Heyuan to Guide is a mountainous and grassland plateau; The ownership of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; Above 3000 meters above sea level; Mountain peaks above 4000 meters; Source valley at an altitude of 4200 meters. Guide's reach from Jinmeng River is the Loess Plateau, with the western slope of Lvliang in the east, Weihe Valley in the south, Ordos Plateau in the north and Lanzhou Valley in the west. The elevation of the Loess Plateau is generally at 1, 000 ~ 1, 300 meters, with uneven terrain and deep slopes. The gully slope is 65,438+0.5 ~ 20 degrees, and the gully area accounts for 40 ~ 50%. Gully density is 3 ~ 5 kilometers per square kilometer, and the cutting depth is more than 1 meter. Below Jin Meng, it enters the low-lying North China Plain, with an altitude of no more than 50 meters. After entering the downstream, the river channel is flat, and the average gradient is only 0. 12%. The water flow slows down, a lot of sediment is deposited, and the riverbed is 4 ~ 5 meters above the ground. Due to the repeated diversions of the Yellow River, fan-shaped ancient riverbeds and ancient natural dikes are alluvial on the ground, becoming an inclined plain with alternating gentle hills and depressions, and the depressions are relatively open and flat.
The Yellow River runs from Guide to Minhe at an altitude of 3,000 to 1.600 meters, and enters Gansu from Minhe Xiachuankou. The climate in this section is mild and humid, and it has the reputation of "small south of the Yangtze River on the plateau", and the water flow is crystal clear, and it is also known as "the Yellow River is precious in Deqing". Ningxia Plain in Ningxia and Hetao Plain in Inner Mongolia are called the Yangtze River because they are located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, rich in water resources, convenient for irrigation, developed in agriculture and rich in aquatic plants.
River basin survey
The Yellow River reaches Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with a total length of 3,472 kilometers. The middle reaches are Hekou Town to South Mengjin of Hukou Waterfall, with a length of 1206 km. Below Taohuayu is the downstream, with a river length of 786 kilometers. There are many opinions on the division of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the division scheme of the Yellow River Water Resources Commission is adopted here. The Yellow River runs across China from east to west, with a length of 1.900 km from east to west and a width of1.654,38+0.000 km from north to south, with a total area of 752,443 square kilometers.
The Yellow River, like a lion with his head held high, crosses the mountains of Qinghai and Gansu provinces from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Hetao Plain across Ningxia and Inner Mongolia; Pentium in the ravine between Shanxi and Shaanxi; Break through the "Longmen", turn around at the foot of Huashan Mountain in Xiyue, cross the North China Plain, and head for the coast of Bohai Sea. Flowing through 9 provinces; It has gathered more than 40 major tributaries and more than 65,438+0,000 streams and rivers, with a journey of 5,464 kilometers and a drainage area of more than 750,000 square kilometers, making it the second longest river in China. The average annual precipitation in the whole basin is about 400 mm, while the average annual runoff of the Yellow River is only 57.4 billion cubic meters, ranking eighth among Chinese rivers. There are more than 200 million mu of cultivated land in the basin, plus the lower reaches of Henan and Luyan rivers, with a population of about 654.38 billion.
The average natural runoff of the whole Yellow River for many years is 58 billion cubic meters, the average annual runoff depth of the basin is 77 mm, the per capita water volume of the basin is 593 cubic meters, and the cultivated land is 324 cubic meters.
The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau. Due to soil erosion, tributaries bring a lot of sediment, making the Yellow River the largest river with sediment concentration in the world. The annual maximum sediment discharge is 3965438+ 1 100 million tons (1933), and the maximum sediment concentration is 920kg/m3( 1977). The average sediment discharge of Sanmenxia Station for many years is about 65.438+0.6 billion tons, and the average sediment concentration is 35 kg/m3. According to world record association, China, the Yellow River has the largest sediment concentration.
branch
The main tributaries of the Yellow River are Baihe, Heihe, Huangshui, Zuli, Qingshui, Dahei, Kuye, Wuding, Fenhe, Weihe, Luohe, Qinhe and Dawenhe. Weihe River is the largest tributary of the Yellow River.
