Denmark is the hometown of Andersen. Andersen and his fairy tales are world-famous, and Denmark, like a fairy tale country, is also widely known to the world. The Mermaid, the ugly duckling and Thumbelina in fairy tales are well known and loved by China people. In recent decades, Lego and Carlsberg have entered the daily life of Chinese people.

In 218, I had the honor to participate in the second training program of Andersen International Preschool Teachers College, and became a member of it. I lived in Denmark for two weeks. Through lectures, study discussions, visits, field visits and field operations, including communication with parents, I got some knowledge about Danish culture and its preschool education. Although the two weeks were short, many things I saw and heard were surprising and shocking. The unique experiential learning and the learning life experienced by all participants also left a good memory.

1.

Denmark: a fairy tale country

When the plane landed in Copenhagen and our party was waiting for the bus to pick it up, we were moved by the scene of welcoming it at the airport. Many of them picked it up with flowers, and some of them were family members with children. It makes people feel that this is a warm country, and the Danes pay attention to family ties. In Denmark, many parties, concerts or restaurants often light candles to create a beautiful and warm atmosphere, so the production and consumption of candles rank first in the world.

From Copenhagen to the destination of North Fienne Island, as well as to odense and its surrounding towns, on the way, large areas of Yuan Ye farmland, fairy tale huts and castles with high roofs make people feel that this place is simply a fairy tale country. Located in the unique natural and geographical conditions of Northern Europe, in the winter of six months in a year, it is rainy and windy, but not sunny-we only have four sunny days in the two weeks we are here, and the maritime climate, the sky is often changeable and mysterious-it is fascinating to be in it. In this way, it is no accident that Andersen and his fairy tales appeared in Denmark.

odense is the third largest city in Denmark and the birthplace and hometown of Andersen. Walking on the street, most of the buildings and storefronts on both sides were built hundreds of years ago, which makes people feel profound in history. There are statues of Andersen everywhere, as well as sculptures of scenes and characters in his fairy tales, such as soldiers in a tinderbox and Thumbelina jumping out of flowers ...

Denmark is the happiest country in the world, and its happiness index ranks second to none among 156 countries. The Danes have built an economically developed country in a place where resources are not abundant, which is impressive. Denmark is a big country in agriculture and livestock production, with a food self-sufficiency rate of 3% and clean energy sources such as wind and solar energy reaching 43%. The high welfare system comes from taxes, takes it from the people and uses it for the people. Government finance will give more preference to some vulnerable people who need help especially.

The enrollment rate of higher education in Denmark is lower than that in Japan, but this country with a population of only 5.7 million has produced 13 Nobel Prize winners. Denmark's respect for individuals, diversified choices, people-oriented education and democratic social system encourage independent thinking, so it is not difficult to understand why this country is extremely creative. "HYGGE" is a special word in Denmark, and it is difficult to find an exact expression in other languages. It roughly means being comfortable and comfortable, and it also means being happy to meet people. Danes believe that happiness and beauty are created by themselves.

People's schools can be said to be the most representative Danish culture. It was founded on the basis of Gronview's thought in the 184s, with the aim of helping farmers learn democracy and exercise their rights. The emergence of mass schools is also related to the change of production mode. Farmers learn knowledge in the winter for six months, thus uniting to establish agricultural cooperatives, improving production and sales methods and promoting the implementation of democracy. The education of people's schools is established from the bottom. Respect every ordinary person, respect everyone who he is, respect their life experience, help them improve based on this, and learn through dialogue.

Our Andersen International Preschool Teachers College is located in the North Feynne People's School, a simple school without walls, where we have a good chance to experience Danish culture. This culture grew from the bottom up. In Denmark, ordinary people can speak, different voices can be expressed freely, and social class differentiation is weak.

Every year, Denmark has a charity week to carry out various fund-raising charity activities. There are also many associations and volunteers who serve social affairs and people in need, and at least 8% of Danes participate in volunteer activities. After the welfare society gives people a sense of existence, they want to give back to the society, do things for others, and feel more satisfied with themselves. From this, we can also see that Danish citizens are simple, kind, just and sincere, and the society is peaceful and peaceful.

