Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun, Wu Daozi, Gu Kaizhi.

Jia Sixie of the Northern Wei Dynasty: The earliest agricultural encyclopedia "Essentials of Qi Min"

Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty: Geographic treatise "Shui Jing Zhu"

Tuo Bahong (Later changed his surname to Yuan) (467-499)

Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty was an outstanding politician and reformer of ethnic minorities.

- He advocated Chinese culture, implemented Sinicization, banned Hu clothing and Hu language, changed weights and measures, promoted education, changed surnames and banned burials, which improved the cultural level of the Xianbei people. It is a summary of the national integration after the ethnic groups from the northwest entered the Central Plains one after another, and played an important role in China

Gao Huan, a powerful official in the Eastern Wei Dynasty during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the actual founder of the Northern Qi Dynasty, and the father of Gao Yang, the founding emperor of the Northern Qi Dynasty< /p>

Fu Jian (338-385), courtesy name Yonggu, was a member of the Di tribe in Linwei, Lueyang (now southeast of Qin'an, Gansu). He was the grandson of the founding monarch of the former Qin Dynasty, Fu Hong, and the leader of the former Qin state in the famous Battle of Feishui< /p>

Fan Tai (355-428) was a minister and scholar of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty. His courtesy name was Bolun, a native of Shunyang and the father of Fan Ye. He wrote 29 articles in "Good Words in Ancient and Modern Times" and 20 volumes of collected works, all of which are lost.

Liu Yu (363-422) was the founder of the Southern Song Dynasty and reigned from 420 to 422. His courtesy name is Deyu, his nickname is Jinu. His ancestral home is Pengcheng, and he moved to Jingkou. When he was young, his family was poor and he started selling shoes. Posthumous title Emperor Wu.

Emperor Wu of the Song Dynasty was Liu Yu.

Kou Qianzhi (365-338) was a Taoist in the Northern Wei Dynasty. His courtesy name was Fuzhen and he was a native of Changping, Shanggu. He advocated the merging of Confucianism and Taoism, which was called the "New Celestial Master Taoism".

He Chengtian (370-447) was a scientist in the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties. The Tan people of the East China Sea were proficient in the art of celestial arithmetic and once calculated the pi ratio to 3.1428. They persisted in observing celestial phenomena for forty years and compiled the "Yuan Jiali", abolishing Pingshuo and using Dingshuo instead.

Tuoba Tuo (371-409) was the founder of the Northern Wei Dynasty. His courtesy name is Shegui, a member of the Tuoba tribe of the Xianbei ethnic group. In the third year of the emperor's reign, his capital was Pingcheng, which became the emperor's throne. In his later years, he became insane and was killed by Zi Shao. His posthumous title was Emperor Xuanwu at first, and his posthumous title was changed to Emperor Daowu.

Emperor Daowu of Wei was Tuoba Tuo.

Pei Songzhi (372 or 360-451) was a historian of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties. During the period of the Zi Dynasty, Hedong heard about the happy people. During the Yuan Dynasty, he was ordered to annotate the "Three Kingdoms". The content of the annotations exceeded the original book several times, setting a new example for annotating history.

Wang Zhene (373-418) was a Song general in the Southern Dynasties. Beihai dramatist, grandson of former Qin King Meng.

Cui Hong (?-418), a minister of the Northern Wei Dynasty, named Xuan Bo, was a native of Wucheng in the east of Qinghe River. A famous noble family in Kanto. During the reign of Emperor Yuan of the Ming Dynasty, he worshiped Master Tianbu and was promoted to Duke Baima.

Kong Lingfu was an official of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties. A native of Shanyin in Kuaiji. He successively served as the governor of Nanjun, governor of Yingzhou, and Danyang Yin.

Fu Liang (374-426) was a minister of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Jiyou, a native of Lingzhou, Northland. He helped Liu Yu to seize power by Zen. During the period of the Young Emperor, he was promoted to Zhongshu Supervisor, Shangshu Ling, and Army Protector General. During the period of Emperor Wen, he served as Dr. Zuo Guanglu and held the position of Prime Minister. In the third year of Yuanjia, he was killed by Emperor Wen. The original collection of thirty-one volumes has been lost. The Ming Dynasty compiled "Fu Guanglu Collection".

Zhi Yanzhi (?-433) was a general of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Daoyu, a native of Wuyuan, Pengcheng. During the reign of Emperor Wen, he served as a general protecting the army.

Yan Yanzhi (384-456) was a writer of Song Dynasty in Southern Dynasty. The courtesy name is Yannian, a native of Linyi, Langya. His literary works were outstanding in his time, and he was as famous as Xie Lingyun. The original collection has been lost, and the current collection of "Yan Guanglu Collection" was compiled by the Ming Dynasty.

Xie Lingyun (385-433) was a poet of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty. A native of Yangxia, Chenjun. Xie Xuan's grandson was granted the title of Duke Kang Le. The original collection has been lost, and the Ming Dynasty compiled it into "Xie Kangle Collection".

Tan Daoji (?-436) was a Song general in the Southern Dynasties. A native of Jinxiang, Gaoping. He was promoted to General Zhengnan and Sikong. Being banned and killed.

Chen Qingzhi (386-465), a general of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties, was named Hongxian and was a native of Wukang, Wuxing. From the official position to Zhenbei General, Shizhong, and Taiwei. He once publicly criticized the gentry for advocating empty talk. Later he was killed by Liu Ziye, the former deposed emperor.

Wang Xuanmo (388-468) was a general of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty. His courtesy name was Yande, and he was a native of Qi, Taiyuan. He was promoted to general of chariots and cavalry, governor of Southern Yuzhou, and governor. Died in officialdom.