Major lakes
There are Zhaling Lake, Eling Lake, Wuliangsuhai Lake and Dongping Lake.
Main stream canyon of satellite map of yellow river basin
There are 30 canyons in the main stream of the Yellow River, 28 in the upper reaches and 2 in the middle reaches. The lower reaches flow through the North China Plain without canyons. The canyon section of the main stream is 1707 km long, accounting for 3 1.2% of the total length of the main stream.
Biological resources
Fish 12 1 species (subspecies) in the main stream of the Yellow River, and 98 species of pure freshwater fish in the main stream, accounting for 78.4% of the total. The main economic fish are naked spotted carp, flat-edged swallowtail, thick-lipped naked heavy-lipped fish, yellow river naked-lipped fish, yarrow, northern Tongyu, carp, crucian carp and so on. There are only 16 species of fish in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, and the composition is relatively simple. There are only Schizothorax fish, yarrow fish and loach in CYPRINIDAE and Misguridae. Fish in the middle and lower reaches are generally similar, mainly CYPRINIDAE. There are 7/kloc-0 species of fish in the middle reaches, and there are no typical plain fish such as silver carp, bighead carp, bream and bream. There are Schizothorax and Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in the upper reaches of the middle reaches, and 78 species of fish in the lower reaches, including a variety of fish crossing estuaries and brackish water. According to the survey data of tributaries of the Yellow River, according to the fish statistics of Taohe River in Gansu, Weihe River in Shaanxi and Jinghe River, there are 30 species in Weihe River, followed by Taohe River 1 1 species, and only 4 species in Jinghe River. Most of the tributaries in the middle and upper reaches are small fishes of CYPRINIDAE and Misgurnus, a few are Tasmanian fishes and catfish, and the economic fishes are carp, crucian carp, yarrow fish and catfish.
Historically, the Yellow River Basin has long been regarded as the political, economic and cultural center of China and the cradle of China culture. Frequent disasters in history also make the Yellow River known as "the worry of China". From 602 BC to 1938, the Yellow River burst 1590 times and changed its course 26 times. On average, there are two gaps in three years and a big diversion in a hundred years. 1938, the Yellow River changed its course, and the river went south to seize the Huai River, which flooded a large area of land in eastern Henan, northern Anhui and northern Jiangsu, with a population of12.5 million and 890,000 deaths.
Precautions:
In recent years, the organisms in the Yellow River waters have been destroyed, and now there are less than 100 species of fish. The technicians of Lanzhou Fishery Technology Extension Center believe that the ecological environment in the upper reaches of the Yellow River has deteriorated and soil erosion has led to a large sediment concentration in the Yellow River. Due to drought and lack of rain, the water volume of the Yellow River is decreasing. Wastewater pollution in industrial towns; Artificial fishing and other factors are the reasons for the decrease of water quantity in the Yellow River.
In order to restore the ecology of the Yellow River and protect biological resources, the Fisheries Department of Gansu Provincial Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Department began to implement the "Proliferation and Release" plan for the Gansu section of the Yellow River in 2000. According to the person in charge of the fishery department, the number of fish released has increased from more than 7 million last year to 8 million this year, with carp, catfish, grass carp and bighead carp as the main targets.
River division
There are different opinions about the boundary between the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The Yellow River Conservancy Commission divides Hekou Town and Taohuayu into upper, middle and lower reaches. Traditional middle school textbooks divide Hekou Town and Jin Meng into upper, middle and lower reaches. Scholar Yang thinks Qingtongxia and Harmony are more suitable. Scholar Xu advocated Jiayingguan in Wuzhi County, Jiaozuo City, Henan Province as the dividing line between the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The following is the division plan of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission.
