Pronunciation: yuèqǔ

[musical composition;com position]Musical works

"New Book of Tang·Book of Rites and Music Eleven": "Zhang Wenshou thought The system of "Twelve Harmonies" was not prepared, but the imperial edict was decided by the Secretary, and the text was collected by Lu Zhenglu, and the music was prepared by Lang Lu. Naked, the music played in the palace may not be in harmony, so it is better to have a supervisor to make arrangements." Ding Ling's "Du Wanxiang": "But there was another long queue at the station, singing about the great motherland. Walking through the check-in area to the sound of music. "Zhang Xianliang's "Spirit and Flesh": "There were several couples of men and women dancing in strange shapes in the hall." Refers to the musical work "New Book of Tang Dynasty". "Book of Rites and Music Eleven": "Zhang Wenshou thought that the system of "Twelve Harmonies" had not been prepared. So he ordered a minister to decide, and Wenshou tested the Zhenglu and Lu, and the living Lang Lu only found out his voice, and the music was prepared." "Song Dynasty" "Historical Lezhi 6": "Now that we are in the naked room, I will present the music to the palace, and the music played in the palace may not be in harmony. It is better to order the Secretary to make arrangements." Ding Ling's "Du Wanxiang": "But at the station there was another There was a long queue, walking through the ticket check-in area to the sound of music singing about the great motherland. "Zhang Xianliang's "Spirit and Flesh": "The music was playing in the hall, and several pairs of men and women danced in strange shapes." Symphony. Symphony

Broadly speaking, a symphony is a sonata written for orchestral music. This musical form originated from the Baroque period, when the explanation of the name was equivalent to the current opera "overture", which is an instrumental piece of three movements composed of Allegro-Adagio-Allegro. The generally recognized pattern after the classical period is the first movement: Allegro, sonata form; the second movement: Adagio; the third movement: minuet or scherzo; the fourth movement: Allegro, rondo form.

Haydn in the classical period brought symphonies to a new peak. Mozart followed his example and made breakthroughs. The last three hundred symphonies in 1788 were particularly outstanding. Beethoven's history has raised the ability of symphonies to express emotions to a new level. The nine symphonies not only expanded the orchestra's arrangement and the length of the music, but the "Chorus" Symphony No. 9 also introduced the human voice by Schiller ( In the final movement of the cantata "Ode to Joy" written by Schiller.

After the romantic music school in the 19th century, symphonies were more widely composed, but the form began to undergo slight changes, either changing the number of movements, or adding vocal music. In addition, they received the title Influenced by music composition techniques, the genre of "title symphony" was developed. Such as Beethoven's "Pastoral Symphony No. 6" Op. 68.

Symphonic poem (Symphonic poem)

It is a single-movement orchestral work completed with the title music technique. It is different from the multi-movement title symphony. The symphonic poem was Liszt's first Quoted in the work, Berlioz's "Symphonie Fantastique" has a great influence on it. Symphonic poetry develops the concept of poetry in music, using music to create emotions, express feelings, and express the artistic conception, atmosphere and content of the poem. Symphonic poetry has free themes and unrestricted techniques, allowing composers to freely express musical ideas. It is the most developed type of music in title music. Richard, a late Romantic German musician. R. Strauss (1864~1949) was a master of symphonic poetry. He renamed symphonic poetry "tone poetry".

Suite (Suite)

After the mid-eighteenth century, dance suites no longer received attention from composers, mainly because music gradually became popular and dance music in the court was no longer so popular. . After the Romantic School, descriptive dance music became popular, usually orchestral and instrumental works. Most of them are composed of many small pieces. There are no certain rules to follow, and the composer can create freely, such as Saint-Sa?ns' "Carnival of the Animals", Schumann's "Childhood Scenes", and Mussorgsky's "Pictures at an Exhibition". In addition, there are wonderful orchestral scores from ballets, which are used alone in ballet suites from the concert, such as Tchaikovsky's "Sleeping Lady", "Swan Lake" and "Nutcracker" suites.