Xie Hui (390-426) was a minister of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Xuanming, a native of Yangxia, Chenjun. When he was the young emperor, he took charge of Zhongshu Ling and worked with Xu Xianzhi and Xu Liang to assist in government affairs. During the reign of Emperor Wen, he was the feudal Duke of Ping County. Later he was killed for treason. He is the author of three epilogues, "Sorrow for Humanity", "Poems of the Continuation of Shiji", etc.

You Ya (?-461) was an official in the Northern Wei Dynasty. His courtesy name was Bodu, his nickname was Huangtou, and he was appointed in Guangping. He was not diligent in writing, was arrogant, and liked to discuss others' merits. He once framed the Confucian scholar Chen Qi, causing Qi to be punished by his clan.

Diao Yong (390-484) was an official in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The courtesy name is Shuhe, a native of Rao'an, Bohai Sea. He is good at literature and martial arts, and has written more than 100 poems, rhymes, essays, odes and essays. He is a devout believer in Buddhism and has written more than 20 "Teachings".

Gao Yun (390-487) was a minister and scholar of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The courtesy name is Bo Gong, a native of Bohai. He loves to learn, often carries books, and travels thousands of miles to study. Broad knowledge of classics, history, astronomy and numbers. He succeeded five emperors and held important positions for more than fifty years. There are three volumes of "Zuo Shijie", "Gongyang Shi" and "Sushu". All are lost. The Ming Dynasty compiled "Gaoling Gongji".

Zhang Wei was an official in the Northern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Zhongye, a native of Zhongdu, Taiyuan. Tong Jing Ji. He was once sent as an envoy to Jiuquan and was promoted to General Pingdong and feudal An Gong.

Fan Ye (398-445) was a historian of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties.

The courtesy name is Weizong, the small name is Brick, and he is from Shunyang. He is well versed in classics and history, good at writing, and has a good understanding of music and rhythm. He wrote ninety chapters of biographies in "Book of the Later Han Dynasty", appended with "discussions" and "praises". Liang Liuzhao added the eight chapters and thirty volumes of Sima Biao's "Continuation of Hanshu" and made annotations, which were jointly published in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Liu Yiqing (403-444) was a minister and writer of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty. A native of Jingkou. The second son of Liu Daolian, King Jing of Changsha, was granted the title of King of Linchuan. He is the author of eight volumes of Shishuoxinyu. Liang Liu Xiaobiao once annotated it, but the current version was compiled by Yan Shu of the Northern Song Dynasty.

Cui Hao (?-450) Minister of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The courtesy name is Boyuan, a native of Wucheng in the east of Qinghe River. The son of Cui Hong, a famous noble family in Guandong. He once annotated the Five Classics and formulated the "Wu Yin Yuan Calendar". The elders of the three dynasties were granted the title of Duke of Dongjun.

Bao Zhao (405-466) was a poet of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Mingyuan, a native of Donghai. He once joined the army of Prince Xu of Linhai and was killed by the rebels in Liangzhou. His Yuefu poems describe the scenes of frontier wars and conquests, and the seven-character Yuefu poems had a particularly great influence on later generations. The representative works are the eighteen poems "The Road Is Difficult". There is "Bao Canjun Collection".

Liu Yuanjing (406-465) was a minister and general of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Xiaoren, and he was born in Jie, Hedong. Official to Shangshu Ling.

Liu Yilong (407-453) was the emperor of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty. He reigned from 424 to 453, which historians call the "Government of Yuanjia". Che'er, with a small character, was born in Jingkou, the third son of Liu Yu. Later he was killed by Zishao. Posthumously named Emperor Wen.

Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty was Liu Yilong.

Tuoba Tao (408-452) Emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Reigned from 423 to 452. The small character is Foli, a member of the Xianbei tribe. The grandson of Tuoba Tuo. Later, he was killed by the eunuch Zong Ai, and he was posthumously named Emperor Taiwu.

Emperor Taiwu of Wei was Tuoba Tao.

Dai Faxing (414-465) was a powerful official of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties. A native of Shanyin in Kuaiji. When the former emperor was deposed, he used his power to sell his power, and there was a saying among the people that "the emperor will be the true emperor after the rise of the law." He was later sentenced to death.

Zang Xurong (415-488) was a Qi historian in the Southern Dynasties. Dongguan Ju people. Called himself Mr. Brown. After many battles but not serving as an official, he devoted himself to writing and compiled one hundred volumes of "Book of Jin", which was the main basis for the official revision of "Book of Jin" in the early Tang Dynasty.

Gai Wu (418-446) was the leader of the Guanzhong people's uprising in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Lushui Hu people in the north. In the sixth year of Zhenjun Taiping's reign, he launched an army against Wei and called himself King of Tiantai. Later, he was renamed King of Qin. During the battle, Zhongya was wounded and killed by his subordinates.

Yuan Can (420-477) was a minister of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty. The courtesy name is Jingqian, a native of Yangxia, Chenjun County. Emperor Shun served as Zhongshu Supervisor and Situ. Later, he planned to kill Xiao Daocheng and was killed. He once imitated Ji Kang's "The Biography of Gao Shi" and wrote "The Biography of Mr. Miaode" to describe himself.

Xiao Daocheng (427-482) was the founder of Qi in the Southern Dynasties and reigned from 479 to 482. His courtesy name was Shao Bo, a native of Nanlanling. He abolished Emperor Shun of the Song Dynasty, established himself as emperor, and changed the country's name to Qi. Posthumous title: Emperor Gao.

Tang Yuzhi (?-486) ??was the leader of the Qi People's Uprising in the Southern Dynasties. Fuyang people. In the third year of Yongming's reign, he gathered a crowd to revolt, proclaimed himself emperor, named his country Wu, and changed his name to Yuan Xingping. Later, he was suppressed by the Forbidden Army and killed.