Upstream
The upper reaches of the Yellow River are above Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia. The total length of the upper reaches is 3,472 kilometers, and the basin area is 386,000 square kilometers, accounting for 5 1.3% of the total Yellow River. The total upstream drop is 3496m, with an average gradient of1‰; There are 43 large tributaries (basin area 1000 square kilometers or more), and the runoff accounts for 54% of the whole river; The upper reaches of the Yellow River only account for 8% of the annual sediment discharge of the whole river, with more water and less sediment, which is the clear water source of the Yellow River. The upper reaches of the river are controlled by Qingshan Mountain, Xiqiao Mountain and Nanshan Mountain in Anima, Qinghai, with an S-shaped bend. According to the different characteristics of rivers, the upper reaches of the Yellow River can be divided into three parts: source section, canyon section and alluvial plain section.
The upper part of Qinghai Kariqu to Qinghai Guide Longyangxia is the Heyuan section. Heyuan section starts from Kariqu, passes through Xingsuhai, Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake to Maduo, bypasses Qingshan and Xiqingshan in Anima, and reaches Guide in Qinghai via Longyangxia. Most of the rivers in this section flow through the plateau of three or four kilometers, and the rivers are tortuous, with lakes, swamps and grass beaches on both sides. The water quality is clear, the water flow is stable and the water yield is large. There are Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake in the reach, both above 4260 meters above sea level, with storage capacity of 4.7 billion cubic meters and 654.38+0.08 billion cubic meters respectively, which are the largest plateau freshwater lakes in China. The Yellow River runs from Maduo, Qinghai Province to Maqu, Gansu Province, and flows through the ancient basin and low hills between Bayankala and Animaqing Mountain. Most river sections have wide valleys, and occasionally there are canyons. The Yellow River runs from Maqu, Gansu Province to Longyangxia, Guide, Qinghai Province, and flows through high mountains and canyons, with fast-flowing water and abundant hydraulic resources. Baihe and Heihe rivers, tributaries originating in Minshan, Sichuan, join the Yellow River in this section.
The section from Longyangxia in Qinghai to Qingtongxia in Ningxia is a canyon section. This section of the river flows through mountainous hills. Due to different rock properties, river valleys and wide valleys appear alternately: river valleys are formed in hard gneiss, granite and Nanshan metamorphic rocks, while wide valleys are formed in loose sand shale and red rock series. There are 20 canyons in this section, including Longyang Gorge, Jishi Gorge, Liujiaxia Gorge, Bapan Gorge and Qingtongxia. There are cliffs on both sides of the canyon, with narrow riverbed, steep river slope and rapid water flow. From Guide to Lanzhou, this section is one of the concentrated reaches of the three major tributaries of the Yellow River, and the inflow of important tributaries such as Taohe River and Huangshui River has greatly increased the water volume of the Yellow River. The reach from Longyangxia to Xiaheyan River in Ningxia is a "mine-rich" area of the Yellow River and one of the important hydropower bases in China.
(4) The reservoir regulation capacity is low, and the water resources management is not unified;
⑤ Low water fee can't arouse people's awareness of water saving, and industrial and agricultural water is wasted;
⑥ Environmental pollution greatly reduces the utilization rate of the Yellow River water.
⑦ Excessive sewage discharge from factories along the river.
waterfall
Due to sediment deposition, in most sections of the Yellow River with a total length of 5,464 kilometers, the riverbed is higher than the cities and farmland in the basin, and it is constrained by dikes, so it is called "suspended river". So where did the Yellow River become a "hanging river"?
Dengkou County, southwest of Bayannaoer City, Inner Mongolia, where the Yellow River is 4 to 6 meters higher than the county seat on average.
The Yellow River flows between Zhongtiaoshan Mountain and Qinling Mountains and passes through Jin Meng, Henan Province. From here, 30 kilometers away from the Yellow River, it is Luoyang, the famous capital of China. Luoyang is one of the eight ancient capitals in China. Since the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty (Yang Di), the Tang Dynasty (Wu Zetian), the Later Liang Dynasty and the Later Tang Dynasty have all established their capitals here, which is called the "Ancient Capital of Nine Dynasties".