Second,

Early childhood education in Denmark

The first social preschool institution in Denmark appeared in 191. It was a half-day kindergarten built by a couple. From 197s to 199s, it developed greatly and became a national public enterprise. Up to now, the enrollment rate of children aged 2-5 has reached 96%.

Kindergartens in Denmark are called "Day Care", which is an institution that provides care and education for young children. It is a non-school education system, which emphasizes taking care of children's lives, with welfare and service. Some scholars define kindergarten as a place where children can participate in their childhood life in their own way. There are no traditional courses here, regardless of subjects. Children's task is to play, and they can participate in different activities and play in middle school.

1. The main types of kindergartens

Preschool institutions are divided into three categories according to the age of children: nurseries for small babies, kindergartens of 3-5 years old, and kindergartens of mixed ages, with the latter being the majority. According to different organizers, there are three types, namely, public, private, and "cooperative kindergartens" or private self-run parks in between. Among them, a large number of preschool education institutions with parents' participation are set up by the people and managed by the board of directors.

In Denmark, the state gives money to every child from birth, and this money will always follow the child, which is a part of social welfare. Public ones are usually organized by local governments and are free of charge; Private ones need to pay more; Private self-run parks pay less, and the ratio of government to parents is 7:3.

Parents' choice of the latter two means that they can participate more in education and management and run their own satisfactory kindergartens. A male deputy director who explained to us was appointed by the board of directors with parents' participation. In addition, there are family nurseries, where parents provide childcare services to the surrounding communities while raising their own children, accept more children, and the government pays the caregivers wages.

Kindergartens are set up according to the needs of the public. Kindergarten opening time is 4-6 hours per week. Kindergarten work and rest takes a garden as an example, opening at 6:3 and providing breakfast to serve dual employees in need; From 8: to 9: , most children enter the park to carry out various activities, and the content will be adjusted according to the theme of each month or week; 11: lunch; 12: outdoor games and sports; Meet in the hall at 14:, and teachers and children will have different types of small topics, including listening, speaking and absorbing knowledge; 15: workshop activities, with different types of artistic creation, etc. Leave the park at 17:.

2. Kindergarten buildings and garden facilities

In Denmark, we had the opportunity to visit five kindergartens, all of which were integrated into community life, and felt completely unremarkable. The gates and facilities in the kindergartens were very simple and ordinary, which was not much different from the surrounding neighborhood environment. For example, Magic Flute Kindergarten is a gate, and the logo of the kindergarten name is a square picture card.

Most kindergartens in Denmark are very natural and simple, without any bright and colorful features. Danish kindergartens are generally bungalows with at most two floors, and outdoor facilities are often integrated with the natural environment. Facilities and venues are original, a lot of them are made of logs, there are tree houses, slides are on the hillside, sandboxes, swings and balance beams: safety is the primary consideration, and more importantly, it should be interesting, so that children like to play, and it is adventurous and challenging.

Because it is often rainy, some gardens also have simple mats for children to climb and slide indoors, as well as sensory facilities.

Whether outdoors or indoors, kindergartens often set up mysterious huts, castles or other interesting places for children to enjoy, such as an old big cabinet that has turned into a gateway to the "forest". The cabin in the middle of the outdoor trees connects the cable bridge ... < P > 3. Kindergarten goals and teaching contents < P > Danish kindergartens have six goals: individual skills, social skills and inclusiveness, language development, physical exercise, nature and natural phenomena, and cultural expressions and values. These six aspects are integrated into children's daily life, rather than implementing subject-based teaching courses.

"Danish preschool education mode is play", and adults should help and support children to play and learn while playing. Kindergartens should let children master the most basic life skills. Children spend a lot of time playing outdoors every day. They have to dress and go out by themselves, and decide what to play, such as playing with sand and mud, riding bicycles and climbing trees: most of them play freely without unified classes.

It's about 1: noon when we go to a kindergarten, and the baby is taking a nap outdoors. During the exchange, the director said that children can hear birds singing, breathe fresh air and feel nature when sleeping outdoors. Why not? Some people questioned the basis of doing so, and the answer was that it was due to Danish living habits and common sense.