Zu Chongzhi (429-500) was a scientist in the Southern Dynasties, Song Dynasty and Qi Dynasty. The character is Wenyuan and the person is Fan Yangqiu. Erudite and talented, especially good at counting, he accurately calculated pi to six decimal places for the first time, more than a thousand years earlier than Europe. He wrote six volumes of "Zhu Shu", which was designated as a mathematics textbook in the Tang Dynasty. Formulated the "Da Ming Calendar" and manufactured various machinery such as guide cars and thousand-mile ships. He was proficient in music, dabbled in Confucian and Taoist classics, and wrote "The Analects of Confucius", "The Classic of Filial Piety", "Yi Yi", "Lao Zi Yi", "Zhuang Zi Yi" and the novel "Shu Yi Ji", etc., all of which were lost early.

Cu Yuan (435-482) was a minister in the Southern Dynasties, Song Dynasty and Qi Dynasty. The courtesy name is Yanhui, a native of Yangzhai, Henan. Son-in-law of Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, he held the posts of Chief Minister of Li, Youpuse of Shangshu, Zhongshu Ling, and General of the Army Guard, and worked with Yuan Can to assist King Cangwu. Later, he assisted Xiao Daocheng to replace Song Dynasty and establish Qi Dynasty, and he was granted the title of Duke of Nankang County and served as Shangshu Ling. People at that time ridiculed him for his lack of moral integrity: "I would rather die for Yuan Can than come back to life for Yan." The courtesy name is Xiuwen, a native of Wukang, Wuxing. One of the Eight Friends of Jingling. From official to Shizhong, Zhongshu Ling, and Shangshu Ling. Later, he was punished for being angry and died of depression. He pioneered the theory of "four tones", and together with Xie Tiao and others created the "Yongming style", which emphasized the contrast between tones and rhythms and promoted poetry to become metrical. He wrote one hundred volumes of "Book of Song Dynasty". There are also "Jin Shu", "Qi Ji", "Si Teng Pu", etc., all of which are lost. The Ming Dynasty compiled "The Collection of Shen Yinhou".

Empress Dowager Feng (442-490) was the empress of Emperor Wencheng of the Northern Wei Dynasty. A native of Xindu, Changle. She was in power for twenty-five years, and she presided over most of the early reforms of Emperor Xiaowen, which consolidated the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Posthumous title: Empress Dowager Wenming.

Wei Rui (442-520) was a Liang general in the Southern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Huaiwen, a native of Duling, Jingzhao. He held the positions of General Zuowei and Governor of Yongzhou. In his later years, he stayed at home and taught his children the classics. In the first year of his reign, he moved to serve as a minister and a general of chariots and cavalry, but did not pay tribute to the sick and deceased.

Li Anshi (443-493), minister of the Northern Wei Dynasty. A native of Zhaojun. When he was the governor of Xiangzhou, he planned to suppress Li Bo, a powerful man in Guangping, and more than 30 of his nephews. Later he was dismissed due to illness.

Kong Zhigui (447-501) was a Qi official and poet in the Southern Dynasties. "Southern History" was written by Kong Gui. His courtesy name is Dezhang, a native of Shanyin in Kuaiji. When the official reaches the crown prince Zhan Shi, he will be accompanied by casual cavalry and regular attendants. Erudite and good at poetry, he was addicted to alcohol and drank seven or eight buckets of wine. If you are not happy with worldly affairs, you will not cut the grass in your courtyard. His literary skills are beautiful and humorous, and his poem "White Horse" is more famous. The original collection of ten volumes has been lost. The Ming Dynasty compiled the "Collection of Kong Zhan's Stories".

Li Chong (450-498) Minister of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Zi Sishun, a Taoist from Di in Longxi, served successively as Secretary Ling, Zhongshu Ling, Shangshu Pushe, etc. He was highly relied upon by Empress Dowager Feng and Emperor Xiaowen. He once presided over the construction of the new capital of Luoyang.

Fan Zhen (about 450-about 510) was a thinker in Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties. Zi Zhen, a native of Wuyin, Nanxiang. He once served as the governor of Yidu, the governor of Jin'an, and the minister Zuocheng. He developed the simple materialist views since the Han and Wei dynasties, and published the famous "On the Destruction of Gods" in the sixth year of Tianjian, denying superstitious teachings such as karma and retribution and the reincarnation of life and death. Later, he moved to Guangzhou. He became a doctor of Zhongshu Lang and Guozi, and died in the official position.

Fan Yun (451-503) was a Liang poet in the Southern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Yanlong, and he is from Wuyin, Nanxiang. Fan Zhen is his younger brother. At the age of eight, he was able to write poems and was good at literature. He was one of the "Eight Friends of Jingling". When he reached the rank of Shangshu, he was granted the title of Marquis of Xiaocheng County. After he died in office, he was given an imperial edict to Shi Zhong and General Wei. The original collection of thirty volumes has been lost. There are more than 40 poems in existence today, among which "Wushan High" and "Farewell Poems" are more famous.

Jiang Xuan (xiào 452-495) was a relative of the noble family in the Southern Dynasties, Song Dynasty and Qi Dynasty. His courtesy name is Shuwen, a native of Kaocheng, Jiyang. The grandson of Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty and the son-in-law of Emperor Xiaowu. It lasted through the Song and Qi dynasties.

Tao Hongjing (452 ??or 456-536) was a Taoist and medical scientist in Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Tongming, a native of Moling, Danyang. During the Xiao Liang Dynasty, he presented prophecies, which were valued by Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty, and he was sometimes known as the "Prime Minister of the Mountains". He wrote twenty volumes of "Zhen Gao", which is regarded as a Taoist classic. It also understands yin and yang and the five elements, astronomy and geography, astrology, literature and calligraphy. He wrote "Compendium of Materia Medica", which recorded more than 700 kinds of medicines. There are also "One hundred squares behind the elbow" and so on, most of which are lost.

