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Knowing you is as close as the world is to you. If you do nothing, you will be on the wrong road, and your children will be stained with towels. ) If you don't understand the meaning of the words "city gate", "three Qin", "five Jin", "official tour", "neighbor", "crossroads", "sons and daughters", etc., you will not be able to understand the content of this poem.

Reading ability also includes the ability to understand the connotation of works. For example, sometimes it is necessary to understand the author's background and writing motivation. In ancient Chinese tradition, it is "knowing people and analyzing the world." That is, why did the author write this poem? This requires the accumulation of a lot of history, biography, cultural background, and creative information, as well as a lot of research efforts.

t Take Li Shangyin's "Jin Se" as an example, (The Jin Se has fifty strings for no reason, and each string and one column reflects the past. Zhuang Sheng dreamed of butterflies at dawn, and looked forward to the emperor's spring heart entrusted to the cuckoo. The bright moon in the sea has tears. , The warm sun in Lantian creates smoke. This feeling can be recalled, but it was already at a loss!) Commentators of all ages have felt that it is difficult to understand. What is so difficult to understand? It’s not about the meaning of its words, words, or sentences, but about its background and motivation. There are many opinions about this poem: some people think that it is the poet's memory of his dead wife Wang, and it is a mourning poem (see "Notes on Yuxi Sheng's Poems"); some people think that it is a poem describing music (see "Xiansu Miscellaneous Notes"); some people say that this is Li Shangyin's retelling of his life in his later years and hurting his own life experience (see "Yuxi Sheng's Notes on Poems"). Any of these statements cannot be analyzed from the words of the poem. They must be based on materials and have the ability to verify. If you don’t understand the Niu-Li party struggle, the marriage between Yishan and Wang Maoyuan’s daughter, and the Wang family Because of Wang Yishan's untimely death and the bumpy career of Wang Yishan, it is impossible to speculate on his death or feelings. If we don't know that the old edition of Li Shangyin's poetry collection begins with this poem, it is difficult to determine whether it is a preface or theory of poetry. As for whether Wang is proficient in music and prefers brocade Well, this requires even more excellent materials. It can be seen that the improvement of reading ability must be based on expanding the field of knowledge.

t Research must be sophisticated and reading must be extensive. The scope of reading may be wider, including ancient and modern Chinese and foreign literature, history and philosophy. Only in this way can one's cultural quality be improved.

t In this regard, Mr. Chen Yinke, a master of Chinese studies, has set an example for us. He is one of the most distinguished historians and literary historians of the 20th century, and few have been recognized as unanimously as his authority in the academy. The scope of Mr. Chen Yinke's scholarship is very wide. In addition to the history of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he also studies the history of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the history of Mongolia, and the history of the ethnic groups in the Western Regions. In addition to history, he also studies Buddhism, literature, linguistics, etc., and has worked in so many fields of scholarship. There have been outstanding achievements. In terms of his mastery of language, the tool of scholarship, he not only surpassed Qian Daxin, the giant of the Qianjia Dynasty, but was even better than Wang Guowei. According to the memories of his contemporaries, in addition to learning general European languages ??in Europe and the United States, he also learned Sanskrit, Pali, Mongolian, Tibetan, Turkic, Tangut, Persian, and Turkish, and after returning to China, he also learned Manchu. Therefore, in terms of possession of information, few scholars can compare with him.

t2. Reading levels:

t Reading can be divided into several levels. As far as the study of ancient literature is concerned, reading is mainly divided into three categories: reading literary history, reading selected works and reading academic classics. level.

t (1) Read literary history. Ancient Chinese literary heritage is very rich, and a person’s energy is limited and it is impossible to be familiar with it all. Books such as "History of Chinese Literature" written by You Guoen, Wang Qi and others and published by People's Literature Publishing House systematically introduce the history of ancient Chinese literary works and their development, helping readers understand the general outline of ancient Chinese literature. In fact, for ordinary people, it is necessary to read one or several literary histories that are generally considered to be better written.

