Autumn, no matter where it is, is always good; however, autumn in the North is particularly clear, quiet, and desolate. [At the beginning, use the technique of foil and the tone of praise to highlight the characteristics of autumn in the old capital. "But it is especially clear, quiet and desolate" is the central sentence that leads to the following. It briefly describes the characteristics of autumn in the old capital. These three phrases also form a parallelism, with both smooth momentum and the beauty of cadence, which sets the tone and background of the article. ] The reason why I traveled thousands of miles from Hangzhou to catch up with Qingdao, and even more so from Qingdao to Peiping, was just to enjoy this "autumn" and the autumn flavor of my old capital. [Explain the reason why you have traveled thousands of miles to come to Peiping in a hurry, and express your infinite admiration for Qiu, your old capital. "Autumn flavor" is a summary of "qing", "quiet" and "sad". ]

Of course, there is autumn in the south of the Yangtze River; but the vegetation wilts slowly, the air is moist, the color of the sky appears light, and it is often rainy and less windy; a person is sandwiched between Suzhou, Shanghai, Hangzhou, or Xiamen Among the citizens of Hong Kong and Guangzhou, they passed by in chaos and could only feel a little bit of coolness, the smell of autumn, the color of autumn, the artistic conception and posture of autumn, but they could never get enough of it, taste it, and enjoy it fully. [Coming from the word "satisfied" in the previous paragraph, the author uses a derogatory approach to describe the shortcomings of autumn in the south from various aspects to contrast the beauty of autumn in the north. Before the second semicolon, directly list the shortcomings of Southern Autumn, and then write down your personal feelings. Parallel sentences are used before and after, and it reads like a Shandong express book. It is full of criticism, and the autumn of the South is completely devalued to the extreme. ] Autumn is not a famous flower, nor is it a fine wine. The half-open, half-drunk state is inappropriate in the process of appreciating autumn. [further state why Southern Autumn is insufficient. Here we first make a metaphor from the negative side, and then from the positive side, describing the autumn in the South as like autumn but not autumn. The implication is that only the autumn in the North is the famous flower in full bloom, which makes people appreciate it to the fullest; Good wine makes people intoxicated. ]

The first part points out the "clear, quiet, and desolate" characteristics of autumn in the North to lead the following. At the same time, it compares the autumn in the North with the autumn in the South to express the yearning for the autumn in the old capital. .