Cao Jingzong (457-508) was a Liang general in the Southern Dynasties. Zi Zhen, a new savage. In the fifth year of Tianjian's reign, the class teacher returned to the court. Emperor Wu held a banquet and conducted an impromptu examination of rhymes and poems. Because the martial artist can't find the rhyme, he insists on seeking it. Emperor Wu gave two rhymes of "Jing" and "Bing" and composed a poem: "When I left, my children were sad, but when I came back, they competed with music and drums. I would like to ask a traveler, how is it like Huo Qubing." Later he moved to Shizhong, General of Zhongwei, and Jiangzhou Governor, on his way to his post. Death.

Xiao Ziliang (460-494) was a minister of the Qi clan in the Southern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Yunying, from Nanlanling. The second son of Emperor Wu of Qi was granted the title of King Jingling. He once gathered talented and learned people in Jiankang, copied the Five Classics and hundreds of schools of thought, and compiled it into the "Four Parts Synopsis". Later, he was tabooed by his grandson Xiao Zhaoye, who feared death from illness. There is "Collection of King Jingling of Southern Qi Dynasty".

Ren Fang (460-508) was a minister and scholar of Liang Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty. The courtesy name is Yansheng, a native of Bochang, Le'an. He served as an official in the Song, Qi and Liang dynasties. He is famous for his good writing of tables, memorials, letters and notes. He was the author of many princes and royal official memorials and imperial edicts in the world. Together with Shen Yue, he is also known as "Shen Shi Ren Bi". With a collection of more than 10,000 volumes of books, he is one of the three major book collectors together with Shen Yue and Wang Sengru. He wrote thirty-four volumes of collected works and nearly four hundred volumes of "Diji" and "Miscellaneous Biography", all of which are lost. The Ming Dynasty compiled "Ren Yansheng Collection".

Xie Tiao (464-499) was a Qi poet in the Southern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Xuanhui, a native of Yangxia, Chenjun County. It is known as "Xiao Xie" in the world to distinguish it from Xie Lingyun. One of the Eight Friends of Jingling. For Xu, he served as the prefect of Xuancheng, the prefect of Nanhai, and the Minister of Rites. Later, he was framed by Xu Xiaosi and was imprisoned to death. He has written many poems and essays. His poems are harmonious in tone, sonorous in rhyme, gorgeous in words, and neat in contrast. The original collection of twenty volumes has been lost. The Ming Dynasty compiled "Xie Xuancheng Collection".

Wang Su (464-501), minister of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The courtesy name is Gongyi, a native of Linyi, Langxie. Descendants of Wang Dao. He died as governor of Yangzhou.

Qiu Chi (464-508) was a Liang official and writer in the Southern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Xifan, a native of Wucheng, Wuxing. Can write at the age of eight. The original collection of ten volumes has been lost. The Ming Dynasty compiled "Qiu Sikong Collection", and "Yu Chen Bo's Book" is his representative work.

Xiao Yan (464-549) was the founder of Liang in the Southern Dynasties. Reigned from 502 to 549. The courtesy name is Shuda, the small name is Lianer, and he is from Nanlanling. A younger brother of Xiao Daocheng, one of the Eight Friends of Jingling. In the first year of Zhongxing, he proclaimed himself emperor and established the Liang Dynasty. He advocated respecting Confucianism and Buddhism, and sacrificed his life to Tongtai Temple many times. Hou Jing caused chaos, exhausted his wits and strength, and died of hunger and thirst. During his lifetime, he recruited scribes, discussed the meanings of Buddhism and Confucianism, agreed on the "Five Rites", and co-authored "General History". He was good at music, poems and poems, all of which were lost early. The Ming Dynasty compiled "The Imperial Collection of Emperor Wu of Liang". Posthumously named Emperor Wu.

Emperor Wu of Liang is Xiao Yan.

Wang Sengru (465-522) was a Liang official and scholar in the Southern Dynasty. Line by word. Tan people from the East China Sea. He is less eager to learn and can write at the age of six. He once served as Minister Zuocheng and Yushi Zhongcheng. He has read many books, is knowledgeable and good at calligraphy. Together with Shen Yue and Ren Fang, they were the three major book collectors at that time. There are thirty volumes of collected works, which have been lost. The Ming Dynasty compiled "Wang Zuocheng Collection".

Chang Yizhi (?-523) was a general of Liang in the Southern Dynasties. A native of Wujiang, Liyang. After Xiao Yan became emperor, he was granted the title of Marquis Yongfeng. He once served as military general, governor of southern Yanzhou, general of Zuowei, and governor of northern Xuzhou. I don't like reading in my life, and I know nothing more than crosses.

Liu Xie (about 465-about 532 or about 470-about 539) was a Liang literary critic in the Southern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Yanhe, a native of Ju, Dongguan. He once served as Taimo Ling, Donggong General Secretary, and Infantry School Lieutenant. In his later years, he became a monk, changed his name to Huidi, and sought death. The fifty chapters of "Wen Xin Diao Long" he wrote are the first systematic literary criticism work in my country. It is advocated that literary works should have both "character" and "literary grace". It also proposed six standards of literary criticism ("Six Views") and the necessary accomplishments, systematically expounded the theory of literary criticism since the pre-Qin Dynasty, and played an important role in the history of literature.

Li Daoyuan (466 or 472-527) was a hydrogeographer of the Northern Wei Dynasty. He has a long character and is from Fanyang. He is less eager to learn and is well-read in rare books. He successively served as governor of Dongjingzhou, Yin of Henan, and lieutenant of Yushi. In the third year of Xiaochang's reign, he was killed by Xiao Baoqi, the governor of Yongzhou.

The forty volumes of "Shui Jing Zhu" written in detail include more than a thousand waterways, as well as cities, customs, local products, people, etc., making important contributions to historical geography. There are also other works such as "Benzhi" and "Qipin", all of which have been lost.

