Image is the spirit of poetic art, and it is an objective image in which the author's subjective feelings are cast. In the long course of Chinese classical poetry, many traditional images have been formed, and their meanings are basically fixed. If we are familiar with these images, it will be of great help to appreciate poetry.

1. farewell images (or expressing reluctant feelings, or describing the thoughts after leaving)?

willow. It originated from "The Book of Songs Xiaoya Caiwei", "In the past, I was gone, and the willows were reluctant; Today I think about it, it's raining, "and willow's reluctant state and farewell's reluctant feeling merge together." "Liu" and "Liu" are homophonic. When the ancients bid farewell, they often folded the willow to express their deep feelings of parting, so that many literati used it to convey their feelings of resentment and nostalgia. For example, in Liu Yong's "Yulinling", "Where do you wake up tonight?" Yang Liuan, Xiaofeng waning moon ",etc.

2. the pavilion. In ancient times, there were pavilions along the road for travelers to stop and have a rest or see them off. For example, Yu Xin, a writer of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, wrote "Mourning for the South of the Yangtze River": "Ten Li and five Li, road-side pavilion. It is called ten miles and one long pavilion, and five miles and one short pavilion. " "Long Pavilion" has become an image that contains the feeling of parting, and it appears constantly in ancient farewell poems. For example, in Liu Yong's "Yulinling", "It's cold and sorrowful, and it's late for the pavilion".

3. Nanpu. Nanpu is often seen in the farewell poems of the southern waterway, and it has become a common image in the farewell poems, which has a lot to do with the famous sentence "Go east against the son, send the beauty to Nanpu" in Qu Yuan's Nine Songs Hebo. Jiang Yan, a writer in the Southern Dynasties, wrote Biefu ("Spring grass is blue, spring water is surging, and it hurts to send you to Nanpu!" ) After that, Nanpu obviously increased his farewell poems; Farewell poems in the Tang and Song Dynasties are more common, such as "Nanpu is sad, the west wind is curling in autumn" in Nanpu Bie by Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty.

4. wine. Yang Zai said in the Yuan Dynasty: "Anyone who gives someone more wine to show his intention, writes a temporary scene to cheer him up, and expresses his gratitude." Wine not only relieves melancholy, but also contains deep blessings. There are countless poems that link wine with parting feelings, such as "Advise the monarch to drink more wine in Weicheng Qu by Wang Wei, and leave Yangguan for no reason" and "for all we had drunk we felt no joy and were parting from each other and when the river widened mysteriously toward the full moon" by Bai Juyi in Pipa Xing, all of which express parting feelings with wine.

second, homesick images (or expressing homesickness or caring for relatives)?

moon. Generally speaking, the moon in ancient poems is synonymous with homesickness. For example, Li Bai's Thoughts on a Quiet Night: "so bright a gleam on the foot of my bed, could there have been a frost already?. Lifting myself to look, I found that it was moonlight, sinking back again, I thought suddenly of home. " In particular, Su Shi's "When will the bright moon be there?": "I hope people will live for a long time, and they will be beautiful for thousands of miles." Starting from good wishes, write about brotherhood. The artistic conception is open-minded, cheerful and meaningful, and you can experience life with a deep, bottomless and wonderful natural realm.

2. Hongyan: Hongyan is a large migratory bird. Every autumn, it struggles to fly back to its old nest, which often causes wanderers to feel homesick, affectionate and sad, so poets often borrow geese to express their feelings. For example, in Li Qingzhao's "A Cut of Plums", "When the word geese returns, the moon is full of the West Building". At the end of The West Chamber in Yuan Dynasty, Cui Yingying Changting sang "Blue sky, yellow land, tight west wind, flying in the north and flying in the south". Who is drunk with frost forest in Xiao Lai? Always leaving people to cry ",the scene is born together, and its feelings are unbearable, and it has become a swan song."