It has been nearly ten years since autumn in the Northern Kingdom. Every autumn in the south, I always think of the reed flowers in Taoranting, the willow shadows in Diaoyutai, the singing of insects in Xishan, the moonlight in Yuquan, and the bells in Tanzhe Temple. (① Taoranting: Located in the south of Beijing, the name of the pavilion comes from Bai Juyi's poem "When the chrysanthemums and yellows are cooked, Mr. Taoranting will be intoxicated". ② Diaoyutai: Located on the Sanli River outside Fuchengmen, Beijing, to the north of Yuyuantan Park, the environment Quiet. "Ming Yi Tong Zhi": "There is a spring gushing out under the stage and forming a pool, and its water is not exhausted until winter." ③ Xishan: the general name for the mountains in the western suburbs of Beijing, and is a scenic spot in the suburbs of Beijing. ④ Yuquan: refers to Yuquan Mountain. It is a branch at the east foot of Xishan Mountain. ⑤Tanzhe Temple: In Xishan, Beijing, it is said that "the temple is located on Qinglongtan, and there are thousands of ancient Zhe chapters, and the temple is named after it" [describing the autumn of the old capital]. yearning. "The reed flowers in Taoranting, the willow shadows in Diaoyutai, the singing insects in Xishan, the night moon in Yuquan, and the bells in Tanzhe Temple" are all descriptive noun phrases. Each phrase is a picture, showing a vivid beauty. , the author's fascination is beyond words. Obviously, it is these royal gardens, scenic spots and historic sites that constitute the wonderful artistic conception of "Autumn in the Old Capital". According to common sense, when describing autumn in the hometown, one should focus on describing these scenic spots; but as we read the following, we find that the autumn in the author's works is not these places that everyone yearns for, but low dilapidated houses and slanted bridges after the rain. This arouses our questions: What is the author's purpose of writing about the autumn in his hometown? ] Even if you don't go out to Peiping, you can rent a shabby house with just one rafters to live in the middle of the imperial city. When you get up in the morning, make a bowl of strong tea and sit in the courtyard, you can see high The sky is high and green, and the sound of pigeons flying under the blue sky can be heard. (① A rafter: a room. A rafter, chuán, is a wooden strip placed on the purlin of a room with wooden panels or tiles.) From the bottom of the locust tree leaves, look eastward to count the traces of sunlight leaking through, or at the waist of the broken wall. In the garden, quietly facing the trumpet-like blue flowers of morning glories, you can naturally feel the full feeling of autumn. When it comes to morning glories, I think blue or white ones are the best, followed by purple and black ones, and light red ones are the worst. It is best to have a few sparse, thin and long autumn grasses growing at the bottom of the morning glory as a foil. [This is the first picture of the autumn scenery of the old capital that the author shows us. Let us appreciate it carefully and see what rich and profound connotations it contains. The time of this painting is morning, the subject is a "shabby house with one rafter", and the background of the house is "the sea of ??people in the imperial city". Let's first imagine this "Imperial City". From the Ming to the Qing Dynasty, it was the capital for six hundred years. How many people rose to great heights here, and how many people fell into the clouds and lost their lives. Let's look at this "sea of ??people" again. dignitaries, literati, businessmen and businessmen are all gathered here. What are they doing? "Everything in the world is bustling for the sake of profit, and the world is bustling for the sake of profit." For the sake of fame and fortune, how many people stay up late reading at night, and how many people are intrigues and intrigues.

But what about the author? Living in the "crowd of the Imperial City", but his heart wanders outside the "Vanity Fair", he rents "a shabby house with rafters", "makes a bowl of strong tea and sits in the courtyard". Isn't this a situation? An otherworldly hermit who doesn't care about fame or fortune? Let’s take a look at the autumn scene described by the author for us: here there is “a very high green sky”, there is “the sound of tame pigeons flying under the blue sky”, there is “sunlight”, and there is “morning glory (Chaorong)” "Blue flowers", autumn "comes clear and quiet", without the hustle and bustle of the "crowd in the imperial city". This is the autumn in the author's eyes; facing autumn, the author's heart is as "quiet" as autumn. He holds a teacup in his hand, looks at the blue sky, listens to the pigeons, "facing eastward and counting the rays of sunlight that leak through." , "quietly facing the blue flowers of the morning glory (morning glory) like trumpets", so leisurely and comfortable, without the joy and sorrow in Vanity Fair. This situation reminds people of Tao Yuanming's poem: "The house is in a human environment, without the noise of carriages and horses. When I ask you how you can do it, your mind is far away and you are biased." It turns out that this "broken house with one rafter" is actually the author of The "Peach Blossom Spring" in the "crowd of the imperial city"; however, can the author's heart be as "far away" as Tao Yuanming calmly "picked chrysanthemums under the eastern fence and leisurely saw the southern mountains"? No, in the author's mind, "autumn" still comes "sadly", so he wrote the following text: "When it comes to morning glories, I think blue or white ones are best, followed by purple and black, and light red is the best. It is best to have a few sparse and long autumn grasses growing at the bottom of the morning glory as a foil. "Why is blue or white better?" Because blue and white are cold colors, blue connotes tranquility and profoundness, and white connotes elegance and purity, which is most consistent with the author's leisurely mentality. Although purple and black are also cold colors, they have a sad and desperate mood. The author is sad but not sad, frustrated but not desperate. Red is called a warm color, expressing enthusiasm and passion, and is most inconsistent with the author's mentality. Why use autumn grass "as a foil"? Because autumn grass is a withered and decaying thing, using it to set off the blue flowers of morning glories naturally expresses the sadness of autumn just right. ]