Wang Rong (467-493) was a Qi writer in the Southern Dynasties. Zi Yuan was a native of Linyi, Langxie, and one of the Eight Friends of Jingling. He once served as Prince Sheren, Secretary Cheng, General Ningshuo, etc. He was ordered by Emperor Wu to compose the "Preface to Qushui Poetry", which was rich in prose and praised by the world. Proficient in rhythm, he collaborated with Shen Yue to create the "Yongming Style". He later died in prison due to palace struggles. The original collection of ten volumes has been lost. The collection of Ming Dynasties includes "Wang Ningshuo Collection".

Yuanhong (467-499) was the emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty and a politician of the Xianbei ethnic group. Reigned from 471 to 499. At the beginning, the political affairs were presided over by my grandmother, Queen Mother Feng. After taking office in the 14th year of Taihe, he rectified the administration of officials and accelerated the feudalization of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The capital was moved to Luoyang, and old Xianbei customs were comprehensively reformed: Han clothing was replaced by Xianbei clothing, Xianbei language was replaced by Chinese, and Xianbei surnames were changed to Han surnames. He also severely suppressed the conservative nobles who tried to resist and executed Prince Xun. After the reform, the feudalization of the Xianbei Tuoba tribe was strengthened and ethnic integration was promoted. His posthumous title was Emperor Xiaowen.

Tuoba Hong is Yuan Hong.

Emperor Xiaowen of Wei is Yuanhong.

Ru Faliang was a powerful minister of Qi in the Southern Dynasties. A native of Wukang, Wuxing. He once became a Taoist priest. During the Song and Qi Dynasties, they took power and respected themselves, and their power was overwhelming both internally and externally.

Yuanxi (?-501), minister of the clan of the Northern Wei Dynasty. His courtesy name was Yongshou, the younger brother of Emperor Xiaowen. He was appointed Taiwei and granted the title of King of Xianyang. During the reign of Emperor Xuanwu, he conspired to raise troops to rebel and was killed.

Yang Dayan, general of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Wudu people. Known for his bravery. During the Ming Dynasty, he was the governor of Jingzhou and died in office.

Zhong Rong (469-518) was a literary critic in the Southern Qi and Liang Dynasties. The courtesy name is Zhongwei, a native of Changshe, Yingchuan. The Poems he wrote reviewed the works of more than 120 poets since the Han and Wei dynasties, and summarized the five-character ancient poems. There are many unique insights in the book, such as opposing the tendency to pile up allusions, scrutinizing rhythm, and purely pursuing form, which has positive significance for poetry creation.

Lu Jue (472-499) was a Qi poet in the Southern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Han Qing, a native of Wu County, Wu County. It is a poem, and the five-character poem genre is particularly novel. He died of grief because his father was killed. His article is more famous for "Yue Shen". The original collection of ten volumes has been lost. There are more than ten poems in existence today, scattered in "Selected Works" and "Yuefu Poetry Collection".

Xiao Hong (473-526) was the king of the Liang clan in the Southern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Xuanda, a native of Nanlanling. The younger brother of Emperor Wu of Liang. He was granted the title of King of Linchuan.

Cui Hong, a historian of the Northern Wei Dynasty, was born in Hebo, Dongqing Dynasty. He wrote notes on daily life during the Xiaowen and Xuanwu dynasties, and wrote one hundred volumes of "Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms", with two volumes of preface and chronology, which are of great historical value. It was lost during the Northern Song Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty published "The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms".

Jia Sixie was an agriculturist in the Northern Wei Dynasty. He wrote ninety-two chapters in ten volumes of "Essentials for Qi Min", which comprehensively sorted out agronomic scientific literature and the practical experience of northern agricultural production since the Han Dynasty, and divided it into agronomy (including intensive farming, crop rotation, breeding, green manure, soil improvement, etc.), horticulture, animal husbandry, Fishing and agricultural and sideline products processing and manufacturing, etc., are the earliest complete agricultural works in my country. Part of "Miscellaneous Comments" was added by later generations.

Mo Zhe Dati (?-524) The leader of the Guanlong people's uprising at the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Qiang people in Qinzhou. In the fifth year of Zhengguang's reign, he raised an army and revolted, claiming the title of King of Qin. He died of illness soon, and his subordinates were led by his fourth son, Mo Zhe Niansheng.

Breaking the Liuhan Ba ??Ling (?-525) The leader of the uprising in the six towns at the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty. He also broke the six Khans and pulled out the tombs of the Xiongnu tribe. In the fourth year of Zhengguang's reign, a crowd rose up and became the king of Yuanzhen. Later, he was attacked by the Northern Wei army and his whereabouts are unknown. It is said that he was killed by the rebels.

Xianyu Xiuli (?-526) was the leader of the Hebei People's Uprising at the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Ding Ling clan, a soldier from Huaishuo Town. In the second year of Taichang, he raised his troops to revolt and established the Yuan Dynasty and Lu Xing. Later, he was killed by Yuan Hongye, a clan member of the Northern Wei Dynasty who had mixed up with the rebel army.

Hu Chen (?-526) was the leader of the Guanlong People's Uprising at the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Chief of the Chile tribe. In the fifth year of Zhengguang's reign, he raised an army to revolt and was promoted to King Gaoping. Later, in order to break the Six Han Dynasty, Ba Ling's subordinate Fei Lu was trapped and killed.

Yuan Chen was a member of the clan of the Northern Wei Dynasty. His courtesy name is Tanbao, a younger brother of Emperor Xiaowen. Attack and seal the king of Hejian. He was greedy and violent, and once fought for wealth with Wang Yuanyong of Gaoyang. Looking for a famous horse from Persia, it has a silver trough and a gold ring. It is more luxurious than Shi Chong and Wang Kai.

Mo Zhe Niansheng (?-527) was the leader of the Guanlong people's uprising at the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Qiang people. Don't worry about the four sons. In the fifth year of Zhengguang's reign, Dati died of illness. He took command of his tribe and called himself the Emperor, and his country was named Qin. Later, he was assassinated by the traitor Du Can, and his whole family was killed.

