The Historical Origin of the Sichuan Opera Art of Luzhou River Luzhou is located at the junction of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Chongqing provinces, where the Yangtze River meets and the four rivers converge, with convenient transportation, rich products and prosperous market. It has always been the economic, political and cultural center of southern Sichuan. "Luzhou River" Sichuan Opera has a long history. It was born in the Yuan Dynasty, formed in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, and officially became the Tsinghua Class (see pages 2-7 of Luzhou Opera Records). Second, its artistic characteristics and value are 1, mainly tenor opera. Its fixed repertoires include: Hongmei and Ban Chao. His repertoires include: A Hundred Ugly Pictures (11950s), A Red Eagle on Fire (11960s), Stories written backwards (11970s) and Sword of Waiting (11980s). Over the past 300 years, on the basis of attaching importance to the purpose of drama festivals, especially the depiction of characters on the stage, the unique style of Sichuan Opera "Luzhou River" has been formed, which emphasizes performance and plays characters. For example, in the early 1950s, Teacher Li Huixian performed Frog Rush, Home, Zhao Fan and so on. Because of her unique and exquisite performance, she won unanimous praise from the audience and colleagues of Sichuan Opera Troupe. To this end, the Provincial Sichuan Theatre and the Provincial Sichuan Opera School have sent people to observe and study in Shandong twice. Zhang Zhiju, who was born in a regular school, specializes in the minority, has a solid foundation and a wide range of plays. He played Lv Meng in Snow Review, which made the poor scholar's pedantic sour taste vivid and made the audience clap their hands and say it was wonderful. In Jiangmeige, it is full of charm and both form and spirit. The pleating function of "water fastness touch printing" is easy to use. When performing the water prison, the pleats twisted on the body, like water stains. Qiu Wencheng (Qiu Zhiyu), after studying in Quantai class, transferred to the self-taught class, with a loud voice, steady posture, strong speech and good singing and doing. When playing Sima Yi in "Empty City", every movement can be consistent with the meaning of the lines. In the play "Drunk at the Mountain Gate", I saw both boxing skills and drunkenness, and the singing of Kunqu Opera was both drunk and charming. Han Chengzhi, a famous performance artist, studied Mingwen Qinju (Guizhou Opera) since childhood, and at the age of 65, he entered the Junke Class of Sichuan Opera, majoring in Wenwusheng in 438+02. He is good at performing Fengyiting, Downstream Temple, Playing Red Terrace, Jiangdong Bridge, touching the water, imprisoning, releasing Pei and forcing my nephew to go to school. In the early 1950s, he was transferred to Sichuan Opera School to teach, and later transferred to Sichuan Opera Art Institute. Zeng Ronghua, a famous performing artist, is the first head of Luzhou Sichuan Opera Troupe. He studied under famous artists such as Zeng Junchen and Zhang Zhiju, and became famous for being both civil and military. 1952 participated in the first national opera performance, played Lv Mengzheng in Review of Snow, and won the second prize as an actor for his outstanding performance. He is good at performing such repertoires as Tielongshan, Dressing with Discipline and Tales of Colorful Buildings. Later, he was transferred to Sichuan Sichuan Theatre and served as the vice president of Chengdu Sichuan Theatre. He wrote a lot in his later years. Xiao Zhou, winner of the Academy's Plum Blossom Award, and Lan, a famous actor, are his favorite students. Hu Chunfu, a famous artist of Luzhou Sichuan Opera Troupe, was in the same class as Luo Guiting, Qiu Wencheng, and Gao Xue. The voice is loud, the voice is clear, the performance is clean and the shouting is powerful. He is good at playing the drama of Cao Cao in the Three Kingdoms and is known as "Living Cao Cao". The "three ups and three downs" in "Burning Puyang", the empty talk and performance in "Looking for the Palace" and the cry in "Crying for Taoyuan" have all been well received by the audience and peers. 