Basic introduction

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(1) Chinese pinyin: fǒu

(2) phonetic notation: ㄈㄡˇ

(3) Zheng code: MAEZ, u: 7f. Because it is made of earth, it is also an earth musical instrument. Of course, this classification method is very primitive.

There are only two kinds of local musical instruments in China's Eight Tones, one is Yi and the other is Yi. The shape of the hammer is very similar to a small jar or fire bowl, and it is a rare musical instrument. Lian has a long history. At present, the oldest Lian has been found more than 7, years ago. At first, it had only one mouthpiece and a sound hole, and then it gradually evolved into eight-hole Lian, ten-hole Lian and semitone Lian. Yan's timbre is soft and mellow, and it has a desolate aesthetic feeling of being aloof from the cold.

Yue Dian wrote about this: You said, "Pottery is also. So hold the wine slurry. Qin people drum it to celebrate songs. " Eryayun: "Ang is called", and the note cloud: "Basin is also", and Kanqi strikes. Mianchi Club, the king of Qin struck a blow for the king of Zhao. "Li Siyun:" It's really Qin to hit the urn button. " And clearly listed in the local voice.

The opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games

On the evening of August 8, 28, at the opening ceremony of the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing, 28 China ancient percussion instruments made a touching sound with white lights flashing in turn in the center of the National Stadium in the shape of "Bird's Nest", which combined the countdown figures.

in the thunderous sound, the audience shouted: "1, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1" along with the change of numbers. Amid cheers, it ushered in the moment when the opening ceremony officially started: 2 o'clock sharp.

28 actors sang songs and chanted "It's a pleasure to have friends from afar" to express their warm welcome to Olympic athletes and guests all over the world.

From the development and evolution, there are some differences between the original appearance of "Zuo" and "Zuo" used in the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games. However, judging from the on-site effect, the array of high-tech sound, light and electricity is integrated, and the effect is very brilliant. In particular, the digital countdown with the lighting on the face is somewhat ingenious.

at the opening ceremony, the magnificent array of 2,8 people (fǒu) sounded like drums, and the shape of this musical instrument originated from the bronze Jian unearthed in the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Suizhou City, Hubei Province in 1978. China ancient "eight-tone classification" divided musical instruments into eight categories according to their materials: gold, stone, earth, leather, silk, bamboo, wood and wood. As an ancient local musical instrument in China, its sound will never be the same as that of a drum as a leather musical instrument, and its shape is completely different from the bronze Jian mentioned above. "Jian" is not "Jian", and there is no record of "Jian" in ancient music literature.

as an ancient musical instrument, what exactly is it like? Archaeological discoveries in recent years have given the answer. During the excavation of the tomb of Yue nobles in Hongshan, Wuxi in 24, archaeologists found a burial pit composed of more than 5 combined musical instruments, including three basin-shaped celadon instruments. After functional classification and expert identification, this is the "bang" that Qin Wang Mianchi was forced to hit at the meeting. The ancient musical instrument celadon in the picture has a diameter of 4 cm and a height of 24.2 cm. It is painted with bluish yellow glaze on the inside and outside, and the mouth edge and upper abdomen are decorated with thin flat stripes. Two animals have wide ears, and on the other sides, there is a symmetrical lizard crawling on the mouth edge. The lizard's two forelimbs climb on the edge and have a mouth edge. The shape is exaggerated and vivid.

The prototype of the 28 musical instruments in the "Lei array"-Ceng Houyi bronze Jian is actually a combiner, which is made up of a bronze Jian and a bronze Jian. The coat serves as a mirror, and there is a large space between the outer wall of the mirror and the inner wall of the mirror, which has the dual functions of freezing and heating the wine slurry. Some experts call it the earliest ancient "refrigerator" in China (of course, it should also be a "warm box"). This special bronze wine vessel, no matter in shape or material, has nothing to do with the clay musical instrument.

What is the meaning of percussion in China traditional culture?

percussion is a crock and earthen basin, which was not a musical instrument in ancient times, but later became the lowest musical instrument. There are eight types of ancient musical instruments in China: gold, stone, silk, bamboo, bamboo, clay, leather and wood. Clay is a kind of pottery instrument, such as clay, Tao Di, pottery drum, etc., which can't even be formally classified, showing the low status.

For a long time, "beating" or "drumming" has always had two main meanings in the traditional culture of China: one is the lowest entertainment of the lower class, and the other is the etiquette of expressing sadness at funeral occasions.