Yuan Yong (?-528) was a minister of the clan of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Named Simu, the younger brother of Emperor Xiaowen. He was first named King of Yingchuan and later changed to King of Gaoyang. Luxurious and luxurious by nature, one meal can cost tens of thousands of dollars. Later he was killed by Er Zhurong.

Duluo Zhou (?-528) was the leader of the Hebei people's uprising at the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Also known as Tujin and Luozhou. He was born as a soldier in Rouxuan Town. In the first year of Xiaochang, he led the people to revolt and adopted the reign name of King Zhen. He was later killed by Ge Rong.

Ge Rong (?-528) was the leader of the Hebei People's Uprising at the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Xianbei people. Participated in the Xianyu Xiuli Uprising. In the second year of Xiaochang, he killed the rebel general Yuan Hongye, took over the leadership of the revolting tribesmen, and claimed to be the emperor, with the title of Qi. Later he was killed by Erzhu Rongqihu armed forces.

Xing Gao (?-529) was the leader of the Qingzhou refugee uprising at the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty. River people. In the first year of Jianyi, he rebelled in Beihai and called himself King of Han, with the reign name of Tiantong. Later, he was defeated and surrendered, and was killed.

Wanqi Chounu (?-530) was the leader of the Guanlong people's uprising at the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Huns. At first he was a subordinate of Hu Chen. After Chen died, he took charge of his tribe.

In the first year of Jianyi, he claimed to be the emperor and the mythical beast of Jianyuan. Later he was defeated and killed.

Ruan Xiaoxu (479-536) was a Liang bibliographer in the Southern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Shizong, and he is from Chenliuwei family. The "Qi Lu" he wrote imitated the classification method of "Qi Lue" and divided the 6,288 kinds of books and 44,520 volumes found at that time into classics, chronicles, zibing, and anthology. , Techniques, Buddhism, and Immortal Path Seven Records. Lost. "Guanghong Mingji" still has fifty-five prefaces.

Wang Jun (481-549) was a Liang writer in the Southern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Yuan Li, and the other character is De Rou. He is from Linyi, Langxie. He was able to write at the age of seven, and wrote "Ode to Peony Flowers" at the age of sixteen. From official to crown prince Zhan Shi. He is famous in the world for his erudition and good writing. Shen Yue praised him as "the current Wang Can". The original collection of one hundred volumes has been lost. The Ming Dynasty compiled "The Collection of Wang Zhan's Stories".

Xiao Baojuan (483-501) Emperor Qi of the Southern Dynasties. Reigned from 498 to 501. Zi Zhizang, a native of Nanlanling, the second son of Emperor Ming. He has been obsessed with having fun since childhood and does not like reading. Xiao Yan was killed when his troops surrounded Jiankang. He was established as emperor and given the posthumous title of Marquis of Donghun.

Donghunhou is Xiao Baojuan.

Chen Qingzhi (484-539) was a Liang general in the Southern Dynasties. Ziyun, a native of Yixingguoshan. He has made many military exploits. He was granted the title of Marquis of Yongxing and served as the governor of Yuzhou. He died in office.

Xiao Ziyun (487-549) was a Liang historian and writer in the Southern Dynasties. Named Jingqiao, a native of Nanlanling, grandson of Emperor Qi Gao and younger brother of Xiao Zifan, he was granted the title of Marquis of Xinpu County at the age of twelve. The official went to Shizhong and Guozijian to offer wine and lead the Dazhongzheng of Xuzhou in the south. He died of starvation in Xianyun Temple during the Hou Jing Rebellion. He is also proficient in literature and history, and is good at calligraphy. There are 110 volumes of "Book of Jin", 20 volumes of "New Records of the East Palace", and 19 volumes of collected works, all of which are lost. "Book of Jin" is preserved in one volume, and poems and essays are scattered in "Wenyuan Yinghua" and "Guanghong Mingji".

Xiao Zixian (489-537) was a historian from the Qi clan in the Southern Dynasty. The courtesy name is Jingyang, a native of Nanlanling. Grandson of Xiao Daocheng. He successively held the posts of Jiankang Ling, Zhongshu Lang, Linchuan Internal History, Officials Minister, and Shi Zhong. Later, he died as the prefect of Wuxing. He devoted himself to writing historical books, including 100 volumes of "Book of the Later Han Dynasty", 60 volumes of "Book of Qi" (now called "Book of Southern Qi"), and 5 volumes of "Book of General Northern Dynasties". Only "Qi Shu" still exists and is one of the Twenty-Four Histories.

Yang Xuanzhi was an official and writer in the Eastern Wei Dynasty. Or as Yang Xuanzhi or Yang Xuanzhi, he is from Peiping. He once served as Sima, Secretary and Supervisor of Fujun Prefecture. Erudite and capable of writing, he also has knowledge of Buddhist classics. The five-volume "Luoyang Jialan Ji" he wrote records the outline of the rise and fall of Luoyang Buddhist temple gardens in the Northern Wei Dynasty, as well as local characters, customs, geography and anecdotes.

Er Zhurong (493-530) was the ruling minister in the late Northern Wei Dynasty. The name is Tianbao, Xiurongchuan Qi Hu people. Zeng drowned the empress dowager and the young master, and suppressed the uprisings of the herdsmen many times. In the third year of Yong'an, he was killed by Emperor Xiaozhuang.

Gao Huan (496-547) Minister of the Eastern Wei Dynasty. One is He Liuhun, a native of Bohai. In the second year of Putai's reign, he took control of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the third year of Yongxi's reign, Emperor Xiaowu was forced to leave, and Emperor Xiaojing was established. The capital was moved to Yecheng. He specialized in the affairs of the Eastern Wei Dynasty for sixteen years.