t (2) Read selected works. Why should we read works? Because the entire history of literature was created by countless writers from many eras, the literary phenomenon of an era was formed by the collective creation of many writers at that time, and a writer's achievements are also reflected in the works left behind in his life. Therefore, whether it is a study of a writer, an era or even several consecutive eras of literature, it must be based on the study of works.

t Literary works are the spiritual products of writers. Excellent literary works condense the noble and pure feelings of the writer and are expressed in beautiful and unique techniques. They have profound and timeless artistic charm and influence the spiritual realm of readers. . As the saying goes: "If you read 300 Tang poems by heart, you will not be able to compose poems but can also chant them." For example, when studying Song lyrics, the "Song Song Ci" annotated by Hu Yunyi published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House is mostly the poet's representative work, to a certain extent It reflects the richness and variety of Song poetry, with popular and complete annotations and precise analysis. It is an influential anthology of Song poetry. But if you are studying a writer or a poet, you should read all his works as much as possible.

t (3) Read ancient classics. There are so many ancient Chinese classics that you should first have a general understanding.

Ancient Chinese books have been divided into four parts since the Tang Dynasty. Classical literature belongs to the collection part. However, if you want to study classical literature in depth, you should understand or even be familiar with some of the most important classics in the three parts of Jingshizi. This is the basic skill for studying ancient literature. part that cannot be ignored.

The Sutra Book contains Confucian classics. It mainly includes books on the Thirteen Classics, ancient music, Chinese characters, etc., as well as works explaining the classics. The Confucian classics are represented by the "Thirteen Classics", including "Book of Changes", "Book of Songs", "Book of Songs", "Li", "Spring and Autumn", and later "Thirteen Classics". "Li" is divided into three types: "Zhou Li", "Ritual" and "Book of Rites", "Chun Qiu" is divided into three types: "Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan", "Chun Qiu Gong Yang Zhuan" and "Chun Qiu Gu Liang Zhuan", plus "The Analects of Confucius" and "Chun Qiu". "Mencius", "The Classic of Filial Piety" and "Erya" became the Thirteen Classics.

t The History Department mainly includes history books in various styles, such as biographies, chronicles, chronicles, separate histories, miscellaneous histories, etc. When studying ancient literature, you should pay attention to its historical background and be sure to read relevant history books. For example, to study the literature of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, you must carefully read "Historical Records" and "Hanshu"; to study the literature of the Tang Dynasty, you must read the old and new "Tangshu" and so on. The history department also includes geographical works, political books, catalogues, etc.

Zibu collects the works of hundreds of schools of thought since the pre-Qin Dynasty and Buddhism and Taoism. This volume has a wide scope and a relatively complex collection of books, including philosophy books, arithmetic, astronomy, biology, medicine, agriculture, military, art, and religious works, as well as notebooks, novels, and similar books. There are also some superstitious books in Zibu, such as Xiangzhai, Xiangtomb, divination, fortune-telling, Xiangshu, etc. and related books. Confucianism is mainly found in the "Five Classics" and "Four Books"; among the Taoist books, "Laozi" and "Zhuangzi" are the most important. In addition to Confucianism and Taoism, the Legalist "Han Feizi" is a collection of legalist thoughts with beautiful diction and should be paid attention to. The novelist's "Shishuoxinyu" records the words and deeds of celebrities in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. It is meaningful and has a great influence on future generations. It should also be read.

The Collection Department collects poetry collections, literary criticism, and works on lyrics and music from past dynasties. A collection of one person's works is called a separate collection, and a collection of multiple people's works is called a general collection. Special collections, such as Li Bai's "Complete Works of Li Taibai", Bai Juyi's "Bai Shi Changqing Collection", Han Yu's "Han Changli Collection", etc. Collections, such as "Selected Works of Zhaoming", "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty", etc. Literary reviews, such as "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons" and "Canglang Poetry".

t2. Things to note when collecting materials:

t 1. Search widely, the more the better. To read a large number of relevant documents systematically, you can use bibliography, such as searching them one by one according to the guidelines of "Summary of the General Catalog of the Complete Library Siku" and "Bibliographic Answers and Supplements". It must be broad so as not to focus on one thing and lose another.