From the first meaning, it is recorded in Three Arguments of Mozi: "In the past, princes were tired of listening to politics and rested on the music of bells and drums; Scholar-officials are tired of listening to and treating, and rest on the joy of swallowing; Farmers plow in the spring and gather in the summer, and hide in the autumn and winter, and rest in the joy of squatting. " To some extent, this shows the strict hierarchical system at that time, and "beating" and "drumming" were only the entertainment of farmers at the bottom of society. By the Han Dynasty, Huan Kuan's "On Salt and Iron" contained: "In the past, people's receptions were all based on party customs, and they just played the zither and drums." "Huainanzi Spiritual Training" contains: "Today's poor and despicable society is also knocking on the basin, singing in harmony, and thinking that it is fun." Later, with the development of the times, this form of entertainment gradually declined. Probably, there was only a special performance form when beggars begged for food-knocking on bowls, and we could see the lingering charm of the people in the lower classes.

in the second sense, the JIU San poem in the Book of Changes says: "If you don't drum and sing, it will be great and fierce." It means that under the brilliance of the sun when it is setting, if you sing without tapping the earthenware, then the elderly will sigh in the twilight, which is a bad omen. This reflects a folk custom at that time: for the elderly who are about to die, people should drum and sing songs to appease the elderly and wish the deceased a pleasant journey. During the Warring States Period, Zhuangzi's wife died, drumming and singing, which further led to the funeral. This custom has been handed down from generation to generation. Yan Zitui in the Northern Qi Dynasty said in "Yan Family Training and Learning": "Xun Fengqian lost his wife, and he died of grief, which is not a drum." In Song Dynasty, Yue Ke wrote in "Praise of Bao Zhen Zhai Fa Shu": "It's not easy to send when you hear that there are drums and basins." In the literary works of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the expressions of "drum and basin songs", "drum and basin sadness" and "drum and basin sorrow" are more common. This custom has been passed down to this day, that is, in many funeral ceremonies in rural areas today, the dutiful son threw a crock basin during the funeral.

As this musical instrument has the above two characteristics, it has played many political roles in the history of China, and some well-known stories have been handed down to this day, among which the most famous is the Mianchi Meeting in the Warring States Period:

The envoy of the King of Qin told the King of Zhao that he would be in Mianchi outside the Xihe River if he wanted to make friends with him. The prince of Zhao is afraid of Qin and wants to go. Lian Po and Lin Xiangru calculated, "Wang can't do it, which shows that Zhao is weak and timid." Zhao Wang followed suit. Follow each other. When Lian Po saw him off to the border, he said to the king, "Go on, Wang, and pay back what you will meet in the Taoist temple. It will only be 3 days. If you don't pay it back in 3 days, please make the prince king, so that you can never see Qin Wang again. " Wang xuzhi. So he met with the king of Qin, who was drinking heavily and said, "I overheard the good voice of the king of Zhao, so please play the harp." Zhao Wang drums and harps. The first book of Qin Yu Shi said: "On a certain day, the king of Qin and the king of Zhao will drink, which will make the king of Zhao play the drums." . Lin Xiangru said, "The King of Zhao secretly heard that the King of Qin was the sound of Qin, so please give him a bowl for entertainment." The king of Qin is angry and forbid it. So they went forward and knelt down to invite the king of Qin. The king of Qin refused to strike. Xiang Ru said, "Within five steps, Xiang Ru will please spill blood on his neck!" The left and right want to be like a blade, and they are like a slap in the face. So the king of Qin didn't worry, so he struck a blow. For example, Gu Zhaozhao's suggestion book said, "On a certain day, the king of Qin was beaten by the king of Zhao." . The ministers of Qin said, "Please take the fifteenth city of Zhao as the birthday of Qin Wang." Lin Xiangru also said, "Please take Xianyang, the land of Qin, as Zhao Wangshou." The king of Qin actually drinks wine, but he can't beat Zhao in the end. Zhao Yisheng had soldiers waiting for Qin, but Qin did not dare to move.

The political crux of this story is that the king of Qin forced the king of Zhao to play the instrument for him and ordered the historian to record it to humiliate him. Lin Xiangru then forced the king of Qin to slap him with five steps of blood spattering, and accordingly lowered the status of the king of Qin to one level, in order to retaliate against the humiliation of the king of Zhao in drumming the instrument.