Su Chuo (498-546) Minister of the Western Wei Dynasty. The courtesy name is Lingchuo, a martial artist. He is well-read and especially good at arithmetic. When he reached Daxingtai, he served as Minister of Branch and concurrently as Minister of Agriculture. He drafted the "Six-Article Edict" for Yu Wentai and ordered all officials to recite it. The "Da Gao" was drafted, which deplored the flashy writing style since the Western Jin Dynasty. In his later years, he was ordered to change the official system, but he died without success.

Xiao Tong (501-531) was a Liang writer in the Southern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Deshi, and the diminutive name is Vimal. He is from Nanlanling. The son of Emperor Wu of Liang. In the first year of Tianjian's reign, he was established as the crown prince. He was good at poetry and prose, and recruited talented and learned people. He collected more than 30,000 volumes of ancient and modern books and compiled 30 volumes of "Selected Works", which dates from the Zhou Dynasty to the Liang Dynasty. It is the earliest extant collection of articles in our country. He later died of illness and was given the posthumous title of Prince Zhaoming. The original collection is lost, and later generations compiled it into "The Collection of Prince Zhaoming".

Prince Zhaoming is Xiao Tong.

Zu Xunzhi was a mathematician in Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties. One is Zuxun, with the courtesy name Jingshuo. Fan Yangqiuren. The son of Zu Chongzhi. Shao passed down his family knowledge and mastered the "Da Ming Calendar", which was officially promulgated in the ninth year of Tianjian. The correct formula for calculating the volume of a sphere was first derived about a thousand years before Europe. Precision observation instruments such as copper sunglasses and clepsydras were made. Zi Zuhao also passed down his family knowledge and was good at calendar calculation.

He Bayue (?-534) was a general in the Northern Wei Dynasty. His courtesy name is A Douni, a member of the Xianbei tribe in Shenwu Jianshan. Later, he was killed by Hou Mo and Chen Yue at the instigation of Gao Huan.

Anayu (guī ?-552) Rouran Khan, the younger brother of the ugly slave of the Khan. Later he was defeated by the Turks and committed suicide.

Tumen (?-552) Turkic Khan. Ashina's. He was the leader of the Turkic tribe at first and was ruled by Rouran. Later, he killed Anayu and established the Turkic Khanate, calling himself Ili Khan.

Ili Khan is Tumen.

Yandu (?-572) Turkic Khan. From 553 to 572 years, he was Khan. Son of Eli Khan. After succeeding to the throne, he was called Mugan Khan. During his reign, the Turks were at their peak.

Mugan Khan is the capital of Yan.

Shidianmi (?-576) Western Turkic Khan. From 562 to 576 years, he was Khan. The younger brother of Tumen. In the first year of the Western Wei Dynasty's deposed emperor, he established himself as Khan, named "Tribe of Ten Surnames".

Xiao Gang (503-551) Emperor Liang of the Southern Dynasties. Reigned from 549 to 551. The courtesy name is Shizhuan, and the small character is Liutong. People from Nanlanling. The third son of Emperor Wu. He was obsessed with poetry and advocated lewd "palace style poetry", which became very popular. In the second year of Dabao's reign, he was killed by Hou Jing. The original collection has been lost, and the Ming Dynasty compiled it into the "Collection of Emperor Wen of Liang Jian".

Emperor Jianwen of Liang Dynasty was Xiao Gang.

Hou Jing (503-552) was a general in the Northern Dynasties and the Eastern Wei Dynasty. The name is Wanjing, and he is a native of Xianbei.

Later, he proclaimed himself emperor and changed the country's name to Han. He was defeated by Wang Sengbian and Chen Baxian, and was trapped and killed by his subordinates.

Chen Baxian (503-559) was the founder of Chen Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty. Reigned from 557 to 559. The courtesy name is Xingguo, the small character name is Fasheng, and he is a native of Wuxing Great Wall. In the second year of Taiping, he was granted the title of King of Chen. After deposing Xiao Fangzhi, he established the Chen Dynasty and was posthumously named Emperor Wu.

Wei Shou (506 or 505-572) was a historian of the Northern Qi Dynasty. The courtesy name is Boqi, the small name is Fozhu, and he is from Quyang, Juluxia. In the second year of Tianbao's reign, he was ordered to compile "Book of Wei". By the fifth year, it had become one hundred and thirty volumes. During the compilation, there were instances of paying favors and grudges and accepting bribes, which led to the title of "dirty history". It was incomplete in the early Song Dynasty, and the existing version was revised by Song people.

Yu Wentai (507-556) was a minister of the Western Wei Dynasty. The courtesy name is Heita, a native of Xianbei, Wuchuan, Daijun. Later, Emperor Xiaowu was poisoned to death, and he appointed Yuan Baoju as emperor, specializing in government affairs. During the period of governance, great reforms were carried out, and the national strength became increasingly strong, laying the foundation for the establishment of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.

Xiao Yi (508-554) Emperor Liang of the Southern Dynasties. The courtesy name is Shicheng, the small character is Qifu, and he is from Nanlanling. The seventh son of Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty was granted the title of King of Eastern Hunan. Later he ascended the throne in Jiangling. In the third year of Chengsheng's reign, he was defeated and killed. Before his death, he burned more than 70,000 volumes of public and private classics. Posthumously named Emperor Yuan. Later generations compiled "Collection of Emperor Liang Yuan".

Wang Sengbian (?-555) established the Liang Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty. The courtesy name is Juncai, a native of Qi, Taiyuan. The Benwuwan family belongs to the Xianbei tribe. He fought with Chen Baxian to quell Hou Jing's rebellion and supported Xiao Yi as emperor. Later, Chen Baxian attacked and killed him.

Yu Xin (513-581) was a poet of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Zishan, a new savage from Nanyang. He went to and from the palace with his father Jianwu, Xu Zhen, Xu Ling and his son. He was good at writing beautiful poets, and was known as "Xu Yu style" in the world. His representative works of poetry include "Ode to the South of the Yangtze River", "Ode to the Dead Tree", "Twenty-Seven Poems on the Heart", etc., forming a unique style of vigorous and desolate. The original collection has been lost, and later generations compiled it into "Yuzishan Collection".