t 2. Thoroughly understand and identify problems. Important materials must be read word for word and read over and over again to gain a thorough understanding and identify problems. You must have keen observation skills and pay attention to the small details of ancient people's writings to discover and obtain materials that are critical to the problem. When collecting materials, you must have patience and perseverance, pay attention to accumulation, and spend time writing down valuable materials and experiences during the reading process.

t 3. Avoid preconceptions. Everything should be based on materials, rather than choosing materials based on existing opinions. For example, if you want to study a poet, the correct approach should be: first read his collection of works, read his relevant information, and understand the status of previous research on him. In this process, there will be situations where some of the problems you find have been studied by previous people, so there is no need to study such problems; but there will also be the following situations: one is There are some aspects that you think are worthy of research but have not been covered by others. The other is that although others have studied some issues, your own experience is different, or other people’s conclusions are inconsistent with the materials you have, or the information you have. The material can just supplement a certain point of view of the predecessors, then these unique experiences will be suitable topics for your research. Choosing a topic determined in this way is much easier than choosing a topic subjectively and then working hard on it, and writing will not be general and general.

t 4. Make full use of modern data retrieval tools. The study of ancient literature used to mainly rely on memorization. Now of course, memorization cannot be neglected. Now that we have developed into the information age, it is not only impossible but also unnecessary to spend a lot of time memorizing like studying in private schools in the old days. Therefore, you can use the Internet, but you must pay attention to digging for gold, such as academic journal websites.

t3. Research methods of ancient literature:

t To put it simply, research method is a specific operation method. Whether the method is effective or not, if the factors of the researcher himself are put aside, It mainly depends on whether it can correspond to the object of treatment. The research method should be determined according to the research object.

t In the past twenty years, ancient literature has developed greatly, which is closely related to the updating and diversification of research methods. my country's traditional criticism methods such as textual research and commentary, and Marxist aesthetic, historical, and sociological criticism methods are still used by a large number of researchers; in addition, many modern Western literary and artistic research methods, such as myth archetype criticism methods, psychological analysis Methods, formalist criticism methods, semantics, semiotics, structuralism, reception aesthetics, new critical methods, information theory research methods, etc. have all been tried, and when using these critical methods, they are often used interchangeably and flexibly.

Flexible use of a variety of research methods based on the actual research objects has effectively promoted the progress of ancient literature research in the new era.

t In recent years, the study of ancient literature has made remarkable achievements in the exploration of research methods.

t For example, research on the minds of ancient writers. The reason why literary research should pay attention to the mentality of scholars is because the mentality of scholars involves the political situation, philosophy, social trends of thought at that time, as well as many aspects of the scholars themselves, such as their different political and economic status, and the environment in which they live. The upbringing received, as well as some more special psychological factors, etc. The influence of social and cultural background on literature was mainly transmitted through the intermediary of the lifestyle and psychological state of the scholars at that time. Changes in the social and political situation and ideological changes in an era are the result of the interaction of various factors, which resulted in the specific mental outlook and cultural mentality of the scholars of a certain era, and their aesthetic tastes and literary preferences also changed accordingly. For example, "Metaphysics and the Mentality of Scholars in the Wei and Jin Dynasties" by Professor Luo Zongqiang of Nankai University, and "The Spiritual World of Li Shangyin" by researcher Dong Naibin of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences have provided us with outstanding examples of spiritual research on ancient writers.

t Another example is the method of historical and cultural research. What is the historical and cultural study of ancient literature? As the name suggests, it focuses the research on the connection between classical literature and history and culture, and adopts a cultural examination of history and society. In short, it is to conduct cross-cutting and comprehensive research on ancient literature as a social ideology, combined with other related disciplines, especially history (including philosophy, aesthetics, psychology, etc.). Examine its value and role from the overall movement of history and culture of an era.