Concerto

Concerto originated in the 16th century. It originally referred to vocal music with instrumental accompaniment, to distinguish it from the a cappella chorus (A capplla) that was popular at the time. Shicai refers to an instrumental solo with accompanying accompaniment. Most of the concertos in the Baroque period were Concerto Grosso, in which a small concerto group (Concertino) played simultaneously or alternately to the entire orchestra (Tutti), creating a competition mode between the music. Concertos for solo instruments did not appear until the late Baroque period, and the concerto form most commonly heard today was perfected during the Classical period. Famous concertos grosso in the Baroque period, such as Bach's "Brandenburg Concerto", concertos in the classical period usually have three movements - Allegro, Adagio, and Allegro.

Overture (Overture)

It is usually played before large-scale music such as operas, oratorios, and ballets. It has the function of opening the show and introducing the audience into the dramatic atmosphere.

In the classical period, opera overtures adopted the sonata form, which was closely linked to the content of the opera. Among them, Mozart's overture was the most commonly performed. In the 19th century, independent overtures for concerts appeared, such as Mendelssohn's "Fingal's Cave" ", Tchaikovsky's "1812" and other overtures.

Serenade

The original explanation of serenade is a love song sung by an adoring woman standing under the window at night to express her love. Serenade, a popular instrumental music piece in the classical period, is a kind of night music. Music played outdoors was used for leisure and entertainment by nobles and princes. Serenade is performed in the form of a small ensemble, usually played by a small string orchestra or wind group. For example: Mozart's String Serenade in G major, K525. Serenade continued to develop after the 19th century, with excellent works by Brahms, Dvorak, Tchaikovsky, Richard Strauss, and Elgar.

March

It was originally a musical form used to accompany a group of soldiers to advance in an orderly manner. Usually simple, distinctive and powerful rhythms and neat and regular phrases are used. Such as the "Funeral March" in the second movement of Beethoven's "Eroica Symphony" and the wedding march in the overture of Mendelssohn's "A Midsummer Night's Dream".

Chamber Music

The formation of the concept of modern chamber music began in the classical period. Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven opened up many new worlds for chamber music.

The most common performance types are trio, quartet, and quintet. There are also sextet, septet, octet, nontet, etc., but in smaller numbers. Such as Schubert's fourth movement.

Sonata

Music composed specifically for one or two solo instruments is the most important and valuable contribution of the classical music school. The sonata was produced in the 16th century. The Baroque sonata developed in the early seventeenth century. In the late seventeenth century, the Viennese classical sonatas of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven appeared. The form of a sonata is similar to that of a symphony, divided into three or four movements.

⒈ Three movements: The first movement is Allegro, sonata form

The second movement is Adagio or Andante

The third movement is Allegro or Presto, rondo Music form

⒉ Four movements, first movement allegro, sonata form

second movement adagio or Andante

third movement minuet or sincere Harmony

The fourth movement Allegro or Presto, Rondo form

The sonata form was completed by Haydn. Mozart and Beethoven pushed this form to its limit and added other Fluent and beautiful performance. Although nineteenth-century composers wrote sonatas, symphonies, chamber music, etc. in the same way, they did not adhere closely to the original model. Or a piece with only a single movement, or even a combination of five movements. Most of the sonatas in the classical period are piano sonatas, violin sonatas, and cello sonatas, such as Beethoven's violin sonatas "Spring" and "Crossong" and piano sonatas "Moonlight", "Passionate", and "Pathetique", etc.

Variation

Variation is a variation of a musical theme with a complete structure, so that its rhythm, melody, harmony, tonality, orchestration, etc. are changed. Also known as "theme and variations", a long piece of music can have more than thirty variations. The theme of the variations is not necessarily original, but is often adopted from the works of others. Such as Beethoven's "Diabelli Variations" (adopted from a waltz melody written by Diabelli).