Yu Wenhu (515-572) was a member of the clan of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. The courtesy name is Sabao, and he is from Wuchuan, Daijun. Yu Wentai's nephew. In the third year of Emperor Gong's reign, Emperor Wei was deposed and his son, Yu Wenjue, was made emperor and the Northern Zhou Dynasty was established. Later, he killed Jue Li Yu Wenyu, and then Yu Li Yuwen Yong, who was killed by Yong.

Hu Luguang (515-572) was a minister of the Northern Qi Dynasty. The courtesy name is Mingyue, a native of Shuozhou. Motorists. He could shoot flying eagles, and he would hit the target every time he shot, so he was known as the "Captain of the Falling Eagles". Later, he was promoted to Taiwei for his merit, Prime Minister on the right, and governor of Bingzhou. He also moved to the Prime Minister on the left and was granted the title of Princess Qinghe. Because he was jealous of his later master, he was killed and his clan was destroyed.

Xiao Jin (519-562) was the emperor of Houliang in the Southern Dynasties. Zi Lisun, a native of Nanlanling. Xiao Tong's third son was granted the title of King of Yueyang. In the first year of Dading, Emperor Yuan was killed and he was proclaimed emperor in his stead, known as Houliang in history.

King Gu Ye (519-581) was an exegete and historian of the Liang and Chen Dynasties in the Southern Dynasty. The courtesy name is Xifeng, a native of Wu County, Wu County. He was able to read the Five Classics at the age of seven and write at the age of nine. He followed his father to Jian'an at the age of 12 and wrote two chapters of "Jian'an Diji". For a long time, I have read the classics and history, and I know everything about astronomy and geography, turtles and strange characters. During the reign of Emperor Chen Wen, he majored in Liang history. There are thirty volumes of "Yupian", which is an important work on Chinese text exegesis. There are also "Yu Ge Zhi", "Fu Rui Tu", "General History Summary", "Guo Shi Ji Zhuan" ("Chen Shi"), etc., all of which are lost.

General Jiang (519-594) was a minister and poet in the Southern Dynasties. Zi Zongzhi, a native of Kaocheng, Jiyang. He served as an official in the Liang, Chen and Sui dynasties. Empress Chen served as Shangshu Ling at that time, and was known as "Jiang Ling" in the world. As an official, he ignored government affairs. He and his empress would have banquets in the back courtyard and engage in lewd acts with each other. People at the time called him "having sex with each other." Entering the Sui Dynasty, he opened a mansion for Shang. Able at literature, he is especially good at five- and seven-character poems, most of which are pornographic works, and some of his seven-character poems are beginning to have a rhythm. The original collection of thirty-two volumes has been lost. The Ming Dynasty compiled "Jiang Lingjun Collection".

Gao Yang (529-559) was the founder of the Northern Qi Dynasty and reigned from 550 to 559. Zijin, a native of Bohai. Gao Huan's second son. In the fifth year of Wuding, Emperor Xiaojing was deposed and he established the Northern Qi Dynasty. Posthumous title: Emperor Wenxuan.

Qi Wuhuaiwen was a smelter in the Northern Qi Dynasty. Also written as Qi Mu Huai Wen. He became the governor of Xinzhou. Pay attention to Taoism. Summarizing the smelting experience in the north, the raw iron was poured into the wrought iron and quenched in the fat bath of livestock to make the "Su Iron Knife", which is extremely sharp. This "steel filling" technique was still used during the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Yan Zhitui (531-?) was a writer in the Northern Qi Dynasty. Zi Jie, a native of Linyi, Langya. He wrote 20 chapters of "Yan Family Instructions" to teach his disciples in Confucianism. What is recorded in the book can serve as a supplement to the official history.

Yuwenjue (542-557) Emperor of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. His courtesy name is Dharani, a native of Wuchuan, Daijun. Yuwentai's third son. In the third year of Emperor Gong's reign, he was granted the title of Duke of Zhou. Under the control of his uncle Yuwenhu, he deposed Emperor Wei and established the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Because he was unwilling to be restrained, he was killed by the guards. His posthumous title is Emperor Xiao Min.

Yu Wenyong (543-578) Emperor of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. The courtesy name is Niluotu, a native of Wuchuan, Daijun. Yuwentai’s fourth son. In the second year of Wucheng's reign, he was made emperor by Yu Wenhu. Later, he killed and protected his relatives. When he was in power, he banned Buddhism and Taoism, forced monks, nuns and Taoists to return to secular life, issued many edicts to free slaves and miscellaneous households, formulated regulations to punish corruption and unified measures, thus greatly increasing national power. Later he died in the northern Turkic army. Posthumous title Emperor Wu.

Emperor Wu of Zhou was Yu Wenyong.

Shi Wenqing (?-589) was a Chen official in the Southern Dynasties. He successively held the posts of Zhongshusheren, governor, and governor of Xiangzhou. He was killed when the Sui army invaded Jiankang.

Shen Keqing (?-589) was a Chen official in the Southern Dynasties. A native of Wukang, Wuxing. For meritorious service, he was awarded the title of Regular Attendant of Sanqi and General of Zuowei. He was killed when the Sui army invaded Jiankang.

Chen Shubao (553-604) was the last emperor of Chen Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties. Reigned from 582 to 589. Zi Yuanxiu, Xiaozi Huangnu, a native of Wuxing Great Wall. The eldest son of Emperor Chen Xuan.

The Sui army broke through the city, and they were captured in a well with Zhang Lihua and Concubine Kong, and died in Luoyang. The Ming Dynasty compiled "The Master Collection of Empress Chen".

The Empress Chen is Chen Shubao.

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