Valley migration
The Yellow River is the second largest river in China, and it has been a sediment-laden river since ancient times. In the 4th century BC, the lower reaches of the Yellow River were called "turbid rivers" because of its turbid water. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0 th century, it was pointed out that "the river is heavy and turbid, and there are six buckets of mud for one stone". Sediment increased after Tang and Song Dynasties. Some of these sediments are accumulated on the downstream river bed, which is accumulated over time and highly silted, all of which are constrained by dikes and form a suspended river for a long time. In autumn and summer flood season, the defense is weak, ranging from flooding to water diversion. According to historical records, in the three or four thousand years before 1946, the lower Yellow River burst 1593 times, the river course was diverted 26 times and burst 1000 times. The flood starts from Haihe River in the north and reaches Huaihe River in the south, covering an area of 250,000 square kilometers, which has a great impact on the geographical environment of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain in China.
As far as the characteristics of the changes in the lower reaches of the Yellow River are concerned, it can be roughly divided into the following stages.
(1) Dike before the Warring States Period
The upper limit began in the Neolithic age. At that time, the lower reaches of the Yellow River flowed through Hebei Plain and entered the sea on the west bank of Bohai Bay. Because there are no dikes on both banks, the river course is extremely unstable. According to documents, the Yellow River has made many trips, including three sections recorded in Gong Yu, Shan Hai Jing Bei Shan Jing and Han Shu Geography. The first two roads are in the west of Hebei plain, along the foothills of Taihang Mountain to the north. The lower reaches of the mountain pass generally flow northward to the southern edge of the alluvial fan of Yongding River, pass through Xiongxian County and Baxian County eastward, and enter the sea near Tianjin today. The lower reaches of the Gong Yu branch off from the Shanjing River in today's Shenxian County, passing through the middle of today's Hebei Plain and entering the sea east of Qingxian County. The great river in Han Zhi leaves the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain and flows through northeast Henan, northwest Shandong, southeast Hebei and northeast Huanghua County. Before the mid-Warring States period, these three rivers either dominated each other or existed at the same time, but it was common for them to flow through the big river in Han Zhi. In ancient times, "River" was the proper name of the Yellow River. According to the records in Hanshu and Shuijing Note, there are more than 10 waterways called "rivers" in Hebei Plain, which may all be the old roads of the Yellow River after some interruption and migration.
(2) the 4th century BC to early AD (from the middle of the Warring States Period to the end of the Western Han Dynasty)
In the middle of the Warring States period, after a large-scale embankment was built in the lower reaches, the fixed river course was the big river recorded in Hanshu 2 Geography, which ended the long-term situation of multi-stream diversion and frequent diversion, and we temporarily regarded it as the first major diversion of the Yellow River.
In the mid-Warring States period, the lower reaches of the Yellow River were sparsely populated. When the dike was first built, the width of the dikes on both banks was 50 Li Han (1 Li Han, equivalent to 414m today). Large streams (the mainstream of water) have to swim in dikes, and rivers have strong flood storage capacity and are not easy to burst. Since then, the number of teeth has increased day by day, and a large beach blocked on both sides of the inland waterway of the levee has been reclaimed to build the people's dike for self-defense. Those who are far away are hundreds of steps away from the water. As a result, the riverbed is forced, the river body twists and turns, siltation is rapid, and dangers are repeated. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the river course in Xunxian County of Henan Province today, "The river is higher than the flat", has obviously become a "suspended river". This is the result of increased soil erosion in the middle reaches of the Yellow River since Qin and Han Dynasties. In 1 1 year, Wang Mang broke the Yellow River eastward, and the flood between the river and Huaihe River lasted for 60 years.