The locust trees in the North are also an ornament that reminds people of autumn. The fallen pistils, which look like flowers but are not flowers, will be spread all over the ground in the morning. When you step on it, there is no sound or smell. You can only feel a tiny and soft touch. After the street sweeper swept under the shadow of the trees for a while, the streaks of the broom left on the dust looked both delicate and leisurely. Subconsciously, he also felt a little lonely①, what the ancients called a leaf of the phoenix tree And the distant thoughts that the world knows about autumn are probably in these deep places. (① Lonely: desolate, lonely. ② One leaf of the sycamore tree tells the world about autumn: "Huainanzi·Shuo Shan": "With small things, you can know the big things. When you see the leaves falling, you know that the year is approaching." "Taiping Yulan" Volume 24 Quote: "One leaf falls and the world knows autumn.") [This is the second picture of the autumn scene of the old capital that the author shows us, the fallen pistils of the locust tree and the silk patterns of the broom. When writing "Luorui", there are both visual and tactile images. Flowers covering the ground create a visual image; stepping on the flower ground brings a tactile experience. It's silent here, there's no one around, people are wandering around, carefree and at ease. When writing "The Silk Patterns of a Broom", the author made a series of associations from the "stripes" of silk patterns: "I feel both delicate and relaxed" and "I also feel a little lonely". When reading this passage, you should pay attention to the word "deep". Why did the author write "Luorui"? Why are these "remote thoughts" generated by "falling pistils" said to be "deep"? Let us first understand the annotation: "You can tell the big from the small, and you will know that the year is about to end when you see the leaves falling." Here "small" means "the leaves are falling", and "big" means "the years are about to turn out"; from "the leaves are falling" The scenery makes people sigh with the feeling of "the end of the year". This is to understand the big from the small, and to be sentimental when seeing the scenery. From this point of view, when we look back at the author's description of Qiu Huai, we suddenly realize that the author also "sees the big from the small", and the sadness of a "lonely" life arises from the scene of "falling pistils". "Falling pistils", "there is no sound", "no smell", "can only feel a little bit of very fine and soft feeling"; "the silk lines of the broom left behind look very delicate, I feel relaxed again." This is Xiaojing. However, the author realized the great feeling of "lonely" life from these "small scenes". The "loneliness" of life arises from the "falling pistil", which is the "profundity". ]

The feeble chirping of cicadas is especially characteristic of the North. Because there are trees everywhere in Peiping and the houses are low, their cries can be heard no matter where they are. In the south, you have to go to the suburbs or mountains to hear it. Because of their ubiquitous shrill noise, these cicadas in Peiping seem to be living around every household like crickets or mice. [The author uses comparative description to show us the third picture of the autumn scene of the old capital: the lingering sound of cicadas. In the South, cicadas are far away from humans, but in the North, cicadas are so closely related to humans. It’s no wonder that cicadas have been chanted by literati since ancient times, either to express their emotions or to clarify their aspirations. "No one believes in nobleness, who can express his sincerity?" After being persecuted by Wu Zetian and falling into despair, King Luo Bin used the cicada to describe himself, showing his noble character and integrity. "Leaning outside the firewood gate, listening to the evening cicadas in the wind." Wang Wei, who lived in seclusion in Wangchuan, used it to express his leisurely mood. Yu Dafu's life is similar to that of Wang Wei and King Luo Bin. Hearing the cicadas chirping in his old capital, I am afraid it is inevitable to feel the same sadness. ]

There are also autumn rains. The autumn rains in the north seem to fall more strangely than in the south, they are more interesting and more decent. [This is the leading sentence below. "Strange", "tasteful" and "more presentable" summarize the characteristics of autumn rain in the North.

Parallel verses that are close to colloquial language fully express the author's love of praise. ]

Under the gray sky, a cool breeze suddenly came, and then it started to rain. After a layer of rain, the clouds gradually rolled to the west, the sky became clear again, and the sun showed its face again; urban idlers wearing thick green cloth single clothes or jackets, biting their pipes, after the rain In the shadow of the sloping bridge, if you go up to the bridge and stand under the trees, if you meet an acquaintance, you will use a slow and leisurely tone, sighing slightly and answering each other:

"Oh, the weather is really cold——" (This word is pronounced very high and drawn out.)

