The word "sonata" comes from the Italian word "sonata", which means "ringing" and first appeared in the music language of13rd century. /kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, it generally refers to all kinds of instrumental music, which is a general term for acoustic music as opposed to oratorio. For example, Golza Nice's Sonata for Lute is actually two dance music, while G Gabrielli's Sonata for Light and Heavy is an instrumental ensemble. After Gabbrielli, Italian composers such as S Rossi, M Neri and B marini called their instrumental sonatas Canzona. /kloc-after the middle of the 0/7th century, classical sonatas began to appear and consolidated some of their characteristics. Among them, Italian composer A. corelli played an important role in the formation of divertimento form. His sonatas are all composed of four movements: slow-fast-slow-fast, and polyphonic music and tonic music are written alternately. D scarlatti established the classical sonata form (see sonata form) through the creative practice of more than 500 sonatas. At that time, vuvuzelas were divided into two categories: one was a church sonata originated from Canzona, and the other was an indoor sonata composed of a series of dance music. The former was mainly played in churches, while the latter was mostly used for court entertainment, which developed into later ancient suites. Both church sonatas and chamber sonatas, except for a few unaccompanied solos, are mostly in the form of duets, and keyboard instruments are widely used to play basso continuo. Because keyboard instruments are essentially made in China and do not occupy an important position, they are omitted in the calculation of parts. For example, a sonata played by 1 high-pitched instruments (violin, flute, etc.). ), 1 bass instrument (cello, etc. ) and keyboard instruments are not called triple sonatas, but double sonatas; Sonata composed of two high-pitched instruments (violin, flute or trumpet, etc.). ), 65,438+0 bass instruments (cello or viola, etc. ) and keyboard instruments are called triple sonatas. Triple sonata was very popular at that time and was one of the most common genres.

The transformation from early sonata to classical sonata is not only a fundamental change in structure, but also a fundamental change in style. Among the works of composers known as pre-classicism, such as G.B. Samartini, Stamitz, C.P.E Bach, etc. The church sonata and the chamber sonata have gradually merged together, and the music has turned to the main theme style. At the same time, ensemble is no longer the main form of performance, but is often composed of 1 solo instrument or 1 solo instrument and piano. By the time of Vienna Classical Music School, the structure of classical sonata had been completely finalized. Both Haydn and Mozart adopted the principle that 1 movement is allegro and dual theme. In L.van Beethoven's creation, there are 55 sonatas of all kinds, which are half of other instrumental works. His contribution is to expand the structure of each movement, make the contrast between themes more dramatic, and the epilogue becomes the main part. In Beethoven's later piano sonata No.31,fugue was added. At the same time, sonata-style suite forms have also achieved a dominant position in large-scale instrumental music genres such as chamber music, concerto and symphony. In fact, the trio and quartet in chamber music are sonatas played with three or four instruments; Concerto is a sonata played by solo instruments and orchestras; Symphony is a sonata played by an orchestra. Therefore, sonata form is one of the most important musical forms in the history of music. Franz Joseph Haydn, Franz Joseph Haydn (1732 ~1809)1732 was born on March 3rd, an Austrian village near the Austria-Hungary border, and died on May 3rd, 2009. His father is a wheelwright handed down from generation to generation, and his mother is a chef of a noble family. Her family is poor. Six of 12 children died, and Haydn was the second of 12 children. Austrian composer Franz Joseph Haydn is an outstanding representative of "Vienna Classical Music School" and one of the most famous musicians in Europe in the18th century. His music works have a wide range of genres, involving vocal music and instrumental music, and have made outstanding contributions to the formation, perfection and development of symphony and string quartet. He is recognized by the world as "the father of symphony" and "the founder of string quartet". Twelve London symphonies, large oratorios Genesis, Four Seasons and Emperor Quartet written in his later years represent the highest achievements of his life. The distinctive national characteristics, democratic ideas and artistic originality embodied in his works make him the real founder and founder of Vienna Classical Music School. His immortal music works have a profound influence on the creation of Mozart, another great musician in the same period, and Beethoven, a great musician in the future.