3. Braised sea bass. Canon out the biography of Hans Zhang in the Book of Jin. Legend has it that Hans Zhang of the Jin Dynasty was an official in Luoyang at that time. Seeing the autumn wind, he thought about the delicious "Cuojiangji" in his hometown, so he resolutely abandoned his official position and returned to his hometown. From then on, the idiom "Cuoji Thinking" was derived to express homesickness. Later, the literati referred to homesickness with the words "Chui Geng Lu" and "Chui Lu Qiu Si". For example, Mr. Ma Xingye, the former president of the Kuomintang Central Daily, wrote a poem entitled "Thanks to Mr. nan huaijin for the delicious taste": "Thanks to the sweet perch, the taste of the land is long, and the Yanshan Ouhai is native to the fragrance. I feel a little bit of tears in front of my eyes, and I want to try raw fish. " How many people shed tears of homesickness and affection.

4. Double carp. Carp refers to letters. This allusion comes from the poem "Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave" written by Han Yuefu: "Guests come from afar, leaving me with two carp. Huer cooks carp, and there is a book in it. " In ancient times, people used carp-shaped letters to collect books and letters, so many literati also used carp as a substitute for letters in their poems. For example, Yan Jidao, a Song Dynasty poet, wrote in the poem "Butterfly Loves Flowers": "When a butterfly flies, there is nowhere to ask, and a tall building is separated by water, and the letter of Pisces is broken." Song Wan, a Qing Dynasty poet, "I've seen Zhou Huacen": "I haven't seen Iraqis for a long time, but I've made a pair of carp."

In addition, there are behavioral images, such as "smashing clothes", which also express concern for relatives. The state of beating clothes under the moon and the sound of the wind sending an anvil not only reminds women of their injuries, but also easily touches the feelings of wanderers, so the image of beating clothes is also one of the traditional images of homesickness. For example, the third part of Li Bai's Midnight Wu Ge in the Tang Dynasty: "a slip of the moon hangs over the capital, ten thousand washing-mallets are pounding. The autumn wind blows the sound of Daoyi, every family remembers the people who guard the frontier. Oh, when will the Tartar troops be conquered, and my husband come back from the long campaign!? " ?

third, the image of sadness (or expressing sadness and sadness, or rendering a bleak and sad atmosphere)?

phoenix tree. In China's classical poetry, it is a symbol of desolation and sadness. For example, in the Song Dynasty, Li Qingzhao's "The Sound is Slow": "The phoenix tree is even drizzling, and it is dripping at dusk." Xu Zaisi, a Yuan Dynasty poet, wrote "The Fairy with Double Water Diversion and Night Rain": "A sound of leaves and autumn, a little bit of banana and a little bit of sorrow, and after the third night of dreams." They all write their sorrows and sorrows with the leaves of plane trees falling.

2. plantain. In poetry, it is often associated with loneliness and sorrow, especially parting. In the Song Dynasty, there was Li Qingzhao's "Adding Words to Ugly Slaves": "Whoever planted banana trees in front of the window filled the atrium. Yin is full of atriums, and the leaves and leaves are full of feelings. " Pour out the sadness and gloom.

3. running water. In ancient Chinese poetry, water is connected with the continuous sadness, which conveys the sadness and sadness that life is short and fate is impermanent. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai wrote "Xuanzhou Xie ■ Lou's farewell school book Shu Yun": "but since water still flows, though we cut it with our swords, it's even more sad to raise a glass. Since the world can in no way answer our craving, I will loosen my hair tomorrow and take to a fishingboat. " Liu Yuxi's "Zhuzhi Ci": "Peach blossoms are all over the head, and the spring water of the Shu River beats the mountain stream. Bonuses are easy to decline like lang yi, and the water flow is infinite like sorrow. " Li Yu's "Waves on the Sand": "The flowing water has gone out in spring, and it is heaven and earth." Li Yu's Yu Meiren: "How much sorrow can you have, just like a river flowing eastward." In Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu's "Walking on the Sand": "The sadness is getting farther and farther, and the distance is like spring water." Qin Guan's "Jiangchengzi": "Even the riverside is full of tears, endless flow, and many worries."