③1~10th century (from Eastern Han Dynasty to the end of Tang Dynasty)
In 1 1 year (the third year of Wang Mang's founding), the Yellow River burst above Yuancheng (now Daming East, Hebei Province), and the river flooded to several counties east of Qinghe County. At that time, because the river decided to flow eastward, Wang Mang did not advocate blocking the mouth, because his ancestral grave in Yuancheng was not threatened. It is recognized that the flood lasted for nearly 60 years, which led to the second major diversion in the history of the Yellow River.
After nearly a thousand years, the lower reaches of the Yellow River were relatively stable, with occasional overflow and no large-scale diversion. The reason is:
First, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, a large number of nomadic people began to settle in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, returning farmland to grazing, and secondary grasslands and shrubs replaced cultivated land, and soil erosion was relatively weakened.
Second, in 70 AD, under the leadership of Wang Jing, the flooded river in the late Western Han Dynasty was comprehensively controlled, and then a new river course was built, which roughly flowed through the Jilu border region, from Changshoujin (now in the area of West Wangbin, Puyang), from the great river in the Western Han Dynasty, along the Guluo River, through the south of Fan County today, diverted between yanggu county and Guluo River today, passed through the Yellow River and Ma Jiahe today, and then entered the sea in Lijin County, Shandong Province.
Thirdly, there were many tributaries in the lower reaches of the Yellow River at that time, either entering the sea alone or flowing into other rivers, and there were some lakes and swamps along the way, all of which played the role of flood diversion, sediment discharge and flow regulation.
④ 10 century ~ 1 127 (from the end of Tang Dynasty to the end of Northern Song Dynasty)
After nearly a thousand years of accumulation, the lower reaches of the Yellow River gradually silted up from the end of the Tang Dynasty. In 893 (the second year of Tang Jingfu), the estuary section was diverted for nearly a hundred miles. By the fifth generation, the frequency of crevasse increased obviously, with an average of less than three years.
By the beginning of 1 1 century, in today's Shandong Shanghe, Huimin, Binzhou and other cities and counties, the river surface has been "high-rise buildings almost exceeded the height". Since then, the location of the breach has moved up to Ganzhou (now Puyang, Henan) and Huazhou (now East Old Town, hua county). The general trend is that the river swings northward gradually. At the end of the Five Dynasties and the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Chihe River and the Henglong River were all located in the north of the big river in the Tang Dynasty.
1048, Shang (now Puyang dongchang lake Ji) burst its mouth, and its northward flow passed between Fuyang River and South Canal, while its downstream (now South Canal) and Boundary River (now Haihe River) entered the sea in Tianjin, which was called "Yellow River North School" in history. This is the third major diversion in the history of the Yellow River. (The Yellow River flows northward for three times: Shanghukun, Xiaowukun and Neihuangkou)
⑤1128 ~ 65438+the middle of the 6th century (from Jin Dynasty to Ming Jiajing Wanli)
1 128 (the second year of jianyan in the southern song dynasty), in order to prevent the nomads from going south, Du Chong, who was left behind by Song and Tokyo, was forced to break the river in the southwest of Huaxian County, Henan Province, making the Yellow River flow eastward through northeast Henan and southwest Shandong, enter Surabaya and seize Si into Huaihe River. Since then, the Yellow River has left the old road flowing through Xunhua and slippery areas since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and no longer entered the Hebei Plain. In the following 700 years, it flowed into the Huaihe River in the southeast. This is an epoch-making event in the history of the changes in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and it is also the fourth major diversion of the Yellow River.
The river between Jun and Slip used to be a narrow river in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Due to the control of this section of the waterway, the swing range of the downstream waterway is basically limited to the Hebei Plain east of Taihang Mountain and north of Shandong Hill. After leaving this section of the river, the downstream river turns to the east or southeast and swings from northeast Henan to southwest Shandong. Among the 12 crevasses recorded in the Jin Dynasty, the river swings after the crevasse accounted for 10 in this area.
