Hungarian composer, pianist, conductor and music activist, one of the main representatives of romantic music.
Franz Liszt was born in Reading, Hungary on1October 22nd. At that time, Hungary was a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Liszt's father was Hungarian and his mother was German in Austria, so he had two names, which were spelled in Hungarian and German respectively. Liszt grew up speaking German with his mother and didn't learn to write in Hungarian until his later years.
Liszt began to learn music at the age of six and moved to Vienna soon after. He was a disciple of antonio salieri (or salieri), carl czerny, severiano reija and Bell.
From 65438 to 0823, Liszt came to Paris, influenced by the thoughts of romantic writers and artists such as Hugo, Ramadan and chateaubriand, and yearned for the bourgeois revolution. Musically, he advocated title music and created the genre of symphonic poems, including Tasso, Prelude, Hungary and so on 13 symphonic poems.
Under the influence of Paganini, Liszt composed nineteen hungarian rhapsody and ten piano etudes. He established the neo-romanticism principle, which was opposite to the college atmosphere and citizen habits, and supported the creation of composers such as Albertnis, Bedrich Smetana, Chopin, Berlioz and Wagner. According to legend, Beethoven admired his genius after listening to his performance, and once went on stage to hug and kiss Liszt, which became a story of Liszt's music growth.
From 1848, he lived in Weimar, served as the court music director of Weimar, and frequently traveled between Rome and Budapest. 1876, founded Budapest National Conservatory of Music, and served as president.
On July 3rd1886, Liszt died of pneumonia in Bayreuther.
The tendency of progressive democracy in Liszt's creative activities is largely related to the national liberation movement in Hungary. The piano piece hungarian rhapsody is inseparable from the name of Liszt, just as waltz is inseparable from Strauss and symphony is inseparable from Beethoven. Liszt's works are rich in color and imagination, which fully tap the acoustic function of the piano and put forward high requirements for the performer's skills. As the most outstanding pianist of that era, he made great contributions to the development of keyboard music. In his later works, he used the harmony language widely used in the 20th century for the first time. His piano music has been included in the world classical piano music literature treasure house.
Hungarian rhapsody, the nineteen piano works created by Liszt, occupies a particularly important position in his piano works. These works not only give full play to the musical expression of the piano, but also set an outstanding musical model for the creation of Rhapsody, a musical genre. These works are based on the folk songs and folk dance music of Hungary and Hungarian gypsies, and have been artistically processed and developed, so they all have distinct national colors. These pieces of music are refined in structure and rich in musical ideas. Music language and expression are closely related to Hungarian country dance music and urban rap music. Although the form of music changes from time to time, the image of music is always bright and simple, which embodies the perfect unity of natural beauty and artistic beauty.
He was the first national musician to raise the Hungarian national voice to the world level. He has patriotic thoughts and democratic thoughts, enthusiasm for changing life, and negative emotions of doubt and disappointment, but the former is often dominant, not the latter. Liszt is a contemporary of Chopin, but he left the motherland earlier than Chopin, so his thoughts and creations cannot be simply classified as "national music school". However, as a Hungarian, Liszt is sincerely concerned about the cause of the motherland; The history of the nation, heroes, tones and rhythms of folk music have been vividly embodied and used in his creation. In addition, his strong support and encouragement to young composers in Eastern Europe, Northern Europe and Russia has played a positive role in promoting the development of European national music schools. In his motherland, people always call him a great "national artist".
Liszt created the form of symphonic poetry. He wrote 65,438+03 symphonic poems, which is one of the pioneers of modern piano technology.
Liszt's most important works include Faust Symphony, Dante Symphony, hungarian rhapsody, Prelude to Symphonic Poems, Mazeppa, Two Piano Concertos, Piano Sonata in B Minor, 12 Ultra-skill Etudes and Travel Years.
Liszt's most collectible album version is:
1. karajan conducted Berlin Philharmonic's symphonic poems, including Prelude, Mazeppa, Sorrow and Victory of Tasso, Waltz No.2 by Mephisto fellers, Fantasia of Hungarian Folk Songs, No.2 and No.5 by hungarian rhapsody, DG, CD No.415967-.
