In the history of literature and art, it and romanticism are two main ideological trends.

It advocates objective observation of real life and accurately represents typical people in typical environments according to the true colors of life.

Realistic literature and art have a long history and great achievements in China. In the history of literature, The Book of Songs, Du Fu's poems, Guan Hanqing's plays and Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions are all his representative works.

Romanticism: In reflecting real life, he is good at expressing his passionate pursuit of the ideal world, and often uses passionate language, magnificent and magical imagination and exaggerated techniques to shape his image.

For example, China Qu Yuan and Li Bai's poems and songs, and Wu Cheng'en's novel The Journey to the West all have distinct romantic features.

Romanticism, as a literary trend of thought, came into being in the European bourgeois revolution era at the end of 18 and the beginning of 2009, which reflected the ideology of the emerging bourgeoisie. Its representative writers are Goethe and Schiller in Germany, Hugo and george sand in France, Byron and Shelley in Britain, etc.

Classicism:/kloc-a literary trend of thought in Europe in the 0/7th century.

It advocates taking ancient Greece and Rome as models, so it is called "classicism".

France is the most developed country. They respect kingship, advocate rationality, and pursue the unity of elegance, harmony and balance in art.

Representative writers such as Racine and Moliere in France.

The lost generation: a literary genre that appeared in the United States after World War I.

It is not an organized group with a common plan.

This word comes from gertrude stein, an American woman writer who lives in Paris.

She once pointed to Hemingway and others and said, "You are all a lost generation.

Hemingway took this sentence as the inscription of his novel The Sun Also Rises, so the "lost generation" became the name of a literary school.

What the "lost generation" writers have in common is that they hate the imperialist war, but they can't find a way out.

Their works reflect these thoughts and feelings.

Hemingway is the representative writer of the "lost generation".

The "lost generation" not only refers to the writers who participated in the European War, but also refers to the writers who did not participate in the war in the 1920s but were confused and hesitant about the future, such as Scott Fitzgerald, thomas eliot and Thomas Wolff.

The "lost generation" was mainly active in the 1920s, and their creative tendency changed after the 1930s.

Critical realism: the mainstream literary trend of thought in Europe in 1930s.

It pays attention to the study of social problems, expands the life surface that truly reflects reality with a realistic attitude, shapes many typical images of nobles and bourgeoisie, exposes and criticizes the evil phenomena of feudal society and capitalist society, reveals the process of the decline of nobles and the rise and fall of bourgeoisie, reveals some essential aspects of social life, and some works also express sympathy for the tragic experiences of working people. At the same time, it also enriches artistic skills and techniques.

Its representative writers are Balzac and Stendhal in France, Dickens in Britain, Nikolai Nikolai Gogol and Tolstoy in Russia.

Futurism: the earliest literary school with the strongest rebellious spirit in the 20th century.

Ten years, come and go in a hurry.

Its characteristic is "denying everything".

Deny the state machine and traditional culture, advocate abandoning artistic heritage and traditional culture completely, praise machinery and urban chaos, praise "the beauty of speed" and "the beauty of strength", and advocate breaking rational formal norms and making artistic creation at will with free and unrestrained sentences.

The founder is Italian writer marinetti, and his major achievement is poetry. His representative writers and works include Apollinaire's Alcoholic Wine Collection and Mayakovski's Clouds in Pants.

Surrealism: Originated in France, it has a distinct pioneering spirit, and the Dadaism of 19 16 "Destroy everything" and "Clear everything" has given it strong inspiration.

The publication of 1924 Surrealism Manifesto marked the official start of this movement, which formed the * * * movement in France in the 1920s and 1930s, expanded into a world phenomenon in the 40s and 1950s, and ended in 1969.

It emphasizes the unconscious world and dream world that express surrealism and super-rationality. They transcend the shackles of the real world, attach importance to intuition, and think that the subconscious mind and dreams are the most real. Advocating unconscious writing does not require any theme.

"Automatic writing" and "dream recording" are widely used.

The works are grotesque, exaggerated, obscure and mysterious.

It has an influence on later absurdity, black humor and magical realism.

Representative figures include Brighton, Aragon and Ai Lvya.

Late symbolism: It is the continuation and development of symbolism at the end of 19, and it was once again * * * in the 1920s.

We advocate grasping the inner truth through intuition, looking for the "objective counterpart" of thought, embodying abstract ideas in perceptual form, and implying the philosophy of life with images and symbols.

Broader vision and deeper thinking than symbolism.

It advocates expressing people's complex and subtle subjective feelings through artistic techniques such as hints, images, metaphors and free association, and pursues artistic effects that are half bright and half dark, confusing and mysterious.

The Waste Land by Eliot (1888 ~ 1965) is his masterpiece.

In addition, there are seaside cemeteries in Valery, Rilke, maeterlinck's Jade Bird, Brock's Twelve, Ye Saining, Ye Zhi and Pound.

Expressionism: Painting originated in Germany in the early 20th century, and later extended to music, literature and other fields.

Its theoretical program is "Art is expression, not reproduction".

It is required to break through the surface of things, show the inner essence of things, break through the description of human behavior and reveal the inner soul of people, break through the description of temporary phenomena, and show eternal quality and truth.

