Walking forward with great strides, the center is like intoxication. Those who know me tell me that I am worried; those who don’t know me tell me what I want. Long sky, who is this? The millet is separated, and the grain is real. The walking is so slow and timid, the center is like choking. Those who know me tell me that I am worried; those who don’t know me tell me what I want. Long sky, who is this?
5. Conquest poems
Conscript poems refer to those works with themes of war and corvee. These poems describe the hardships of conscription and the unfairness of work and rest, such as "Xiaoya·Beishan" and "Zhaonan·Xiaoxing"; they express the pain of separation of flesh and blood and the disobedience of husband and wife, as well as the longing for a happy life between the husband and the missing wife. Yearnings, such as "Xiaoya·Caiwei", "Binfeng·Dongshan", "Weifeng·Boxi", "Wang Feng·Gentleman in Service". Of course, there are also works that generously fight against the enemy. For example, "Qin Feng·No Clothes" shows the Qin people's spirit of sharing the same hatred with the enemy and resisting foreign aggression.
"Beishan": ...Some may be resting in Yanyan, or they may be exhausted from serving the country; some may be lying in bed, or they may not be able to walk. Maybe they don’t know how to call, or they work miserably, or they lie down late, or they act like kings with their martingale palms. Some are happy to drink, some are miserable and fearful of blame; some are in and out of gossips, or others are doing nothing.
"Little Star": Hey, little star, three or five is in the east. Seriously march at night and stay in public all night. Real life is different! Hey that little star, Wei joins the Pleiades. They marched solemnly at night, hugging their quilts and crotch. It’s true!
"Plucking Wei": Plucking Wei, Wei also stops. It's said to be returned, it's said to be returned, and the years are endless. The reason why the house and the house are so vast is that they are very strict. Not to mention Qiju, because of Yan Yan. Pick weeds and weeds, and the weeds will stop softly. When I say return, I say return, and my heart also stops worrying. Worry is intense, hunger and thirst are present. Our garrison has not yet been decided, and the extravagant envoys have returned. Picking weeds and picking weeds, the weeds have just stopped. It is said to be returned, and it is said to be returned, and the year is also the end of Yang. The king's affairs are extensive, and there is no need to leave the office. Worried and guilty, I can’t do it! What's Pilvi? The beauty of Wei Chang. Where is Belus? A gentleman's car. The army and chariots are driven, and the four fields of farming are done. How dare you settle down? Three wins in January. He drove four horses, and the four horses raced. Gentlemen rely on them, villains rely on them. Four male wings, like fish-killing clothes. Isn’t it a daily precept? 犭狁狁thorn! I have left the past, and the willows are still there. Now that I'm thinking about it, it's raining and snowing. The journey is slow and full of thirst and hunger. My heart is sad, but I don’t know how sad I am!
"Dongshan": I went to Dongshan, but I couldn't return. I come from the east, where there is zero rain. I return in the east, but my heart is sad in the west. To make his clothes, don't make them. The locusts are lolling in the mulberry fields. Dunbi stayed alone, also under the car. I traveled to Dongshan, but I couldn’t return home. I come from the east, where there is zero rain. The naked fruit is also applied to the universe. Yiwei is in the room, and Celadon is at home. The town's deer farm is shining brightly at night. It cannot be feared, but it can be cherished. I traveled to Dongshan, but I couldn’t return home. I come from the east, where there is zero rain. The stork cries in the valley, and the woman sighs in the room. Sweeping the sky, I am marching forward. There is bitterness in the melons, but in the chestnuts. I haven’t seen myself in the past three years. I traveled to Dongshan, but I couldn’t return home. I come from the east, where there is zero rain. Cang Geng is flying, his feathers are shining. When his son returned home, the emperor refuted his horse. If you are intimate with each other, you will have ninety-nine rituals. The new Kongjia is like the old one?