Fantasie

A piano piece composed according to the composer's free musical ideas. It has improvisational and romantic sketches, or free-form sonatas, such as Schubert's "Wanderer's Fantasia" and Schumann's "Fantasia" Op. 17, etc.

Etude (Etude)

Music written for the purpose of practicing instrumental performance skills, such as piano etudes written by Cerny and violin etudes written by Paganini; there are also Etudes for concert use, such as Liszt's twelve concert etudes and Chopin's Etude No. 12 in C minor "Revolution".

Impromptu (Impromptu)

The musical ideas in the composer's mind are expressed through improvisation through a work described by rapid succession of notes and lyrical contrast. Such as: Schubert Impromptu in G flat major, Chopin Fantasy Impromptu.

Prelude

As the name suggests, it is a piece of music that is used as an overture and has the function of a prelude. Before the main music. Pieces flourished during the Romantic period, and a prelude refers to an independent piano piece with a free form. Chopin, Rachmaninoff, Debussy, etc. all have such works.

Nocturne (Nocturne)

The word Nocturne (Nocturne) comes from the Latin NOX, which originally meant the "Night God" in Roman mythology. This free-form, elegant and romantic instrumental ditty is suitable for playing in a nighttime atmosphere. In the early 19th century, J. Field (1782~1837) pioneered the use of "nocturnes" as piano works. Chopin's twenty-one nocturnes can serve as a model for such works. Nocturnes for piano performance It is characterized by the fluctuating accompaniment pattern of the left hand in the bass, which sets off the sweet main melody of the right hand.

Rhapsody

A narrative, heroic, and national piece of music common in the 19th century. Such as Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsody", Brahms's "Alto Rhapsody", Dvorak's "Slavonic Rhapsody", Gheshvin's "Rhapsody in Blue", Rachmaninov's "Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini", etc.

Capriccio

Refers to the light-hearted, humorous piano sketches of the 19th century. Such as Mendelssohn and Brahms' Fantasia.

Ballade

It comes from the Italian word ballare, which means dancing. In the early Middle Ages, it originally referred to songs sung while dancing. In the 13th century, it gradually separated from dance and became a dance song. Pure literary and musical form dominated by bards. Beginning in the 16th century, the term was applied to any popular song with a narrative character. In the 19th century, Chopin was the first to compose a purely instrumental ballad, borrowing this term from a long and dramatic piano piece. In addition, Brahms, Liszt, Grieg, Faure, etc. all have ballade works.

Scherzo

The original meaning is "joke" or "joke". It was first used in vocal music in the 17th century, and Beethoven used it in sonatas and symphonies. The medium is used in the third chapter instead of the minuet. Scherzo is characterized by a fast, lively rhythm and is usually the lightest movement in the whole piece. Chopin used this term for his piano works. There is no joking nature in the music. The music is characterized by strong emotions and majestic momentum, which has a somewhat gloomy flavor. Lyrical and lively styles alternate in turns.

Polonaise

"Polonaise" is a processional ceremonial dance music originating from Poland. The rhythm is medium-speed triple time, slightly slower than the waltz, and the style is majestic. . Many composers including Bach, Handel, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Liszt, etc. have written such works. Chopin pushed Polonaise to a higher artistic level. His works are characterized by Polish heroism and national spirit, and express his strong patriotic sentiment.

Fugue (Fugue)

A musical organization of Baroque music, which belongs to polyphonic music. "Fugue" refers to the imitation of each other between the voices. The main structure Includes:

Subject: A short and concise part at the beginning of the music.

Answer: An imitative phrase that appears a few bars later than the theme and is moved a fifth higher or a fourth lower.

Counter Subject: Opposite to the theme.

Episode: The middle paragraph is used to connect the topic and answer.

For example: the fugues in volumes 1 and 2 of Bach’s Well-Tempered Clavinet Collection. 1. "High Mountains and Flowing Waters"

This song was first published in China's earliest extant collection of Qin music, "Magic Secret Music". The book wrote in its solution: ""High Mountains and Flowing Waters" originally had only one section. In the Tang Dynasty, it was divided into two parts of the same song without dividing into sections. In the Song Dynasty, it was divided into four sections for "High Mountains" and eight sections for "Flowing Waters."