1286 (23rd year of Zhiyuan) 10 The Yellow River is located in Wu Yuan, Wu Yang, Zhongmou, Yanjin, Kaifeng, Xiangfu, Qixian, Suizhou, Chenliu, Tongxu, Taikang, Weishi, Weichuan, Yanling and Fugou. It can be roughly divided into three strands; One goes south in Zhongmou, passes through Weishi, Weichuan, Fugou, Yanling and other places, and enters the Huaihe River from Shui Ying; One is in Kaifeng, turns south, passes through Tongxu and Taikang, and flows from the vortex to the Huaihe River. We call it the fifth great diversion in the history of the Yellow River. From Jinyuan to the middle of Ming Dynasty, the changes of the Yellow River can be summarized as the following three points:
First, the position of the gap moves to the west. At first, the cracks were mostly in Shandong today (11950s and 1960s), and then moved westward to Jixian, Wu Yang (east of Yuanyang today) and Yanjin (11980s and 1990s). From the 1970s of 13 to the 40s of14, the crevasse moved to Xinxiang, Wu Yuan (now the west of Yuanyang) and Yingze (now Xiguxing Town, Zhengzhou City), almost reaching the top of the alluvial plain in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.
Second, the main stream of the river gradually swings south. /kloc-After the middle of the 0/2nd century, the river passed through northeastern Henan and southwestern Shandong, and now it flows into Surabaya in Liangshan County, Shandong Province. Later, it gradually swung southward into Kaifeng and Shangqiu in eastern Henan, and then entered the beach through Dangshan, Xiaoxian and Xuzhou in Jiangsu. During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, two man-made rivers burst, and they went blind from the river or entered the Huaihe River from the whirlpool. /kloc-In the late 3rd century, a river flowed from Yinghe River into Huaihe River and reached the southwest boundary of the fan-shaped plain in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.
Third, the lower reaches of the river are divided into several tributaries besides the main stream, and the change is uncertain. Since the second half of 12 century (during the reign of Jin Dading), there has been a situation of "two rivers diverging". After that, it is divided into three strands, all of which flow through the north of the abandoned Yellow River, merge into Surabaya and seize Si into the Huaihe River. By the second half of the13rd century (early Yuan Dynasty), there were several strands downstream, which seized water and whirled into the Huaihe River. Then it flows eastward to Si or southward to Huai River, and sometimes it flows northeast to Ma Jiahe and the North Qinghe River (now the Yellow River below Dongping, Shandong). Often several strands are parallel, overlapping is the main time, and the change is extremely chaotic. At the end of Yuan Dynasty (135 1), Jia Lu once managed a river from Fengqiu, Henan Province to Xuzhou, which was called Jia Luhe in history. It will be destroyed soon.
⑥ 65438+mid-6th century ~ 1854 (five years in Xianfeng, Qing Dynasty)
By the middle of16th century (the middle of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty), the situation of multi-stream diversion in the lower reaches of the Yellow River basically ended, and "the old road of Nanxi began to be blocked", "the whole river flowed out of Xu and Pi, and it took its place in Huai River." This is a major change in river regime. Later, in the early years of Wanli, Pan Jixun implemented the policy of "building dikes to control water and attacking sand with water", and the lower reaches of the river were basically fixed, which is the abandoned Yellow River on this map. Although there was an overflow later. But soon returned to the old road. Dams were built in the early Qing Dynasty. The rivers in Henan were relatively safe for a while, while the number of river breaches in Shandong and Jiangsu increased. The section from Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province to Huaiyin, which is also a canal, is "the most important throat". The key point of Pan Jixun's river management is in this reach, overhauling dikes, lattice dikes, moon dikes and remote dikes on both sides of the river, rebuilding Gaojiayan, raising the water level of Hongze Lake, storing water and brushing the Yellow River. In the early Qing Dynasty, the center of gravity of the river disaster moved from Huaiyin to the estuary because the Yellow River occupied the Huaihe River for a long time after Jinyuan, and a large amount of sediment was discharged into the estuary, which changed the slope and accelerated the siltation of the river above the estuary. Therefore, after18th century, the river disasters below Xuzhou are the most concentrated. /kloc-after the 0/9th century, the river channel was silted up and abandoned, and the breach occurred year after year. In addition, domestic political turmoil and ineffective river management make new diversions inevitable.