"Bo Xi": The uncle is proud, and the country is jealous. Bo also died and became the king's pioneer. From the east of Bo, the head is like a flying canopy. Is there no anointing? Who can tolerate it! It rains, it rains, and the sun rises. I would like to speak to Si Bo and be willing to be ill. How can I get the weed? Behind the tree of words.
May your words Sibo make my heart aching.
"A Gentleman in Service": A gentleman in service does not know the end. What's the time? Chickens roost in the pond. At dusk, the sheep and cattle came down. When a gentleman is in service, why don't you think about it! When a gentleman is in service, he neither has the sun nor the moon. Is there a 丷? Chickens roost in Jie. As the sun sets, the sheep and cattle gather together. A gentleman is at war, but he is not hungry or thirsty?
"Without Clothes": Do you mean without clothes? Be in the same robe as your son. The king raised his army and repaired my spear. I share the same hatred with you! How can I say that I have no clothes? Tongze with Zi. The king raised his army and repaired my spear and halberd. Work together with me! How can I say that I have no clothes? Wear the same clothes as your son. The king raised his troops and repaired my armor. Go with me!
6. Marriage and Love Poems
Marriage and love poems occupy a considerable proportion in the Book of Songs. They are not only numerous in number and rich in content, but also the most exciting chapter in the Book of Songs. It can be divided into the following types:
1. Singing of free love. Some of this type of works are bold and straightforward, such as "Zheng Feng·Qin Wei", which depicts the happy scene of young men and women wandering by the waterside and meeting to play on a bright spring day; "Zhaonan·Gu Youmei" is about a woman who is about to be married. Singing unreservedly reveals a woman's anxiety about getting married. "Zhaonan: There is a Death in the Wild" describes the tryst and play between men and women, which is very bold and debauched. Another type of works is more gentle and elegant, such as "Zhou Nan·Guan Ju", which describes the love that is sought after tossing and turning; "Beifeng·Jingnu" expresses pure love with gifts as tokens, which is quiet and beautiful; "Chen Feng·Moonrise" Describe the graceful grace of the beauty under the moon, bright and pure.
"Qin Wei": Qin and Wei are in harmony. The gentleman and the woman were together. The woman said Guanhu? The scholar said, "That's it." Let’s go and watch? Outside of the river, there is joy in the water. The Vishnu and the girl teased each other and gave him a spoon of medicine. Qin and Wei, it is clear to see them. Scholars and women are in abundance. The woman said Guanhu? The scholar said, "That's it." Let’s go and watch? Outside of the river, there is joy in the water. The warrior and his daughter teased him and gave him a spoon of medicine.
"There are plum blossoms": There are plum blossoms, but they are actually seven. I beg you, a common man, for good luck. There are plum blossoms, but they are actually three plum blossoms. I beg you, a common man, to be like today. There are plum blossoms, and they are spread out in baskets. Ask me, a common man, to call him.
"The Quiet Girl": The quiet girl and her concubines are waiting for me in the corner of the city. Love but not see, scratch one's head and hesitate. The quiet girl is promiscuous, which makes me troublesome. Tongguan Youwei, said that the girl is beautiful. Since shepherding and returning to grassland, it is beautiful and unique. The gangster girl is beautiful, and the beautiful woman is the beauty.
2. Poems expressing lovesickness and blocked love. For example, in "Zheng Feng·Cunning Boy", the girl has trouble sleeping and eating because of lovesickness; "Qin Feng·Jianjia" depicts a beautiful, cold, hazy and confused state, depicting the image of the poet wandering and reminiscing, showing that the poet has a longing for his lover. And the melancholy and loss.
"Cunning Boy": That cunning boy doesn't talk to me. Because of Wei Zi, I can't eat. He is a cunning boy and won't eat with me. Because of Wei Zi, I can't rest.
"Jianjia": Jianjia is green, and the white dew is frost. The so-called Yiren is on the side of the water. If you follow it, the road is blocked and long. Traveling back from it, Wan is in the middle of the water. The jianjia is luxuriant, and the white dew is still shining. The so-called beauty is on the water. If you follow it back, the road will be blocked and you will be able to advance. If you go back and swim from it, you will feel like you are swimming in the water. The jianjia is collected, and the white dew has not stopped. The so-called beauty is in the river of water. Follow it back, but the road is blocked and to the right. If you go back and swim from it, you will be swimming in the water.