t The famous scholar Mr. Fu Xuancong successfully used the method of historical and cultural research in his masterpiece "Science and Literature of the Tang Dynasty". The author combined the science of the Tang Dynasty with the literature of the Tang Dynasty. The interpenetration and communication between history and literature, collecting relevant social historical materials in historical records and literary descriptions of the ancients, making a comprehensive investigation to study the life path, way of thinking and psychological state of the scholars in the Tang Dynasty, and trying to reproduce part of the era at that time Styles and social customs as materials for cultural history research. This research result provides a very rich and vivid reference for people to deeply understand and understand the literary phenomenon of the Tang Dynasty. This method may seem similar to traditional comprehensive research, but in fact there is an essential difference. That is, it no longer mechanically lists the political, economic, institutional, philosophical trends and other factors that influence the development of literature, but integrates multiple factors. As a whole, find out the deep inner connections, make the historical and cultural background an organic whole, and let the literature of a specific historical period be truly and comprehensively presented in the cultural whole and its movement.

t Another example is comparative research. As the saying goes: "Comparison leads to identification." Comparison is not only an important method of appreciation, but also an important method of research.

t There are many types of comparisons, most of which are conducted among similar works of different writers. They mainly include the following aspects: First, the level of the work's intention. For example, Du Fu's "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind" and Bai Juyi's "New Cloth Fur" both express concern for the sufferings of the people's livelihood.

"Song of Thatched House Broken by the Autumn Wind" by Du Fu

The high autumn wind roared in August and rolled up the three thatched roofs of my house.

Mao flies across the river and scatters on the outskirts of the river. The taller ones hang on the treetops, while the lower ones drift towards the sinking pond.

The boys in Nancun bullied me because I was old and weak, but I could not bear to face them as thieves!

He hugged the grass and planted the bamboo, his lips were burnt and his mouth was dry and he couldn't breathe. When he came back, he leaned on his staff and sighed.

The wind in Russia makes the clouds dark, and the desert turns dark in autumn.

The quilt has been as cold as iron for many years, and the delicate child is lying on it and is cracked inside.

The leakage at the bedside has nowhere to dry, and the rain has not stopped.

My menstruation is disordered and I have little sleep. How can I get wet all night long?

There are tens of millions of mansions in Ande, which can shelter the poor people all over the world and make them happy. They are as safe as a mountain even if the wind and rain do not move!

Woohoo! When I suddenly see this house in front of me, my house alone will be broken down and frozen to death.

"New Cloth Fur"

The osmanthus cloth is as white as snow, and the cinnamon cloth is as soft as the clouds. The cloth is heavy, cotton and thick, and the fur has residual warmth. Who would have thought that in the severe winter months, my body would be as warm as spring. In the middle of the night, I suddenly had a thought, and I stood up and patrolled. A husband is valuable and helpful, so how can he be good alone? Andy Wanli Qiu, Gary Thursday Yin? Everyone is as stable and warm as me, and there is no cold person in the world!

The latter poem is the same as Du Zimei's "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind" which says, "It's safe for millions of people in the vast summer, and it shelters all the poor people in the world with joy. It's as peaceful as a mountain without being affected by wind or rain."

t From the perspective of intention, some people think that Du Fu has better intentions, while others think that Bai Juyi is more rare. It should be noted that judging from their respective situations, the intentions are good, but the expression in Du Fu's poem "It is enough for my house to be broken down and freeze to death" has a higher intention;

t The second is The artistic quality of the work. For example, Tao Yuanming's "Asking the Envoy" and Wang Anshi's "Knowing the Way, the ends of the world are like neighbors." If you do nothing, you will be on the wrong road, and your children will be stained with towels. ) If you don't understand the meaning of the words "city gate", "three Qin", "five Jin", "official travel", "neighbor", "crossroads" and "children", you will not be able to understand the content of this poem.

Reading ability also includes the ability to understand the connotation of works.