2. Bernstein conducts Tanglewood Music Festival Choir, and Boston Symphony Orchestra plays Faust Symphony, DG, CD No.447449-20 Penguin comments on Samsung.
3. richter plays, two piano concertos of London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Kunderasin, Philips, CD No.446 200-2, Penguin comments on Samsung.
4. Berman, Complete Works of Travel Years, DG, CD No.437 206-2 (3 pieces).
5. Bolai's "12 Super Skill Etude", Decca, CDNo. 4 14 60 1-2. Penguin comments Samsung keeps one star.
6. 15 rhapsody of hungarian rhapsody and Spain played by Czechoslovakia, EMI, CZSS 69003-2 (two parts), rated by Penguin as Samsung.
7. Mephisto fellers's Waltz No.1, Water Play of Este Manor, Meditating Man, hungarian rhapsody's No.15, Sonata in B minor played by Planev. Melodiya, CD number MCD 172o O.
8. Two ballads and two legends, six consolations, fantasia and fugue played by Zilber Stein, adapted from Bach, DG, CD No.447 755-2 impromptu and Chinese dance music.
9. Gus specifically played the chorus mass of John College Choir (played by Atkinson, Dink R, Royal, Kendall and Suat, and organ in kroeber), and Decca, CD No.430364-2 (the same as dvorak's mass in D major).
10. Collection of songs sung by Fischer Dieskau and accompanied by barenboim, record number: 447 508-2 (3 songs).
Mozart is Austrian. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Morita Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 ~ 179 1), an Austrian composer, is a representative of the Vienna classical school.
1756 65438+/kloc-0 was born at No.9 Grain Street in Salzburg, Austria on October 27th,179165438+died in Vienna on February 5th at the age of 35.
artistic career
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Mozart was born into a family of court musicians. He showed great musical talent at the age of 3, studied piano with his father at the age of 4, and began to compose music at the age of 5.
It is said that he can compose music before he can write.
(1762 ~1773)1762, 6-year-old Mozart, led by his father, made an experimental tour in Munich, Vienna and Pressburg, which was a success.
From June 1763 to March 1773, he went to Germany, Belgium, France, Britain, the Netherlands, Italy and other countries 10, and all of them were successful. These touring performances have had a positive impact on Mozart's artistic development. He had access to the most advanced music art in contemporary Europe-Italian opera, French opera and German instrumental music. He also met composers such as Bach, Martini and Samartini. And learn composition techniques from them, making him the most widely composed composer at that time.
During this period, Mozart published six sonatas for Harper Secord and violin (or flute) in London, and composed three symphonies and operas, False Goodwill (1768), Bastian and Bastina (1768) and Mitridat, King of the Capital (/kloc). Some works reflect his influence by J.C. Bach. The works of this period have shown the universality of Mozart's creative genre and his interest in opera creation.
Maturity ended (1774 ~1781)1773 Mozart returned to Salzburg to make up for the interrupted music and cultural study under the guidance of his father, and at the same time created a large number of works by using the knowledge and materials obtained during his travels. Including the operas The Fake Gardener (1775) and The Shepherd King (1775).
Mozart is now an adult, and he is not satisfied with his humble slave status. In order to strive for personal and creative freedom, after fierce struggle, he finally got the consent of the archbishop in September 1777, and then traveled with his mother for two years. In order to find another job and leave Salzburg forever, he taught and performed in Munich and Mannheim, which further deepened his understanding and experience of the unequal system. When he was in Mannheim, he got the help and sympathy of some citizen musicians, got in touch with the important Mannheim Music School in Europe at that time, and heard the performance of the first-class orchestra. 1In May 778, he returned to Paris. As his mother died and he couldn't find a job, he had to return to Salzburg in June 1779.
During this period, Mozart composed two flute concertos, 1 oboe concerto, seven piano and violin sonatas and three piano sonatas in Mannheim, which reflected the influence of Mannheim School of Music. In Paris, he also composed Paris symphony, symphony concerto, orchestral overture, flute and harp concerto, flute and string quartet, four piano variations and four piano sonatas. When I passed Mannheim for the second time, I wrote three symphonies of religious music, symphony concerto for violin and viola, serenade, suite, concerto for two pianos and three organ concertos. 1780 Completed the creation of the opera Idomeno.