⑦ 1855 (Xianfeng five years) ~ before the 1950s.
1In June, 855, the Yellow River burst in Tongwa Room, Yanglan, Henan Province, first flooded Fengqiu, Xiangfu County and Village in the northwest, then flowed eastward to Lanyi, Kaocheng and Changyuan counties, and then divided into three shares: one was transported from Zhaowanghe, east of Cao Zhou, to Zhangqiu; One stream flows through Changyuan County to Leijiazhuang, Dongming County, where it is divided into two streams, both of which flow northeast to Zhangqiu Town; After the confluence of the three rivers, it crosses the Zhangqiu Canal, enters the Daqing River through the salt-free river, and enters the sea through the Lijin oyster mouth. This is the sixth major diversion of the Yellow River. According to China's current administrative divisions, the route of the lower Yellow River flows through Xingyang, Zhengzhou, Yuanyang, Yanjin, Fengqiu, Zhongmou, Kaifeng, Lankao and Puyang in Henan, Cao Xian and Shan County in Shandong, Dangshan and Xiaoxian in Anhui, Fengxian, Peixian, Xuzhou, Pixian, Suining, Suqian and Jiangsu. However, after the diversion, the Yellow River broke through the original channel, changed to the northeast, and borrowed the Daqing River to flow into the Bohai Sea in Shandong. This breach ended the 700-year history of the lower Yellow River from Huaihe River to Bohai Bay. In the following 20 years, the flood freely overflowed on the delta alluvial fan with Tongwa room as its apex, reaching Jindi in the north, Cao Xian and Dangshan in the south and the Canal in the east. The water is scattered and falling. The whole riverbank was not completed until 1876, and now the lower reaches of the Yellow River have basically taken shape. In the lower reaches of the river, from Tongwa room to Taocheng port, breaches often occur, so it is called "tofu waist".
1June, 938, the Kuomintang government passively resisted Japan. Huayuankou levee was artificially opened in an attempt to stop the Japanese invaders from advancing westward with floods. This breach caused the Yellow River and the South River to flood the area between Jia Luhe, Heying and Guohe River, which caused serious disasters rarely seen in history. This is also the seventh major diversion in the history of the Yellow River.
Recently, the problem of sandstorm has become more and more serious. Now, experts say that if humans cut down trees indiscriminately, the source of the Yellow River is likely to be submerged in sandstorms. The Yellow River is the origin of the Chinese nation, but it is called the source of the mother river. Today, it is surrounded by barren hills and sandstorms everywhere.
Experts pointed out that illegal logging against the natural way of life is the main reason for destroying water resources, which makes this ecosystem with thousands of years of history face collapse and is likely to become another site of human civilization destruction.
It is the frequent flooding of the Yellow River that has created the Chinese nation's character of "being prepared for danger in times of peace". Chinese civilization also began with Dayu's arduous struggle to control water and divert rivers into the sea, so that many dynasties set up river management institutions, and People's Republic of China (PRC) still has such institutions as the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission, which is very rare in the world. It can be said that the Yellow River has played a decisive role in shaping the character of the Chinese nation and the direction of Chinese civilization.
[Edit this paragraph] Tourism resources
The vibrant upstream reach-this reach is called the "rich mining area" of the Yellow River's hydraulic resources. Among them, from Longyang Gorge to Qingtongxia, rivers and canyons alternate with each other, with large riverbed gradient and rich hydraulic resources. The planned utilization gap exceeds 1.200m, and the installed capacity exceeds1.0 million kilowatts, accounting for nearly 50% of the whole river. The average annual power generation is nearly 60 billion kWh.