In kindergartens, there is usually no uniform queue and no uniform time to get up, but whoever wakes up first and gets dressed first goes out to play. Even if it's windy and rainy, children will go outdoors to play. What Danes say is "the weather is not a problem, just wear the right clothes". Here, adults are not making choices, but starting from children and considering their fundamental interests.

Teachers don't take it for granted, but should constantly ponder over children, "treat themselves as children" and know what they need most. Courses are mostly generated, not preset. Teachers should be curious, know what children are thinking, and let children meet people who are full of interest and concern for them. Kindergartens should expose children to various contents and forms, including pedicures and skeleton figures-to help children prepare for school and participate in social life.

The teachers we see are adults who live with children with a calm and kind attitude. There are some details, such as the teacher holding the child who just woke up from sleep in his arms to comfort him; A teacher holds a child high as an intimate act between parents and children. The education here naturally has no trace, and most of them teach for not teaching.

4. A sitcom of "Fantasy Journey"

In Danish kindergartens, Andersen's fairy tales and their characters and scenes can often be seen, and Andersen has never gone far, just in children's lives. For example, Magic Flute Kindergarten has a scene of princess and the pea, and many kindergartens perform Andersen's fairy tale plays. We watched a "fantasy trip" in which children spontaneously performed according to their own ideas rather than the original story, and we had a real understanding of the teaching concept of kindergarten education.

The so-called "fantasy journey" means that there are no pre-designed themes, characters and plots, and they are completely created by children improvising. The teacher first asked each child to say what he wanted to be, that is, to play whatever he wanted to be. Some said that he was a king or queen, a princess, some said that he was a mermaid, some said that he was a cat ... and the king of Lego, the little man with bones, etc. The teacher generally communicated with the children about their living places, such as the palace castle, the sofa on one side of the room, and the blanket on the other side of the beach.

At the beginning of the performance, teachers and children make up the plot while performing, and the result is often uncertain. The teacher's role is to ask questions to inspire children's imagination, or to guide them, to promote the development and continuation of the story, and to promote the relationship between several characters or scenes.

The whole process shows that children use their existing knowledge and experience and expand their amazing imagination by playing with middle school. Understand the boundaries of behavior in the performance-kittens can't run into the water; In the process of communication with others, we can understand other people's emotional wishes and solve conflicts. These are not things that adults can tell their children by preaching.

The performance was not rehearsed, and there were no material facilities or special scene arrangements. The activity is not result-oriented but process-oriented. The children are all involved in the situation, learning and enjoying the process, and everyone is very comfortable and happy. Finally, with the development of the story, at the suggestion of the teacher, the children naturally sing together and end the performance in the song. Such a performance may be called a "happy journey". Moreover, the above goals related to social skills, language development, physical exercise and cultural expression are implemented through performance games.

Third,

Read Andersen again

Speaking of Andersen, Chinese people all know that he is a famous Danish fairy tale writer. Children's literature circles usually participate in the biennial International Andersen Prize (established in 1956). It is a pity that Andersen's influence in China is limited to such a narrow scope.

For example, The Emperor's New Clothes reflects the hypocrisy of adults with childlike sincerity, and advocates breaking away from convention and paying attention to children's abilities beyond books. Although it has gone through hundreds of years, it is still glorious. Chinese people need to read Andersen again, gain enlightenment in life, explore and expand its universal cultural value and spirit, use it for our own use, and inject a refreshing agent into the current noisy and utilitarian society. China's valuable traditional culture should also be well inherited and carried forward, and the sense of history should be enhanced.

1. Let the children become children

The deepest feeling in Danish kindergartens is that the children here are like children. They are childish, true and full of nature. Children's daily life is to play, all kinds of play and play freely. Children from nature like playing outdoors, climbing, playing with mud, riding a bike and even crawling on the ground. There is a saying that "the dirtier the child, the happier he is" and "the weather is not a problem". It is almost a social knowledge to consider the problem from the perspective of children.

A child's body in nature will enhance his ability to feel the weather and temperature, and increase.