Mozart's works in this period reflected the influence of the hurricane movement trend of thought at that time in content, and new elements appeared in form, such as the presentation part of 1 movement in the form of Poisoning, and the second (or more) theme appeared in the reproduction part, which often changed the order of the theme, and sometimes the theme material was treated differently from the presentation part. In the 1 theme, the second theme appears in the copy section. These techniques enhanced the drama of his music works and further formed the classical sonata form.
During his stay in Vienna (1781~1791), Mozart couldn't stand the humiliation of the archbishop any longer, so he resolutely resigned as archbishop and went to Vienna to make a living. He is the first composer in Austrian history who has the courage and determination to get rid of the court and church and safeguard personal dignity. However, although he was a free composer in name, he was still unable to resist the oppression of feudal society. The hardships of life had a profound impact on his thought and creation, and became the most important 10 year in Vienna. 178 1 year, after breaking with the archbishop, he wrote the famous opera "Temptation of the Harem". The play premiered in July 1782 and was a great success. 1782, he married constance Weber, the daughter of Mannheim musician, without his father's consent. Mozart forged a deep friendship with Haydn in Vienna at that time. He learned from Haydn's experience in composing quartets and symphonies, and composed six string quartets for Haydn. /kloc-joined the "Freemasonry" (also known as the Brotherhood, founded by Napoleon in Egypt to promote freedom, equality and brotherly love) in 0/784, and was a member of the eighth branch of Vienna. He enthusiastically participated in the activities of this secret religious group with bourgeois enlightenment, and had a strong resonance with his thoughts of freedom, equality and fraternity. Inspired by this thought, he wrote many works.
1785, the once closed Vienna National Theatre was restored, and Mozart had the opportunity to engage in opera creation. He wrote a farce "Theatre Manager" (performed on 1786). 1786, The Wedding of Figaro was completed and staged, which had a great influence and even became a household name in Prague. 1787 "Don Juan" completed the performance. In Vienna, Mozart discovered Bach's works. He deeply studied and studied Bach's polyphonic techniques. This played an important role in his later creation.
1789 In April, Mozart, whose family was poor, performed in Berlin, Dresden and Leipzig under the leadership of his student Duke Carl Lee Sinowski. Although it was a sensation, it failed to get him out of economic difficulties. 1790 65438+ 10, his opera "Woman's Heart" was staged. In February, when the emperor died, Mozart asked Leopold II, the heir of the emperor, to take over the position of court musician L. Hoffman, which was granted, but it didn't come true. 179 1 year, he wrote the opera "Tito's Good", which was unsuccessful. In September of the same year, he composed the last opera "Magic Flute" and a large-scale religious music work "Requiem" when he was seriously ill. He died before he finished it. After his death, he was buried in an unknown place in Vienna's poor cemetery.
Mozart's life
In July, a newspaper in London 1765 published a preview of the concert: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a prodigy who could make Europe and even mankind proud. The 8-year-old boy amazed musicians and people of insight. His harpsichord performance, sight-reading ability and improvisation and composition with various musical instruments are amazing. The father of this gifted child, at the earnest request of gentlemen and ladies, decided to extend the detention time. To this end, you have the opportunity to enjoy the performances of this young composer and his sister. ......
1October 27th, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born into a family of court musicians in Salzburg, Austria. His father, Leopold Polder Mozart, was originally from Germany. He had seven children, but five of them died young. Only the youngest son Wolfgang and his sister Anna survived tenaciously and grew up.
Leo Polder is a respected violinist and composer. Mozart's extraordinary musical talent has long attracted his joy and attention. Once, he came home with a friend and saw his 4-year-old son writing on staff paper. Father asked him what he was doing. The son replied solemnly, "I am composing music." The child's behavior made two adults smile at each other. Facing the crooked notes on the paper, they thought it was just a child's prank. However, when the careful father carefully looked at his son's work, he suddenly cried to the guest with tears in his eyes: "Dear, come and see! How correct and meaningful this is! " Genius began his creative career!