3. The acoustic cavity is dominated by high cavity. Among all schools of Sichuan Opera, it has remarkable uniqueness. First of all, it is different from other schools in the notation of Gongdiao. Therefore, the tune of Luzhou River is more mellow, melodious, ups and downs and pleasant to listen to. Secondly, when singing Mo Song Ci, other schools only use the same qupai, while the Sichuan Opera of Luzhou River should arrange different qupai singing according to the needs of plot development and character performance. For example, in the dramas such as The Iron Crown Map and The Legend of the White Snake, the "Mo Song Ci" is used to express that when people are desperate and facing death threats, excellent stage effects can be achieved by showing the environment, rendering the atmosphere and adding percussion music. Shady Hills is characterized by slow speed, sad performance and exciting percussion music, which creates a miserable environment and makes people feel creepy. Thirdly, among the high-pitched operas, the three operas of Luzhou River, namely "Haloxylon Mountain", "Good Garden" and "Wugongyang", are obviously different from other high-pitched operas. Fourthly, in 1953, Luzhou Sichuan Opera Troupe broke the tradition of being led by drummers and supported by male voices for the first time and recruited four actresses. Subsequently, the county troupes in Luzhou followed suit, which greatly improved the artistic quality of the cavity and gradually spread to the whole Sichuan opera circle. From the late 1970s to the mid-1980s, in order to study and explore the rules of the tenor singing of Luzhou Hechuan Opera, Luzhou Sichuan Opera Troupe specially transferred four musicians to set up the Music Research Room of Luzhou Hechuan Opera (referred to as "Lu Yingshi"), and published 28 research albums successively. 4. Instrumental percussion is unique in Sichuan Opera. In order to better express the plot and shape the characters, the Sichuan Opera of Luzhou River attaches great importance to the use of gongs, drums and suona. Especially in high-pitched opera, it is required to fly, drill, emphasize, commit, shrink, end, end, turn and evil, so as to be clear, clear, rational, orderly, natural and dynamic. For example, the lonely boat preface of Three Running Mountains belongs to the main cavity of flowing water cavity, while Luzhou River is based on flowing water cavity to complete the play, rather than taking the river turtle of other rivers as the main theme. Because the use of water cavity is more suitable for the people in the play to flee their homes and sleep in the wilderness. Another example is "Zhong Kui sends his sister", in which the "Luzhou River" beats moths on the hanging board, and the contract is changed to three checks, with a gong in the middle and an order. Second, we should pay attention to arranging different gongs and drums for different plays. Every performance has to play more than 10 gongs and drums and dozens of different gongs and drums brands and suona qupai. Thirdly, in the method of playing, it emphasizes the tight and loose speed, cadence, as fast as 10,000 Ma Benteng and as thin as a small bridge. Wind, clouds, thunder, rain, snow, drums in the palace, the destruction of small drums, more drums, drums, drums, drums. On drums and gongs, more attention is paid to dividing water lilies into hanging water lilies, big water lilies and double-knife dried water lilies; Windmills are divided into seven hammers, eight hammers and nine hammers, and each hammer is different; Liangzi is divided into fast, slow, roast and lift; Whether it is a literary field or a martial arts field, it is a "mother's heart". The transformation of natural rhythm is used in different places to make gongs and drums more dynamic and effectively combine with different plays and roles on the stage. Fourth, Luzhou River percussion requires that the big gong should be able to play seven and a half rhymes (semitones), so as to set off the plot environment more effectively and show the inner world of the characters. Since the formation of "Luzhou River" Sichuan Opera, through the exploration, inheritance and innovation of generations of Sichuan Opera people, this flower of art has become more and more brilliant. Among them, Chen Yanqing, Luo Guiting, Cao Junchen, Qiu Wencheng (Qiu Zhiyu), Zhang Zhiju, Han Chengzhi, and others made outstanding contributions to the formation of the "Luzhou River" Sichuan Opera art; In the forties and fifties, Zeng Ronghua, Hu Chunfu, Ding Dechao, Tang, Yang, He Bochuan, Luo, Xie Pengfei, Yang, Mou Tianlong, Tong Wen, Mao Yukai, Lin