Haydn had a rough life and a tortuous road. However, in the long years of life, he devoted all his talents and energy to the country and people he loved with a simple, kind and caring heart, and faithfully sought joy and comfort for them. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 ~ 179 1) died at the age of 35.

1756 65438+ 10 was born in Salzburg, Austria (during the period of the Holy Roman Empire), a family of court musicians, and his father was Austria.

Bode is a violinist and composer of the Archbishop's Orchestra. His mother also loves music and can play the cello and violin. Mozart has many brothers and sisters. He is the seventh child in the family. 179 1 year 65438+February 5, died in Vienna at the age of 35. The most famous operas are The Wedding of Figaro, Don Juan and The Magic Flute. Mozart is an Austrian composer and one of the representatives of the Vienna Classical Music School in Europe. As a model of classical music, he played a great role in the development of European music. Mozart composed 549 works, including 22 operas, 4/kloc-0 symphonies, 42 concertos, a requiem, sonata, chamber music, religious music and songs.

Mozart is the founder of piano concertos. He wrote 29 piano concertos plus K. 107. He also made outstanding contributions to the development of European instrumental concerto.

Opera is the mainstream of Mozart's creation. Like Gluck, Wagner and Verdi, Mozart is one of the four giants in the history of European opera. Together with Haydn and Beethoven, he wrote a glorious page for the European symphony. In addition, his Requiem has also become a valuable masterpiece in religious music. As a European composer at the end of 18, Mozart's music profoundly reflected the spirit of this era, especially the thought of the civil class embodied in his opera works, which was undoubtedly of progressive significance at that time. Mozart endowed music with beautiful and joyful singing, however, it contained deep sadness, which reflected the fate of intellectuals in Mozart's era. Ludwig van Beethoven (1770.12.16—1827.3.26), born in Bonn, Germany, was originally from Flanders. Family is a candidate court in Cologne. I studied music with my father since I was a child, and I showed my musical talent very early. He began to perform at the age of eight.

From 65438 to 0792, he went to Vienna, the city of music, for further study. He made rapid artistic progress, believed in republicanism and advocated heroes, and created a large number of outstanding works full of the flavor of the times, such as the symphony Hero and Destiny. Overture Egmont; Piano music pathos, moonlight, storm, enthusiasm and so on. He combined the achievements of classical music and opened up the road of romantic music, which played a decisive role in the development of world music. He is a creative composer. The greatest musician, composer, pianist and conductor in Germany. One of the representatives of Vienna classical music school, and the last one, together with Haydn and Mozart, was called "the Three Masters of Vienna" by later generations. He, Michelangelo and lev tolstoy all experienced various hardships in their lives. French writer romain rolland wrote a Who's Who book based on their lives. When Beethoven 19 years old, the French Revolution broke out, which brought Beethoven the hope of freedom, equality and love.

All his nine symphonies were premiered in Vienna. 1805, his only opera Federio also premiered in vienna state opera. Beethoven is regarded by later generations as the greatest symphony writer of all time. His heroic symphony is full of passion. His ninth symphony, based on German poet Schiller's Ode to Joy, has now become an ode to the European Union.

Beethoven had a rough life and didn't build a family. At the age of 26, I was deaf and could only talk to people through a speech book. However, the lonely life did not make him silent and retired. In the feudal restoration era, when all progressive thoughts were banned, he still adhered to the political belief of "freedom, equality and fraternity", and shouted for the Republican ideal through his own speeches and works, reflecting the revolutionary enthusiasm of the bourgeoisie against feudalism and striving for democracy at that time and writing the immortal Ninth Symphony. Influenced by the Enlightenment in18th century and the hurricane movement in Germany, his works are distinctive in personality and have made great progress compared with his predecessors.