Some poems in the Book of Songs not only sing about love, but also reflect some related social issues. For example, "Zheng Feng·Jiang Zhongzi" describes a woman who is deeply in love with her sweetheart, but is also afraid of the opposition of her father and brother and the gossip of others. There is no lack of resentment in the graceful song. "Baifeng·Bozhou" shows the same experience. Her love was opposed by her mother, and she could only cry out to heaven and earth to show resistance. The social issues reflected in this type of poetry are the contradictions between love, ethics, and public opinion. The obstacle to their love is not the emotional entanglement between lovers, but external social pressure.
"Cypress Boat": A cypress boat sails across the other river. The two are fashionable, and they actually maintain my appearance. Death kills it. Mother is a God, not forgiving of others! Sailing a cypress boat on the other side of the river. The two are fashionable, which is really special to me. The death target is Mi Min. Mother is a God, not forgiving of others!
"Jiang Zhongzi": When Jiang Zhongzi comes, he never crosses my inner circle, and he never breaks my tree. How dare you love it? Afraid of my parents. You can still be pregnant, but you can also be afraid of your parents' words. When you come to Zhongzi, you can't cross my wall, and you can't break my mulberry trees. How dare you love it? Fear my brothers. Zhong Kehuaiye, brothers' words can also be feared. When you come to Zhongzi, you will not exceed my garden, and you will not break my sandalwood trees. How dare you love it? Afraid of people talking too much. You can be pregnant, but you can also be afraid of people who talk too much.
3. Poems describing a happy married life. For example, "Zhou Nan·Peach Blossom" uses the beautiful peach blossoms to wish the bride family harmony and a happy life. "Zheng Feng·Nv Yue Cockcrow" uses the form of a conversation between a couple to write a fragment about getting up in the morning. It is full of humor and expresses the lingering affection of the couple.
"Peach Blossom": The peach blossoms shine brightly. When the son returns home, it is suitable for his family. The peaches are as beautiful as the peaches. When the son returns home, it is suitable for his family. The peach is young, its leaves are pure. When the son returns home, it will be a good time for his family.
"Cock Crow": The cock crows, and the court is full. The rooster crows, the sound of flies. The east is bright and the dynasty is prosperous. The east is bright, the light of the moonrise. When insects fly and die, I am willing to share my dream with my son. After meeting and returning home, there is no concubine to hate.
"The woman said the rooster crows": The woman said the rooster crows, and the scholar said the rooster crows. Zixing looks at the night, and the stars sometimes die. The general will soar and fly, the duck and the wild goose. Yi Yan added it and agreed with Zi.
It is better to drink wine and grow old together with your son. With the harp and harp at your disposal, it’s best to be quiet. When a wise son comes, give him a miscellaneous piece of clothing as a gift. If you know your son, you will obey him, and you will ask him about it. If you know your son is kind to you, you should repay him with miscellaneous gifts.
4. Poems about abandoned wives. There are also several works in the Book of Songs that are chants by women who have been abandoned by their husbands. Among them, "Bei Feng·Gu Feng" and "Wei Feng·Mang" are the most famous. Both poems describe the tragic experience of the heroine being loyal to her husband and working hard to run the house but being ruthlessly abandoned, but they have different styles. "Gu Feng" complains about her husband's preference for the new and dislikes the old, and is full of sadness and lingering sadness; "Meng" accuses her husband of always giving up and showing a sober and decisive attitude through the comparison of his behavior, affection and other aspects with her husband.