In terms of artistic methods, because of the emphasis on eternity, characters are often some common abstractions or symbols; Because they emphasize writing inner activities, intuition and dreams, they often use inner loneliness, dreams, subtext and other means; The plot is bizarre and abrupt, and the writing is exaggerated, distorted and absurd, highlighting subjective feelings and pursuing strong artistic effects.

His masterpieces and works include Kafka's Castle and Metamorphosis, American O 'Neill's Hairy Ape, Czech science fiction writer Capec and Swedish writer Strindberg's play Go to Damascus.

And the German playwright Brecht.

Stream of consciousness: taking unconscious activities as the object of literary expression, it implies different levels of psychological activities and emphasizes the contradiction and complexity of human consciousness.

In the work, the plot is diluted, the author does not intervene, the characters directly express their inner activities, and the work is structured according to the flow of characters' consciousness rather than the plot, breaking the narrative mode of time sequence. With the flow of character consciousness, the theme is expressed through free association, and the plot is organized without time limit. The past, the present and the future are inverted, infiltrated and overlapped with each other, and the main structure is reticular.

Representative writers include Joyce's Ulysses in Ireland, Proust's Memories of Lost Years, Faulkner's Sound and Fury in the United States, and Woolf's To the Lighthouse in England.

Existentialist literature: It came into being in France in 1930s and became increasingly popular in Europe and America.

It thinks that the world is absurd and life is painful.

On the one hand, expose the absurdity and ugliness of the capitalist world; On the other hand, it shows people's unfortunate and destructive fate and their thoughts and feelings of loneliness, despair and fear, and at the same time encourages people to fight against the heavy realistic pressure.

Keep more traditional styles in art and explore philosophical depth in thought.

Representative writers and works include Sartre's Nausea and Camus's The Outsider.

Theatre of the Absurd: It rose in France in 1950s.

Ideologically, he inherited the "absurdity" concept of existentialism and absorbed surrealism in art.

The absurdity of the world and life is manifested in the form of absurd drama: the meaninglessness of life, the alienation of people, the separation of people from the world, and the alienation of people.

Deliberately adopt the opposite technique to traditional drama to create a strong absurd effect.

It has a vague background, symbolic, moral, exaggerated and illogical scenes, abstract and generalized characters, irrational and meaningless language.

Representative writers' works are: The Bald Singer and the Chair by French eunice; Beckett's Waiting for Godot; Pinball machine in adamov, Russia; American Albee's The Story of the Zoo; French Jean Genet's Balcony, etc.

New Fiction School: It rose in France in 1950s.

The product of "the spirit of doubt" in The Age of Doubt.

Oppose the artistic mode of traditional realistic novels.

It is believed that novels should mainly describe the world of things, reveal people's subconscious activities and express "potential truth" through ordinary and trivial daily life.

Meaninglessness, no plot and dehumanization are the three basic arguments of the New Fiction School.

Stylistic innovation.

Representative writers and works include The Portrait of Anonymous by Natalie Sarot, Milan Lane by Michelle Bouthors, Flanders Highway by claude simon, etc.

Black humor: an important American literary school in the 1960s.

1In March, 965, Friedman compiled a collection of short stories, which included the works of 12 writers. The title was Black Humor, from which the word "black humor" came.

These writers believe that the world is a wasteland, history is a mess, and individuals cannot change their living conditions and control their own destiny.

In this case, there is neither a solemn and tragic spirit full of self-confidence nor a bright comedy spirit that dares to despise the opponent. It can only be a "smile of the distressed".

Black humor not only laughs at others, but also laughs at itself. Comedy is not only used to deal with ugliness and deformity, but also to deal with pain and misfortune.

Representative writers and works include: Catch-22 by Heller, Slaughterhouse Five by vonnegut, Tobacco Broker by Bass, Rainbow of Gravitation by Pynchon, etc.

Magic realism: the wave of Latin American novel creation, which originated in the 1940s and formed in the 1960s and 1970s.

It is rooted in the national cultural tradition, and at the same time, it also absorbs the expressions of modernism in Europe and America.

"Turning reality into fantasy without losing reality" attracts a lot of factors beyond nature in the narration and description of real life. Miracles, hallucinations, dreams and even ghosts often appear in the plot, and the time sequence relationship is disrupted. These scenes are often symbolic and have distinct national and regional colors.

Representative writers and works include One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcí a Má rquez of Colombia.

Pedro Paramo by Rouvre, The Corn Man and the President by asturias, The Kingdom of the World by Carpentier, Cuba, etc.

Beat Generation: A loosely combined group of young poets and writers who appeared in the United States after World War II.

This name was first put forward by the writer Jack Kruja around 1948.

Most members of the "Beat Generation" are cynical and believe in liberal ideas.

Their literary creation thoughts are often spontaneous and sometimes even very chaotic.

The works created by the "Beat Generation" writers are generally controversial, because these works usually do not conform to the convention of traditional creation, the structural form is often chaotic, and the language is rough or even vulgar.

His major literary works include On the Road by Jack Krujak, Howling by allen ginsberg and Naked Lunch by William poros.