In music performance, he almost involved all the music schools at that time; Greatly improve the expressive force of the piano and make it obtain a symphonic dramatic effect; It also makes symphony an important music form that directly reflects social changes. His major works include nine symphonies (the most famous are The Third Hero, The Fifth Symphony of Destiny, The Sixth Pastoral Symphony and The Ninth Chorus) and the opera Federio.

Once, Dr. Jappel, the editor of Harvard Music Dictionary, asked Hamm, a famous German musician, if Noah's Ark happened again, modern Noah could only carry one piano score, which one was the most suitable? Hamm's answer is Beethoven's piano sonata collection. It can be seen that Beethoven's piano sonata has become one of the precious musical wealth of mankind.

Some people compare Bach's average keyboard music collection to the Old Testament and Beethoven's Thirty-two Piano Sonatas to the New Testament. This analogy is well known among piano lovers. Indeed, since the invention of the piano, the "king of musical instruments", the most wonderful masterpieces written by human beings for this instrument that embodies the deepest wisdom of human beings are Bach's two volumes of the Law of Average and Beethoven's 32 sonatas. Although looking at the music history, we can't say that these two works are unparalleled, because after the Law of Average, there are masterpieces of Chopin and Shostakovich (Prelude to Chopin and Shostakovich), and Schubert's piano sonata is no less than Le Sheng. However, as great pioneers and symbols of the highest artistic achievements of their time, Bach and Beethoven's two great piano masterpieces are like a pair of brilliant Gemini, which complement each other and will last forever in history.

Piano sonata is a suite for piano performance, and it is a large-scale multi-movement piano work structure commonly used in European classical music. After more than 200 years of historical evolution, this music form has formed its own special structure. In the era of Haydn and Mozart, piano suites often consisted of three or four movements. The arrangement of these movements is generally as follows: the first movement-Allegro, the second movement-Allegro, and the third movement-Allegro (three movements in total); Or: the first movement-Allegro, the second movement-Adagio, the third movement-minuet, and the fourth movement-Allegro (four movements in total). In terms of speed, there is a contrast between movements: fast-slow-fast. Traditionally, the first movement of piano sonata mostly adopts sonata structure.

Beethoven made outstanding contributions to piano music, especially in the development of piano sonatas. He was an excellent pianist when he was young, especially good at improvisation. In the creation of piano music, he paid special attention to the creation of piano sonatas, placing them in the same important position as symphonies. Most of his teachers and predecessors Haydn, Mozart and others regard piano sonatas as teaching materials, but Beethoven regards it as an important artistic expression. He put his thoughts and feelings into the creation of piano sonatas and expressed his understanding of the times and society through this form.

In order to achieve this goal, he requires piano sonatas to have broader and more dramatic musical effects. Therefore, he not only expanded the scope of piano performance, enhanced the strength contrast, improved the finger skills, but also strengthened the internal contrast factors of sonata structure, expanded the contradictions and conflicts in the development department, made his piano sonata far ahead of others, and created his own unique musical style. Due to Beethoven's outstanding creation and contribution to piano sonatas, the creative level of piano art has been greatly improved. Beethoven's piano sonata is an important milestone in the development of piano art.

Beethoven composed 32 piano sonatas in different periods. The first (Op.2, 1) to the eighteenth (Op.3 1, 3) are early works, the nineteenth (Op.49, 1) to the twenty-sixth (Op.8 1) are mature works, and the twenty-seventh (op.81) At that time, the deaf and dumb were like ghosts, blocking him everywhere. Musically, quite a few enemies laughed at and attacked his works, and his miserable life made him suffer greatly. However, under the influence of the Enlightenment and inspired by the French Revolution, he bravely challenged his destiny with lofty ideals and firm beliefs, and was determined to strive for freedom and happiness for mankind with his own music. This inner conflict between pain and expectation, frustration and resistance, pursuit and exploration is vividly reflected in the sonata pathos. As a masterpiece of early sonatas, this song has clearly reflected the basic style and characteristics of Beethoven's sonatas, such as drama, heroism and symphony. These new features expand the expressive force of piano and show a new world of piano art development.