"Meng": The Chi Chi of the gangster holds cloth and silk. Bandits come to trade silk, and when they come, they come to plot against me. Send the son to Sheqi, and go to Dunqiu. The gangster is my fault, and I am an unscrupulous matchmaker. The general will not be angry, and autumn will come. Riding on that wall, we hope to regain the pass. Not seeing the return pass, I burst into tears. Seeing the return pass, I laughed and talked. Erbu Erzhen, the body has no blame words. Come with your car and move with my bribe. Before the mulberry leaves fall, their leaves are as bright as silk. Come on! No mulberries to eat. Come on! No time to hang out with scholars. It can still be said that scholars are delayed. A woman's procrastination cannot be explained. The mulberry trees have fallen, and they have turned yellow and fallen. Self-imposed, poor at the age of three. The water in Qishui is flowing, and the curtains and clothes are gradually falling. Women are also unhappy, and scholars behave differently. Scholars are also extremely ignorant, but only have two or three virtues. She became a wife at the age of three, and she had to work hard at home. Work hard and sleep well at night, and the day will come. Once the words are fulfilled, they become violent. Brothers don't know, so they laugh. Think about it quietly and bow to mourn. As we grow old together, old age makes me resentful. Qi has a bank, and Xi has a bank. At the banquet of the general manager, he talked and laughed, and made vows without thinking about the opposite. On the contrary, if you don’t think about it, that’s enough!
Section 3 The Literary Achievements of "The Book of Songs"
1. Fu, Bi, and Xing
Fu, Bi, and Xing are generally considered to be the origins of the "Book of Songs" expressions, but interpretations of their meaning are inconsistent. Among them, Zhu Xi's statement was relatively plain and was generally accepted by later generations. He believes: "To express something is to state the matter directly; to compare it is to compare it with something else; to express it is to say something else first to elicit the words to be chanted."
2. Chapter structure
The Book of Songs usually adopts the structure of repeated chapters. The so-called repeating chapter does not mean listing the exact same words again, but re-singing them after changing or replacing some words. There are two situations: one is that the words have the same meaning even though they are changed; the other is that changing the words creates a hierarchical relationship in meaning between the poems.
"裊苢": Pick up the 芣苢, and pick it up in a thin way. There are many things to pick and choose, but there are few words to say. Picking up the thorns and picking them up with thin words. Picking up the thorns and saying nothing about it. Pick and choose the flowers, and talk about them lightly. It’s easy to pick and choose, and it’s easy to talk about it.
3. Sentence structure and language
The "Book of Songs" uses four characters as the basic sentence structure. At the same time, under the basic sentence pattern of four characters, it is varied, long and short, and relatively flexible. The rhythm is distinct, the phonology is harmonious, and it has natural musical beauty. Its basic patterns and rules of rhyme actually became the standard for the phonology of later generations of poetry.
In addition, the language of "The Book of Songs" is also very distinctive. The first is the rich vocabulary; the second is the extensive use of couplets and repeated words with double tones and overlapping rhymes. Such as "Guan Guan", "Yao Yao", "Yao Shao", "Zan Cha", "Enthusiastic", "Preparation", "Error", "Strong Mian", "Wei Snake" and so on. These characteristics increase the rhythmic beauty of the poem and convey the poet's tortuous and subtle emotions and the beauty of the objects more delicately.
Section 4: The Status and Influence of "The Book of Songs"
1. "The Book of Songs" created the tradition of lyric poetry.
2. The Book of Songs establishes the "elegant" spirit of paying attention to reality.
3. The Bixing tradition established in The Book of Songs constitutes the basic technique of literary expression in later generations.
Chapter 3 Pre-Qin Historical Prose
The historian culture in ancient my country was very developed. Narrative prose recording historical events was the first to be produced in the history of prose. Oracle bone inscriptions and Yin Shang bronze inscriptions were the first in our country. The earliest chronicling texts, Shangshu and Chunqiu, provide different styles of historical prose. The emergence of "Zuo Zhuan", "Guoyu", and "Warring States Policy" marked the maturity of narrative writing and opened up the tradition of narrative literature in our country.
Section 1 From Oracles to "Spring and Autumn"
1. The origin of Chinese prose can be traced back to oracle bone inscriptions. Their records are relatively simple and unsystematic. A very small number of narratives are relatively complete and have complete narrative elements, which can be regarded as the germ of pre-Qin narrative prose.