"Isn't it? One layer of autumn rain and another "It's cold!"

When people in the north pronounce the word "zhen", it always looks like the word "layer", which is flat and oblique. This mispronunciation of the rhyme is just right. (① Ping Ping Zhi Zhi Qi: It means to consider the rhythm of the characters. There are four tones in the pronunciation of Chinese characters. In ancient times, the Ping tone was called the Ping tone, and the rising tone, the falling tone, and the entering tone were collectively called the Tune tone; in modern times, Yinping and Yangping were collectively called the Ping tone, and the upper tone was called the Ping tone. The Ting and Lai tones are collectively called the oblique tones. The characters for Ru tones have been merged into the four tones respectively.) [This is the fourth picture of the autumn scene of the hometown that the author shows us: the leaning bridge after the rain. "Suddenly... it began to rain in a steady stream. After a layer of rain,... the sun showed its face again." Every sentence, scene, cloud scene, and rain formation are vividly written, showing the autumn rain in the North. "Strange" and "flavorful"; "A layer of autumn rain and a layer of coolness" describe the autumn rain in the North, which is more like autumn rain. However, the author's focus is not on the rain, but on the "urban idlers" on the leaning bridge after the rain. The author describes their clothing, actions, and tone of voice to show their leisurely style. The author also describes their language like this: "'Oh, it's so cold outside -' (The word "" is pronounced very high and drawn out very long.)". Why is the word "Le" highlighted and pronounced very high and drawn out for a long time? The purpose is to render a "clear and quiet" atmosphere. The sound of "Le" is raised high and long. The louder the call, the farther it echoes, and the more empty it appears. This can better express the leisurely contentment of urban idlers. "Isn't it? A layer of autumn rain and a layer of coolness!" Why does the author say, "This mispronounced rhyme is just right?" It turns out that the ancients paid attention to the balance of flat and oblique when writing poems, making the sentences ups and downs, ups and downs, and full of musical beauty. The standard pronunciation of this sentence is "A burst of autumn rain and a burst of coolness". As a result, the second, fourth, and sixth characters are all oblique sounds, and the tone does not change. It is misread as "a layer of autumn rain and a layer of coolness". The second and sixth characters are flat tones, and the fourth character is oblique tones, forming an alternating between flat and oblique sounds. This sentence has become a poem, so it is said to be "just in time". Why does the author comment so much on this? It turns out that the author first used a relaxed and cheerful style to describe the carefree life of urban idlers, and then used such poetic sentences to poeticize the lives of urban idlers to express his yearning for this idyllic urban idler life. feeling. ]

Fruit trees in the north are also a wonderful sight in autumn. The first is the date tree. They will grow up one by one in the corners of houses, at the top of walls, beside latrines and at the entrance to kitchens. (①First: This means "the best".) When these dates, which look like olives and dove eggs, show a light green and yellowish color in the middle of the small oval leaves, it is right. It is the heyday of autumn; when the jujube leaves fall and the jujubes finish turning red, the northwest wind will rise. The north is a world of dust and dust. Only jujubes, persimmons, and grapes are ripe at the turn of July and August. , is a beautiful day in autumn in the North, and it is the best Golden Days① in the year. (①GoldenDays: golden days.) [This is the fifth picture of the autumn scenery of the old capital that the author shows us: golden autumn red dates. Dates go from light green to light yellow and then to red. The changes in the color of dates are used to describe the characteristics of the seasons and to express the "Golden Days, the best days of the year". After reading this, we will naturally ask a question: the author's color selection in this article is quite original. When we read the previous text, we found that the author mostly chose "cold colors", such as green, blue, gray, white, etc., to show the purity, tranquility and sadness of autumn. But here, the author suddenly switches to warm colors, using green, yellow, red, etc. Doesn't this destroy the coordination and unity of autumn colors, and dilute the unique flavor and charm of the old capital's autumn that is clear, quiet and sad? In fact, the author wrote Golden Autumn precisely to better contrast the sad autumn. As Wang Guowei said: "A happy scene describes sadness, and it is even more sad." Autumn is the season when dates, persimmons, and grapes mature; similarly, for people, the autumn of life should also be the season of harvest. However, if autumn comes and you have nothing, don’t you feel the desolation of a lonely life in the face of the fruitful golden autumn? It should be noted that once autumn is over, "the northwest wind will rise, and the north will become a world of dust and dust." Isn't this the same in life? Once autumn is over, all that awaits is aging and death! Perhaps it is for this reason that people lament the autumn, and the author has the following discussion on the sadness of "Autumn Scholars". ]