For example, sometimes it is necessary to understand the author's background and writing motivation. In ancient Chinese tradition, it is "knowing people and analyzing the world." That is, why did the author write this poem? This requires the accumulation of a lot of history, biography, cultural background, and creative information, as well as a lot of research efforts.

t2. Reading levels:

t (3) Read ancient classics. There are so many ancient Chinese classics that you should first have a general understanding. Ancient Chinese books have been divided into four parts since the Tang Dynasty. Classical literature belongs to the collection part. However, if you want to study classical literature in depth, you should understand or even be familiar with some of the most important classics in the three parts of Jingshizi. This is the basic skill for studying ancient literature. part that cannot be ignored.

t The history department mainly includes history books in various styles, such as biographies, chronicles, chronicles, separate histories, miscellaneous histories, etc.

When studying ancient literature, you should pay attention to its historical background and be sure to read relevant history books. For example, to study the literature of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, you must carefully read "Historical Records" and "Hanshu"; to study the literature of the Tang Dynasty, you must read the old and new "Tangshu" and so on. The history department also includes geographical works, political books, catalogues, etc.

Zibu collects the works of hundreds of schools of thought since the pre-Qin Dynasty and Buddhism and Taoism. This volume has a wide scope and a relatively complex collection of books, including philosophy books, arithmetic, astronomy, biology, medicine, agriculture, military, art, and religious works, as well as notebooks, novels, and similar books. There are also some superstitious books in Zibu, such as Xiangzhai, Xiangtomb, divination, fortune-telling, Xiangshu, etc. and related books. Confucianism is mainly found in the "Five Classics" and "Four Books"; among the Taoist books, "Laozi" and "Zhuangzi" are the most important. In addition to Confucianism and Taoism, the Legalist "Han Feizi" is a collection of legalist thoughts with beautiful diction and should be paid attention to. The novelist's "Shishuoxinyu" records the words and deeds of celebrities in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, which is meaningful and has a great influence on future generations. It should also be read.

The Collection Department collects poetry collections, literary criticism, and works on lyrics and music from past dynasties. A collection of the works of one person is called a separate collection, and a collection of the works of multiple people is called a general collection. Special collections, such as Li Bai's "Complete Works of Li Taibai", Bai Juyi's "Bai Shi Changqing Collection", Han Yu's "Han Changli Collection", etc. Collections, such as "Selected Works of Zhaoming", "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty", etc. Literary reviews, such as "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons" and "Canglang Poetry".

t2. Things to note when collecting materials:

t3. Research methods of ancient literature:

t In recent years, the study of ancient literature has made remarkable achievements in the exploration of research methods.

For example, "Metaphysics and the Mentality of Scholars in the Wei and Jin Dynasties" by Professor Luo Zongqiang of Nankai University, and "The Spiritual World of Li Shangyin" by researcher Dong Naibin of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences have provided us with outstanding examples of spiritual research on ancient writers.

t The famous scholar Mr. Fu Xuancong successfully used the method of historical and cultural research in his masterpiece "Science and Literature of the Tang Dynasty". The author combined the science of the Tang Dynasty with the literature of the Tang Dynasty. The interpenetration and communication between history and literature, collecting relevant social historical materials from ancient people's historical records and literary descriptions, making a comprehensive investigation to study the life path, way of thinking and psychological state of scholars in the Tang Dynasty, and trying to reproduce part of the era at that time Styles and social customs as materials for cultural history research. This research result provides a very rich and vivid reference for people to deeply understand and understand the literary phenomenon of the Tang Dynasty. This method may seem similar to traditional comprehensive research, but in fact there is an essential difference. That is, it no longer mechanically lists the political, economic, institutional, philosophical trends and other factors that influence the development of literature, but integrates multiple factors. As a whole, find out the deep inner connections, make the historical and cultural background an organic whole, and let the literature of a specific historical period be truly and comprehensively presented in the cultural whole and its movement.

t There can be many types of comparisons, most of which are carried out among similar works of different writers. It mainly includes the following aspects: First, the level of the work's intention. For example, Du Fu's "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind" and Bai Juyi's "New Cloth Fur" both express concern for the sufferings of the people's livelihood.

"Song of Thatched House Broken by the Autumn Wind" by Du Fu

The high autumn wind roared in August and rolled up the three thatched roofs of my house.

Mao flies across the river and scatters on the outskirts of the river. The taller ones are hanging on the treetops, while the lower ones are drifting towards the sinking pond.