2. The bronze inscriptions of the Shang and Zhou dynasties changed from simple to complex, lengthened in length, became more complex in content, and had a certain narrative scale.
3. "Shangshu" is my country's first historical collection, which mainly focuses on narratives. It is a compilation of historical materials on Shang and Zhou Dynasties. It includes four parts: "Yu Shu", "Xia Shu", "Shang Shu" and "Zhou Shu". "Pangeng" is a reliable Shang Dynasty work and the ancestor of Chinese narrative writing. The text of "Shangshu" is ancient and profound, just as Han Yu said in "Jinxuejie": "Zhou Gao Yin Pan, interrogation Qu Dao Ya". The imperial edicts of "Shangshu" have a complete structure and form a single chapter. Its language skills are significantly more mature than those of oracles and bronze inscriptions. It had a profound influence on the style of official documents of later generations.
4. "Spring and Autumn" was originally the general name of the history books of the Zhou Dynasty, but later specifically referred to the history of the Lu State. It records the history from the first year of Lu Yin (722 BC) to the fourteenth year of Lu Aigong (481 BC).
"Spring and Autumn" arranges historical events in chronological order and is my country's first chronological history book. It is said that Confucius once sharpened the "Spring and Autumn", but some people think that Confucius only used it to teach his disciples. Its narratives are structured, but very simple, like modern news headlines, not narrative prose in the true sense.
5. The whole book of "Spring and Autumn" runs through the thought of safeguarding Zhou rites and correcting names and divisions. This kind of thinking is not expressed through argumentative words in the writing, but through the comparison of historical facts and the implicit and rigorous wording. This is the so-called "Spring and Autumn Writing Style" and "Small Words and Great Meanings" that use one word to express praise and blame.
Section 2 "Zuo Zhuan"
1. The writing of "Zuo Zhuan"
1. "Zuo Zhuan" is the sequel to "The Chun Qiu Zuo Shi Zhuan" The abbreviation is also called "Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals". It is said that "Zuo Zhuan" is a biography and interpretation of "Spring and Autumn", and the author is Zuo Qiuming, but later generations have doubts about this.
2. The records in "Zuo Zhuan" start from the first year of Lu Yin (722 BC) and end with the 27th year of Lu Aigong (468 BC), which basically coincides with the "Spring and Autumn". It was probably written in the early Warring States Period, and the compiler should be a Confucian scholar.
3. "Zuo Zhuan" had a manuscript at that time, and it had been a single book for a long time. Together with "Gongyang Zhuan" and "Gu Liang Zhuan", it was also called the "Three Biography of Spring and Autumn". After the Western Jin Dynasty, the classics and traditions were unified and became what we see today.
2. The historical view of "Zuo Zhuan"
1. "Zuo Zhuan" inherits the good historical spirit of "Spring and Autumn" of punishing evil and promoting good, and summarizes history from the standpoint of Confucianism Experience, evaluate historical figures and events, and provide historical reference for future generations.
2. The humanistic spirit and people-oriented thinking are the outstanding ideological features of "Zuo Zhuan", which reflect the author's progressive historical concepts and are also a reflection of the social reality and ideological trends at that time. The humanistic spirit is a subversion of the theocratic consciousness. "Zuo Zhuan" puts forward the view that "the people are the rulers of God"; the people-oriented thought is expressed in the emphasis on public opinion and expresses the view that the people are the foundation of the country and that the people value the monarch.
3. Narrative of "Zuo Zhuan"
Although "Zuo Zhuan" is a historical work, its detailed description and vivid literary style are different from the simple and wordless "Spring and Autumn" , "Shang Shu" is quite different. Its narrative characteristics can be viewed from the following four aspects:
1. Literary tailoring and storytelling of historical events.
Literary tailoring means that it not only narrates the true appearance of historical events, but also is good at making the events conveyed interesting and avoiding boring chronicle-style descriptions. The story-telling of historical events means that "Zuo Zhuan" often relies on the description of characters when narrating history to depict their words, actions and relationships with each other, and some even have the color of novels and operas.