The second part describes autumn, describing five landscapes in sequence, such as broken houses in the autumn morning, fallen locust pistils, the lingering sound of autumn cicadas, autumn rain bridges, and golden autumn red dates, which express the "autumn of the old capital". Qing, it comes with tranquility, and it comes with sadness.

Some critics say that Chinese literati, especially poets, have a strong sense of decadence, so there are many Chinese poems praising autumn.

But what about foreign poets? Although I don’t read much foreign poetry, and I don’t want to write an account of poems and prose for autumn①, but if you look through the collections of poets from England, Germany, France and Italy, or the Anthology of poetry and prose from various countries② Come here, you can always see many songs and lamentations about autumn. (①Chao: the same as "chao". ②Anthology, in English, means "selection".) Among the long pastoral poems or poems about the four seasons by famous poets, the parts about autumn are always the most outstanding and interesting ones. It goes to show that all sentient animals and sensitive humans have the same feelings of depth, remoteness, severity and desolation towards autumn. [Explain that sadness in autumn is the universal nature of human beings and has no distinction between countries and races. ] Not only poets, but also prisoners locked up in prisons, I think they will definitely feel an uncontrollable deep affection in autumn. How can autumn differ among people by country, let alone race and class? [It is further explained that there is no class distinction in Beiqiu. It can be seen from the word "class" that the "prisoners" mentioned by the author are political prisoners, referring to those revolutionaries imprisoned for their efforts to innovate. "A kind of deep feeling that cannot be controlled" refers to the sadness and anger of being in a prison cell, worrying about the world, and having unfulfilled ambitions. ] However, in China, there is an idiom of "Qiushi①" in the text, and Ouyang Zi's "Autumn Sound"② and Su Dongpo's "Red Cliff Ode" are very common in reading books. I feel that Chinese literati have a relationship with autumn. Very deep. (① Qiushi: In ancient times, it refers to intellectuals who are still frustrated in their twilight years. ② "Autumn Sound" refers to Ouyang Xiu's "Autumn Sound Ode".) [Under the autocratic rule of feudalism, Chinese literati were suppressed, destroyed, and frustrated. There are too many. Therefore, when Chinese literati reach the autumn of their lives, they will inevitably lament in various ways when they think of the failure of their careers and the hopelessness of their fame. Ouyang Xiu's "Autumn Sound Ode" and Su Dongpo's "Red Cliff Ode" are among them. ] But the deep flavor of autumn, especially the deep flavor of autumn in China, can only be felt in the north. ["Autumn" and "Autumn" appear repeatedly in the text, but its meaning is not fixed. Autumn here is no longer limited to natural autumn, but refers to the autumn of life. "This deep flavor of autumn" is the taste of lonely life that Chinese literati have tasted for thousands of years, and was expressed in the pen and ink of Ouyang Xiu and Su Dongpo. "North" refers to the "old capital". Why “the deep flavor of China’s autumn can only be felt in the north”? Because this is the "Old Capital", the place where the capitals of past dynasties have been located. Many literati have prospered here throughout the ages, and even more many literati have failed and lost their families and lives here. Therefore, only by staying in the old capital can we deeply understand " The deep flavor of autumn." ]