In the long history of European music, it is not uncommon for people to show musical talent from an early age. But it is really hard to find a precocious wizard like Mozart, a musician who can be recognized as a "prodigy" at such a young age. At the age of three, he could play many pieces he had heard on the piano. At the age of five, he can accurately identify the names of monosyllables, disyllables and chords played on any musical instrument, and even easily tell the pitch of cups, bells and other utensils when they collide. Such an excellent concept of absolute pitch is beyond the reach of most professional musicians all their lives.
In order to make Mozart grow up quickly, Leo Polder tried his best to train him carefully. My son's study and training are extremely strict. In addition to complicated music theory and playing skills, there are Latin, French, Italian, English, literature and calendars.
From 1762, under the leadership of their father, 6-year-old Mozart and 10-year-old sister Anna began to roam the whole European continent. They have been to Munich, Frankfurt, Bonn, Vienna, Paris, London, Milan, Bologna, Florence, Naples, Rome, Amsterdam and many other places, and they have caused great sensation everywhere! In Vienna, Austria, they were invited by the emperor to perform in the palace.
Behind the flowers, applause and cheers are hard work, harsh conditions and terrible tests. For money and honor, Leo Polder asked little Mozart to perform in public at any time, no matter how tired the journey was. In order to publicize his son's genius, he forced his children to meet and listen to all kinds of whimsical and difficult proposals. For example, watch music with difficult skills that you have never touched before; Improvise the composition according to the bass that the audience imagined temporarily, and immediately play it according to the specified tonality. Cover the keyboard with handkerchiefs without affecting the piano. Play your own works from beginning to end at the concert, and so on. Moreover, such performances almost always last for four or five hours.
1772, 16-year-old Mozart finally ended his wandering life for 10 and returned to his hometown of Salzburg as the chief musician in the archbishop's court band.
Although Mozart was a prodigy and enjoyed great honor, in the eyes of the Archbishop, he was just an ordinary slave and a terrible slave. Because he has honor. Mozart, like his predecessor Haydn, had to wait for his master's orders in the hall every day, and he might be reprimanded and abused by the archbishop at any time, even severely punished. However, Mozart is not Haydn after all, he has stronger self-esteem and independent and bold spirit. In order to get rid of the insult and control of the archbishop, he went out to perform again in 1777, hoping to find a place to stay and leave Salzburg forever.
To our great surprise, this glittering darling, who once caused a sensation all over Europe, has hit a wall everywhere at the moment! A child prodigy has grown up and is no longer a child prodigy. The former prodigy disappeared, although his talent increased in direct proportion to his age, but the real society was merciless and indifferent to him. He had to return to Salzburg, so the archbishop must be more severe with him. Mozart's bitterness and predicament are not difficult for anyone with common sense of life to imagine.
In June, Mozart finally broke with the archbishop in the last straw. He resolutely resigned and left, becoming the first musician in European history to publicly get rid of the shackles of the court. Under the social conditions at that time, this move was undoubtedly extremely bold and heroic. Because it means hardship, hunger and even death.
Leo Polder urged his son to apologize to the Archbishop and get back together, but Mozart resolutely refused. In his reply to his father, he wrote: I can't stand it any longer. Thought ennobles people. I am not a duke, but I may be much more upright than many hereditary dukes. I am prepared to sacrifice my happiness, health and even my life. My personality, to me and to you, should be the most precious!
Out of the cage, Mozart settled in Vienna, the city of music, and began his career as a freelance artist. At that time, he was only 25 years old, but only 10 years away from the end of his life.