2. "Guangling San"

Also known as "Guangling Zhixi". The earliest existing musical score can be found in "Magic Secret Music". According to the editor of the book, this genealogy was passed down from the Sui Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, and was passed down through generations. The theme of "Guangling San" comes from the ancient "Nie Zheng's Song of Assassinating the King of Han". This work tells the story of a sword-maker who was innocently killed by the King of Han. In order to take revenge, his son Nie Zheng sneaked into the Han palace as a mason. After the assassination attempt failed, he fled into the mountains and studied the piano hard. After ten years of mastering his unique skills, he sneaked into the palace again. In the movie, he took advantage of the opportunity of playing the piano to stab the King of Han to death, realizing his long-cherished wish and for which he died a heroic sacrifice. "Guangling" means the qin music spread in the Guangling (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu) area, and "san" means cao, yin and qu.

3. "Goose Falling on Pingsha"

In the Ming Dynasty, this song was called "Goose Falling on Pingsha". The music score was first published in the "Guyin Zhengzong" musical score collection. The melody of "Goose Falling on the Flat Sand" is melodious and smooth. Through the disappearing and appearing wild geese call, it describes the eye-catching scene of a flock of wild geese circling in the sky. "Tianwenge Qinpu" writes: "The autumn air is crisp, the wind is calm, the sand is flat, the clouds travel thousands of miles, and the sky is flying. It borrows the distant aspirations of the swans. It is also a person who writes about the ambition of the Yishi." Although "Pingsha Luoyan" It appeared relatively late, but it is one of the most widely circulated works in the past 300 years. There are nearly a hundred kinds of piano scores publishing this piece. The reason why it is widely circulated is not only that the melody is smooth and beautiful, but also because of its novel and unique expression techniques, which are easy for the audience to understand.

4. "Three Plum Blossoms"

This song borrows objects to express feelings, and uses the whiteness, fragrance and cold resistance of plum blossoms to praise people with high moral integrity. The first half of the music plays a quiet and comfortable overtone melody, showing the noble and serene static of the plum blossoms; the rapid second half depicts the unyielding dynamics of the plum blossoms. The two sections before and after are completely different in timbre, melody and rhythm, and there is a sharp contrast. The overtone melody in the same song is repeated three times in different emblem positions, so it is called "Three Nongs". The existing score of "Three Plum Blossoms" was first published in "Magic Secret Score" (1425 edition).

5. "Ambush from Flying Daggers"

This is a large-scale pipa song with historical themes. There is no definite conclusion as to when the music was composed.

The data can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. In the famous long poem "Pipa Xing" written by Bai Juyi (772-846), it can be found that the author Bai Juyi had heard pipa music that represented fierce battle scenes.

The existing score of this piece was first seen in "Pipa Xing" compiled by Hua Qiuping in 1818. The music describes the final battle of the Chu-Han War in 202 BC. The Han army defeated the Chu army with an ambush formation from all sides. Xiang Yu committed suicide in Wujiang River and Liu Bang won. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, in the "Biography of Tang Pipa" in "Si Zhao Tang Ji", it was recorded that the pipa player Tang Ying once played a piece of "Chu and Han": "When the two armies fought in a decisive battle, the sound shook the heaven and earth. , The roof tiles are falling. When you look closely, you can hear the sound of golden drums, swords and crossbows, and the sound of people and horses. The people who hear it are excited at first, and then start to cry. This is so touching. Very Guang is one of the representative works in traditional pipa music.