Autumn in the South has its own special features, of course, such as the bright moon over the Twenty-four Bridge①, the autumn tide at the Qiantang River, the cool mist at Mount Putuo, and the lingering lotuses at Lychee Bay④. Wait, but the color is not strong and the aftertaste is not lasting. (① The bright moon of the Twenty-Four Bridge: Du Mu's "A Letter to Judge Han of Yangzhou" contains the poem "On a bright moonlit night of the Twenty-Fourth Bridge, where can the beauty teach me to play the flute". The Twenty-Fourth Bridge, also known as the Twenty-Fourth Bridge, is located in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province. West Lake. Legend has it that Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty ordered 24 palace ladies to play flutes here, hence the name. ②Autumn Tide of Qiantang River: Qiantang River is located in Zhejiang, and flows out of Hangzhou Bay into the East China Sea. Its mouth is shaped like a trumpet every Mid-Autumn Festival. When the tide rises before and after the festival, due to the shrinkage of the river estuary's topography and the sudden drop in water depth, the river surface becomes choppy, and the tide rushes forward with overwhelming force, forming the "Qiantang Raging Tide" landscape. ③Putuo Mountain: A small island located in the Zhoushan Islands in Zhejiang. According to legend. It is the dojo where Guanyin Bodhisattva appears and preaches. According to the Buddhist scriptures, Guanyin lives in Putuo Luojia in South India, so the island is named Putuo Mountain. ④Lizhi Bay: It is located in the west of Guangzhou. Compared with the autumn in the north, it is like rice wine and white wine. , porridge and steamed buns, sea bass and crabs, yellow dogs and camels. [This paragraph echoes the beginning, and contrasts the autumn of the South with the autumn of the North, vividly explaining why "the deep flavor of China's autumn can only be felt in the north." "Just like rice wine and white rice, porridge and steamed buns, sea bass and crabs, yellow dogs and camels." This is a rational statement, but the comparison with specific things is vivid and interesting. Yellow rice wine is warm, while white dry rice is strong; eating sea bass is delicate and chewing big crabs boldly; drinking porridge in the south and swallowing dates wholeheartedly; chewing hard steamed buns in the north and chewing them carefully; yellow dogs in the south are smart and thin, and camels in the north are majestic. The four metaphors mostly start from the food culture, allowing people to understand the "taste" of autumn from the "taste" in food, and letting people taste the abstract "taste" from the image "taste". Autumn in the northern country is like "baigan, steamed buns, crabs, and camels", which makes people feel strong, deep, strong, and long-lasting; while autumn in the southern country is like "yellow wine, rice porridge, sea bass, and yellow dogs", which makes people feel People feel that the taste is moist, light, bland and short. The use of such rich and vivid images makes people have a long aftertaste after reading it and understand it clearly. ]

Autumn, this northern autumn, if I could keep it, I would give up two-thirds of my lifespan in exchange for a fraction of one-third. [This is the final sentence of the article, and it is also a finishing sentence with extremely profound meaning. "Autumn, the autumn of the North" refers to the "autumn" that Yu Dafu found in the "crowd of the imperial city". It is not in Taoranting, Gouyu Terrace, Xishan or Yuquan Mountain, it is in the broken houses and locust trees. Below, among the chirping cicadas, on the bridge, on the fruit trees, in a word, in the "pastoral" of the city, among the idle people in the city. The author wants to retain this kind of autumn, that is, to retain this leisurely, carefree, detached and secluded urban "pastoral" life.

He yearned for such a life infinitely, so much so that he said: "If I can keep it, I would be willing to take away two-thirds of my lifespan and get a fraction of one-third." That is to say, as long as he can have such a life, Life, even if the life span is shortened to only one third of what it should be, is still willing. However, life will not stop moving, and this autumn cannot be retained. Therefore, although this sentence expresses the author's beautiful wishes, it more expresses his helpless lament. ]

The third part talks about autumn, expressing the feelings of the autumn of nature, the autumn of the north, that is, the autumn of life, expressing the literati's deep, affectionate and profound taste of autumn; further comparing the autumn of the north and the south, The structure plays the role of echoing from beginning to end.

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