The tender and lingering Ningmeng reach-the Yellow River flows peacefully here, irrigating the farmland on both sides and benefiting the local people. Therefore, there is a saying that "Huang Hefu and Ningxia are the best in the world" and "the Yellow River risks only one side is rich". The land near Yinchuan, Ningxia is flat and has a vast area. For more than 2000 years, the Yellow River has been used for gravity irrigation. There are abundant products here, and the precious Chinese herbal medicines Lycium barbarum and Yinchuan rice are of good quality, which is known as "Jiangbei". Photo of Lycium barbarum The Hetao Plain in Inner Mongolia is very dry. In the west, the annual precipitation is less than 200mm. Here, "no water is a desert, and water is an oasis". The Yellow River water has created superior conditions for industrial and agricultural production here.
The middle reaches of the Yellow River-Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Gorge, where the Yellow River splits the Wan Ren Mountain like a bamboo, forming the longest continuous canyon section on the Yellow River. There are two famous places in this paragraph:
1. Hukou Waterfall-The Yellow River rushed here with thunderous momentum and roared away. Hukou Waterfall is not only a symbol of the Yellow River, but also a symbol of the Chinese nation's indomitable spirit of pioneering and forging ahead. "The wind is roaring, the horse is roaring, the Yellow River is roaring, and the Yellow River is roaring." This magnificent song not only sings the elegance of the Yellow River, but also sings the heroic spirit of the Chinese nation's invincible and hard struggle. (The lyrics are selected from The Yellow River Cantata)
2. Longmen-The story of "Carp yue longmen" comes from this. It is said that carp can jump over the dragon gate and become a dragon. This legend expresses people's good wishes to reach their ideal state after hard work, and also inspires Chinese children to strive for self-improvement and struggle. According to legend, it is a canyon dug by Dayu, so it is also called Yumenkou.
[Edit this paragraph] Related information
654.38+0.5 million years ago, the Xihoudu ape-man appeared in Ruicheng County near the Yellow River in Shanxi Province. Later, Lantian ape-man 6.5438+0 million years ago and Dali ape-man 300,000 years ago fished and hunted along the Yellow River, and continued to work silently for the birth of the Yellow River civilization.
70,000 years ago, the early Homo sapiens in Ding Cun, Xiangfen, Shanxi Province, and the late Homo sapiens in Dagouwan, Uxin Banner, Inner Mongolia, 30,000 years ago played the prelude to the ancient Yellow River civilization.
The sites of microlithic culture from 10000 to 7000 years ago, Neolithic culture from 7000 to 3700 years ago, bronze culture from 3700 to 2700 years ago and ironware culture from 770 BC are almost all over the Yellow River basin. Since the Middle Stone Age, the Yellow River Basin has become the development center of ancient culture in China. Suirenshi, Fu and Shennongshi created and invented artificial fire technology, primitive animal husbandry and primitive agriculture, which opened the prelude to the development of the Yellow River civilization.
Qin Huang Hanwu, Tang Zong Song Zu, a generation of arrogant Genghis Khan, these emperors led the Chinese nation to push the ancient Yellow River civilization to the brilliant peak that attracted worldwide attention. Gunpowder, compass, papermaking, printing, Tang poetry and Song poetry, and Yuanqu are glittering treasures in the Yellow River civilization. Inventions and scientific achievements not only promoted the development of China, but also spread all over the world and promoted the progress of all mankind.
First, the second longest river in China.
The Yellow River, the second longest river in China, is a 5464-kilometer-long river that winds in the north of China. Seen from the air, it looks like a huge "Ji", which is a unique totem of our nation-the dragon.
Second, the characterization of the Yellow River
Not just a big river. The Yellow River, Yellow Earth, Emperor, Yellow Skin and the legendary dragon, all these yellow symbols sublimate this turbid stream flowing through the heart of China into a sacred river. Han Shu Gou Ji regards the Yellow River as the first of all waters: "China has the source of all rivers, and the Yellow River is its ancestor."