Huiguang, Liu Subin, Li Xiangpei, Zhong Junkang, Zeng from the 1950s to the 1980s, Zhu Kangning, Sun Hongzhang, Gou, Yu. Wan Siling, Xu, Mao, Su Jialin, Tan Yongyuan, Luo, Ou and Xu Yongfu, as well as the members of Yibin Youth Sichuan Opera Troupe, which is composed of the whole class of Luzhou Special Zone drama training class, are authentic descendants of the "Luzhou River" Sichuan Opera Art. They have made outstanding contributions to the development of the "Luzhou River" Sichuan Opera Art. I am glad that most of these people are still alive and many of them are still working for the "Luzhou River". In the early 1980s, in the tide of reform and opening-up, various Sichuan Opera Troupes in Luzhou successively offered drama training classes and recruited a group of young students. These people were deeply influenced by the art of Luzhou Sichuan Opera, and laid a solid artistic foundation. Chen Qiaoru, Sun Yongbo, Liu Ping, Cui Guangli and other top talents of Sichuan Opera emerged, and they successively won the national prize-Plum Blossom Award for National Opera. There are Yang, Liu Guangshu, Bao Jing, Shen Jingdong, Liu Ruimei, Wen Li, Lei Min, Zhang Huaiyu, Liu, Yue Tianxia, Liang Yingping, Cao and so on. He won an award in the Sichuan Opera Competition in the whole province and became a rising star of the Luzhou River Sichuan Opera Art. Introduction to the Sichuan Voice of Luzhou Zhonghe Tune and dulcimer was once called "singing ditty", "singing minor", "singing Qin Yue" and "singing pipa". For the troupe, it is also called "Hu Hai Class", so it is also called "Singing Hu Hai". /kloc-in 0/930, Chongqing became the "Yin Qing Song Reform Society", and then the "Yin Qing Society" and "Yin Qing Trade Union" were established in Chengdu and Zigong. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), it was named "Yin Qing, Sichuan". After 1930, it was the heyday of Yin Qing in Sichuan. Thousands of "Hu Hai Class" in the province frequently shuttled to large, medium and small cities, set up stalls to perform arts and wandered for a living, and teahouses all over the country became bookstores in Yin Qing, Sichuan. Luzhou City has Conghuixuan, Tianfenglou, Shundong, Jiang Chun, Qinglan and Liu Yin. Xu Yong has "Gathering Leisure", "Overlooking the River" and "Talking about Heaven"; Zigong has "Shengli Bookstore" and "Pulu Garden". Artists from Yibin and Luzhou come to Chongqing to sing, all of which are attracted by the list of "Famous Corners in Syria and Luzhou". Introduction to Sichuan dulcimer Sichuan dulcimer is named after its main accompaniment instrument. This school is distributed in the Han areas of Sichuan, especially in Chengdu, Luzhou and Chongqing (Shanghe, Zhonghe and Xiahe). The early dulcimer was mainly based on speaking and supplemented by singing. In the part of the speech, "Wake Up the Wood" was used, and in the part of the singing, one person played the piano and sang. In the future, it will develop from solo singing to partner singing. It is also divided into "fishing drum dulcimer" and "drum dulcimer". There are many "ticket friends" of Sichuan dulcimer, and the professional dulcimer is mainly concentrated in Chengdu. Dulcimer singing activities in other places are mostly elegant collections of "ticket friends". Sichuan dulcimer has an elegant dictionary, and most people who play "ticket friends" are highly educated. Luzhou has a rhythmic piano club, while xuyong county has a natural piano club and a natural elegant collection. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, some amateurs such as Luo from Luzhou City, Wen Xiaoxi from xuyong county, Chen Tielang, Liu Daru from Gulin County and Huang Taiyao made a living from art. After 1953, Sichuan dulcimer developed rapidly. For example, artists went to Shanghai to record and went to various places to "teach singing and sit in the museum", which promoted the development of Sichuan dulcimer. After the founding of New China, Sichuan dulcimer entered its heyday. The artistic characteristics of Sichuan dulcimer The singing of Sichuan dulcimer is divided into provinces and states. Western sichuan bazi and Chengdu are the main provincial tunes, and eastern Sichuan, northern Sichuan and southern Sichuan are collectively called "state tunes". 