Mozart's ease and quickness in writing made his contemporaries and future generations regard him as a genius who learned from his teachers without learning anything. Throughout his life, except for the strict instruction of his father when he was a child, he really didn't receive formal teacher guidance. Genius is undeniable, but people often ignore that genius is also inseparable from hard work and diligence. 1One day in June, 787, Mozart walked with the conductor of the opera Don Juan, Kucharz, and he said, "It is wrong to think that my art is something for nothing. I tell you exactly, my dear friend, no one will spend so much time and thought on composing music as I do; I have not studied the works of a famous artist many times. "
There is a typical artist's nature everywhere in Mozart. He is a man who loves life and is full of poetry and emotion. He believes that the poor are the most loyal. "Only the poor are the best and truest friends in the world, and the rich are just friendship." . He is naive, simple and always in high spirits. He is easily moved, tearful and feminine. He is childlike and full of curiosity like a child. He never seems to grow up.
Mozart loved the people he loved. Whenever he talks about his parents and wife, his face can't help flashing with happiness, and his tone is particularly beautiful. At the sacred wedding, he and his wife shed tears of excitement. Everyone was deeply infected and cried with them. Because he has no fixed income and his wife constance is not good at managing family and finance, his married life is very poor. In order to maintain the basic needs of daily life, Mozart worked hard-teaching, performing and creating endlessly. Still, life is awkward. One winter night, friends visited his house and were surprised to see the couple dancing happily in the room from the window. It was not until they entered the house that they knew that they had to dance to keep warm because they had no money to buy coal, so that they could survive the cold winter.
Mozart's life went from bad to worse in his later years, and his health became worse and worse. He has to often ask his friends for help. When his last excellent opera The Magic Flute premiered for the first time (1791September 30th), he was already suffering from chronic diseases.
One day, a stranger who looked cold and dressed in black came to worship and asked the master to write a requiem for him. After the stranger left, Mozart tearfully told his wife that this work should be written for himself. "He began to write his last work, Requiem, with fanatical despair ... Mozart was overworked. He can't get rid of the idea that this death mass is for himself. He doesn't think he can finish it alive. He urged himself to write this masterpiece full of death scenes and began a fierce competition with time. An eternal regret is that the winner of this game is death. In the middle of writing the requiem, Mozart could no longer hold the pen in his hand. The ultimate finisher of this masterpiece handed down from ancient times is his favorite pupil, theseus Meyer.
The great success of the magic flute brought an indescribable final relief to Mozart who was on the verge of collapse. 179 1 65438+February 4th, 2008, he was lying in a deserted hospital bed, muttering to himself the performance of The Magic Flute: the first act is over now ... now the aria after night begins ... in the morning 1, he quietly closed his eyes. At this time, the luxurious Vuitton Opera House was brightly lit, the comfortable box was packed, and people from all walks of life in Vienna gathered together to enjoy the master's new work "The Magic Flute" with relish.
On the day of the funeral, the wind roared and the snow fell heavily. The bad weather forced several relatives and friends who attended the funeral to return halfway, leaving only an old grave digger walking alone in a hearse. This is a graveyard for criminals, vagrants and poor people. There are two coffins of others in the buried grave. Constance is seriously ill in bed and can't attend. When she visited the grave a few days later, she couldn't find the exact cemetery. In this way, the previous generation of wizards disappeared without a trace in the history of human civilization, leaving behind 1682 Frohring's outstanding debt.
Compared with Haydn's longevity and late bloomer, Mozart is just the opposite-short-lived and precocious. However, in his life before the age of 36, he created an amazing number of music treasures for people. Among them: 22 singers; The most famous are The Wedding of Figaro, Don Juan and The Magic Flute. Symphony 4 1, the most famous of which is Symphony 39, Symphony 40, Symphony 4 1; There are 27 piano concertos, among which the 20th, 2nd1,23rd, 24th, 26th and 27th piano concertos are the most famous. There are 6 violin concertos, among which the fourth and fifth violin concertos are the most famous; In addition, he also created a large number of instrumental and vocal works of various genres.
Mozart's music is elegant and beautiful, as delicate as pearls, as warm as sunshine and full of youthful vitality. Because of his approachable musical language and clear and rigorous work structure, "there is no trace of axe and chisel in the most complicated creation of music thought." This misleading simplicity is the art that really hides art. "
Joseph Makelis, an American musicologist, put it well: "There is a moment in the history of music when all opposites are consistent and all tensions are eliminated. Mozart was that glorious moment. "
3. Strauss is Austrian. Johann strauss (1825- 1899).