2. The characters’ personalities are vivid and three-dimensional.
Although "Zuo Zhuan" does not record history in the form of biographies, it pays great attention to the portrayal of characters when narrating historical events. Among them, Cao GUI, Xian Zhen, Xian Gao, Zi Chan, Yan Ying, etc. are all very vivid images. What is more noteworthy is that "Zuo Zhuan" can not only describe the characteristics of the characters, but also pay attention to depicting multiple aspects of the characters' personalities, and some can even describe the development of the characters' personalities.
"Zuo Zhuan" mainly uses dialogue and actions to express characters, but rarely describes the characters' appearance, psychology and other subjective and static characteristics.
3. Vivid scene descriptions and vivid details.
"Zuo Zhuan" is famous for being good at describing wars. It records many large and small battles in the Spring and Autumn Period, and often focuses on the description of the pre-war plans of both sides. For example, the intricate diplomatic strategy laid out before the Battle of Chengpu between Jin and Chu is an example. The scenes describing the battlefield are known for their simplicity and vividness. For example, in the battle between Jin and Chu, the Jin soldiers who were defeated by the Chu army fought for a boat to cross the river and attacked each other. As a result, "there are fingers in the boat", and the state of panic was complete.
The narrative and writing of "Zuo Zhuan" use a lot of detailed descriptions, which are extremely vivid. For example, after the Battle of Qin, Jin and Xiao, Duke Xianggang of Jin let go of the three marshals of Qin. Marshal Xian Zhen angrily rebuked him and "spit in spite of himself", which showed his foresight and irritable character. Another example is the battle between Jin and Chu. The chariot of the Jin army's deserters got stuck in a pit. The pursuing Chu people taught them to remove the crossbars in front of the chariot, and also taught them to pull out the flags, remove the yoke, and flee lightly. While the Jin soldiers were escaping, they turned around and laughed at the Chu soldiers, saying that they often suffered defeats if they did not obey the Chu soldiers, so they had no way of escaping. This detail vividly displays the panic and embarrassment of the Jin army, the calm and leisurely attitude of the Chu army, and the ridiculous banter of the Jin army.
4. "Zuo Zhuan" is also good at describing diplomatic rhetoric, and its theory is rich in literature and beauty. For example, Yin's nephew's reply to Duke Mu of Qin not only acknowledged that the Jin State had suffered losses to the Qin State, but also showed that the entire Jin State shared the same hatred of the enemy and would never surrender. It not only expressed the Jin people's concern over the capture of Duke Hui of Jin, but also clarified the Qin State's Duke Hui of Jin must be released. Go deep into the other person's heart, grasp their psychology, use correct and tactful words, neither humble nor overbearing, full of reason, and appropriate proportion, so that the other party cannot help but be convinced. Others such as "Zhu Zhiwu Retreats the Qin Master", "Zhifeng Asks the King of Chu", "Lu Xiang Jue Qin", etc. are all famous examples.
These literary achievements of "Zuo Zhuan" had a profound impact on later literature, especially the creation of novels.
Section 3 "Guoyu" and "Warring States Policy"
1. "Guoyu"
1. "Guoyu" is my country's first national style novel History books record the events of the eight kingdoms of Zhou, Lu, Qi, Jin, Zheng, Chu, Wu, and Yue. They are a compilation of historical materials from each country.
It mainly records words, so it is called "Guoyu". It is said that its author was also Zuo Qiuming, but it is unreliable.
2. The narrative text of "Guoyu" is very meticulous in terms of image thinking and logical thinking, and has the characteristics of popularization and colloquialism, lively and full of image.
3. Although "Guoyu" is mainly composed of narratives, it does not contain pure arguments or quotations, but has a series of small and large stories interspersed with it, which is sometimes successful in narrative techniques, plot conception and character creation.