193 1 years ago, there were few professional artists in state tune, and most of them were "fans". State tune has its own name in various places, such as Nanchong and Langzhong, which are called "northern Sichuan dulcimer"; Xuyong county and Gulin County in Luzhou City are called "dulcimers in the Diaohe River". The common feature of state tune singing is that men and women are in the same cavity, which is similar to provincial tune singing (no seven-eye board). In Luzhou and xuyong county, the "neutral tone" preserved so far is relatively complete, including clear board, one-character, second-rate, three-board, four-character tone, middle horizontal tone, simple major tone and full major tone. (with music examples). Clear board is often used at the beginning of a track, with three eyes and four sentences. A word is followed by a cavity (or a cavity of a sentence or two) followed by "several sentences". The cavity of a sentence or two is the same as that of a clean board, and there are no "four pillars". Second-rate, one-on-one, 2/4 notation. Three boards have boards and no eyes, and the notation is 1/4. The four-character tone has three eye boards, and the upper and lower sentences have structures. Sing two sentences and then turn to "one word" sentence, mostly female, with a score of 4/4. The Chinese character is in the same palace as the Chinese character, which is similar to the male voice of other provinces, but with a female voice. Simple cavity and full cavity are used at the end of aria. The law of "bitterness" in neutral tone: only the first sentence is committed in one word; The second-rate three boards can handle the whole "bitterness". The singing styles of different rivers in Sichuan dulcimer can be divided into "Shanghe Tune", "Zhonghe Tune" and "Xiahe Tune" according to the different rivers in the province (Minshan and Yangtze). The so-called "tune" refers to the singing style. Historically, Sichuan dulcimer and voiceless music have formed their own singing styles due to different regions. 1. Historically, ships from the Yangtze River could go upstream along the Minjiang River and reach Chengdu directly. Chengdu is located above the rivers in the province, so it is called "Shanghe". Shanghe River Diversion refers to the plain area of western Sichuan, with Chengdu as the center. Its main characteristics are: colorful lines, smooth and smooth, delicate feelings, and paying attention to the beating method of bamboo drums. He is good at "giving the board" and "lifting the board" in singing. Among them, "Ha-ha-qiang" is more distinctive, which makes the singing agile and active, and the songs are good at short paragraphs. 2. "Zhonghediao" refers to the southern Sichuan area centered on Yibin, Luzhou, Xuyong, Gu Lin and Zigong (it is called "Zhonghe" because of the interruption of rivers in the province), and its singing method is characterized by two-line cavity, which is unpretentious. Qin Yue and erhu are the main accompaniment, with "crossing the river and crossing the door" as the main accompaniment, with a steady tone, emphasizing clear pronunciation and mellow voice, moderate speed and singing like a song. Recent artists, He Yibin Dongxiu and Han Shaowu; Luzhou has Deng Zezhou, Chen Ronghua, Tian Zhixiu and Li Zhengquan; Xu Yong has Luo Mingru. , Chen Qibin,, Chen,; Gu Lin has Huang Taiyao, Huang Taimin, Xu Shusheng and Huang Shaotang. Zi Gong brought Bao Chengxiu. Three, "Xiahe water diversion" refers to the eastern Sichuan area from Chongqing to Wanxian (located in the lower reaches of rivers in the province). The main features of singing style are: vigorous singing, gorgeous euphemism, steady, fast and slow, and strong decoration. In the art of vocal music, we should pay attention to the combination of "singing with one's own voice" and "singing with a small voice" ("sidetone"), so that the range is wider. It is characterized by absorbing the "haha cavity" and making it softer and rounder. In terms of accompaniment, "Passing the Door" is more fancy and longer than "Cushion". The "Xiahe Water Diversion" area is divided into eastern Sichuan (Chongqing area) and eastern Sichuan (Wanxian area). Xia Chuandong's singing is simple and steady, and there is almost no modification in his singing. In recent decades, artists represented by "Xiahe Tune" are Wen San, Deng, Sun, Chen Qiongrui and Tang Xinlin. There are Yi suona in Xuyong Miqu, Naxi folk songs, Yongning River chant of Naxi people, Fu Bao Guanda suona in Hejiang County, and Fu Bao high-pitched folk songs in Hejiang County.