6. "Sunset Drums"

This is a lyrical and freehand piece of music with a beautiful and smooth melody, and various pipa techniques are used in the performance. In terms of musical form, the whole song is developed using techniques such as expansion, contraction, local increase and decrease, and changes in high and low ranges. This song is widely circulated and is one of the representative works of ancient pipa music. The earliest copy of the score dates from 1875. Around 1925, Shanghai Datong Ensemble adapted this piece into a silk and bamboo music piece, "Spring River Flower Moonlight Night". It is like a long scroll, combining colorful scenes, through movement and stillness, distance and nearness, emotion and scenery. The combination makes the whole music rich in layers, with a prominent climax, and the poetic and picturesque expression expressed in the music is fascinating.

7. "Questions and Answers of Fishermen and Woodcutter"

There are more than 30 versions of this song in the history of the music, some of which are accompanied by lyrics. The existing genealogy first appeared in the Ming Dynasty. The music expresses disdain for those who pursue fame and fortune through the fishermen and woodcutters enjoying themselves among the green mountains and green waters. The music adopts the form of a dialogue between a fisherman and a woodcutter, with rising melody representing questions and descending melody representing answers. The melody is elegant and unrestrained, showing the leisurely and contented attitude of the fisherman and woodcutter. As stated in "Qin Xue Chu Jin": "The music of "Qiao Qiao Qiao" has profound meaning and free and easy expression, while the majestic mountains, the ocean of water, the tinkle of axes and the songs of oars are faintly visible under the fingers. Coming to the question and answer section, people are reminded of the mountains and forests. "8. "Eighteen Beats of Hujia"

This song is a piece of music composed based on the ancient poem of the same name. The lyrics were first published in "After the Song of Chu" written by Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty. language". There are two genealogies: "Da Hu Jia" and "Xiao Hu Jia". "Hujia" was originally a wind instrument of the ethnic minorities in northern China. It has a loud volume and is used in military music to enhance its reputation. The theme reflected in "Eighteen Beats of Hujia" is the famous story of "Wenji Returning to the Han": During the war at the end of the Han Dynasty, Cai Yan (i.e. Cai Wenji) lived among the Xiongnu for twelve years. Although she was married to King Zuoxian, she missed her hometown very much. When Cao Cao sent someone to take her back to the mainland, she was reluctant to leave her two children. The joy of returning home was overwhelmed by the pain of separation, and she felt very conflicted. The poet Li Xin once wrote the following poem: "The sound of the Hujia played by Lady Cai is eight times out of ten. The Hu people shed tears on the grass, and the Han envoys sighed heartbrokenly at the returning guests." The poet Rong Yu wrote in "Listening to the Dushan People Playing the Hujia" , it captures the most acute scene of this contradiction: "Looking at the moon in the south, your eyes are bright, but you are worried about the Hu'er." This song successfully expresses this complex mood, which is undoubtedly very touching.

9. "Autumn Moon in the Han Palace"

There are two popular performance forms of this song, one is a zheng song; the other is an erhu song, which was passed down by Mr. Liu Tianhua. This song is intended to express the resentment and sorrow of the oppressed palace ladies in ancient times, and to arouse people's sympathy for their misfortune. Zheng music uses many techniques such as chanting, gliding, and pressing. The style is simple and elegant. It is a representative Shandong Zheng music. Erhu music is slow in speed, with delicate and changeable bows. The melody often has short rests and pauses. The music The intermittent and intermittent use of various complex techniques expresses the mournful and sorrowful emotions of the palace maid, and has a deep artistic appeal.

10. "White Snow in Spring"

According to legend, this was written by Shi Kuang of Jin or Liu Juanzi of Qi during the Spring and Autumn Period. The story of "Spring and White Snow" is written in "Song Yu's Answer to the King of Chu": When the singer sang "People from Lower Riba", tens of thousands of people in the country were peaceful. Later, he changed to "Spring Snow". Because the song was high and low-key, only a few people sang along. "White Snow in Spring" and "White Snow" in the existing piano scores are two instrumental pieces. "Miraculous Secret Book" said in its explanation: ""Yangchun" takes the meaning of spring knowing everything, and the gentle breeze; "White Snow" takes the sound of awe-inspiring cleanness and the dazzling snow and bamboo.

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