4. Ape. Ancient poems often express a sad feeling with the help of apes' cries. For example, Li Daoyuan, a geographer and essayist in the Northern Wei Dynasty, said in the book Notes on Water Classics and Rivers, "The Wuxia Gorge in the Three Gorges of Badong is long, and the apes cry three times and touch the clothes." Climbing the Mountain by Du Fu in Tang Dynasty: "in a sharp gale from the wide sky apes are whimpering, birds are flying homeward over the clear lake and white sand." Zhao Wei's Yi Shanyang: "It's a pity to go home in the poor season, and the flowers will fall and the apes will cry for another year." ?

5. cuckoo. In ancient mythology, Wang Di, the monarch of Shu in the late Zhou Dynasty, was forced to give way to his courtiers and lived in seclusion in the mountains. After his death, his soul turned into a cuckoo, and he cried bitterly in late spring. As for the bleeding in his mouth, his voice was sad and touching. So the cuckoo in ancient poetry became a symbol of desolation and sadness. In the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai's "Difficult Road to Shu": "I heard that I returned to jathyapple and worried about the empty mountain." Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip: "and what is to be heard here, morning and evening?? The bleeding cry of cuckoos, the whimpering of apes. " In the Song Dynasty, Qin Guan's "Walking on the Sha": "It's as if the lonely pavilion is closed in spring, and the cuckoo is setting in the sun." And so on, they all express their feelings of sadness, desolation or homesickness with the mourning of cuckoo birds.

In addition, the setting sun (sunset, sunset) also conveys the feeling of desolation, loss and gloom. For example, Li Shangyin's Leyouyuan Scenic Resort in the Tang Dynasty: "The sunset is infinitely good, buried by the coming night." Wang Wei's "Make it to the fortress": "The desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen." In the Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi's "Gui Zhi Xiang Jin Ling Nostalgia": "Sail to the setting sun, with the west wind and the wine flag leaning." ?

fourth, express the kind of images (or show noble quality by holding objects, or express feelings)?

chrysanthemums. Chrysanthemum has always been favored by literati. Some people praise its strong character, while others appreciate its lofty temperament. Qu Yuan's Lisao: "Drinking Mulan in the morning reveals the dew, and eating autumn chrysanthemum in the evening loses its beauty." The poet entrusts his jade-clean, ice-clear and extraordinary quality with drinking dew and eating flowers. Tao Yuanming, an idyllic poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, wrote many poems about chrysanthemums, which naturally linked the elegant and indifferent image of chrysanthemums with his own interests in different customs, such as "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely". In Zheng Sixiao's "Cold Chrysanthemum", Song Dynasty poet "I'd rather hold the fragrance on the branches and die than fall into the north wind", and in Fan Chengda's "Two Chrysanthemums after Chongyang", Song Dynasty poet's poems such as "Lonely East Fen is wet and dew, according to the former gold and silver, look after the sand" all use chrysanthemums to express the poet's spiritual quality. In Mao Zedong's "Picking Mulberry Seeds for Chongyang", there is a sentence that "the yellow flowers in the battlefield are particularly fragrant", which puts chrysanthemums in a war environment, and the word "particularly fragrant" highlights Mao Zedong's revolutionary optimism.

2. plum blossom. Plum blossoms are the first to bloom in the cold, and then they lead to the fragrance of blooming flowers. Therefore, plum blossoms are proud of snow, strong and indomitable, and have been admired and praised by poets. "Plum Blossom" by Chen Liang, a Song Dynasty poet: "One flower suddenly changes first, and all flowers are fragrant later." The poet grasped the characteristic that plum blossom was the first to open, and wrote the quality of being the first in the world, not afraid of setbacks, which is not only Yongmei, but also praising himself. Wang Anshi's Plum Blossom: "Knowing from afar is not snow, because there is a faint fragrance." The poem not only describes the reason why plum blossoms spread far away because of the wind, but also implicitly shows the purity and whiteness of plum blossoms, and receives the artistic effect of good fragrance and color. Lu You's famous poem "Yongmei": "It's scattered into mud and ground into dust, only the fragrance remains the same." Plum blossoms are used to describe one's unfortunate experience of being devastated and his noble sentiment of not wanting to go along with the flow. "Mo Mei" by Wang Mian in the Yuan Dynasty: "Don't be praised for its good color, just leave the air fresh and dry." It is also a simple but meaningful way to write about the quality that you don't want to go along with the flow with the flow.

3. conifers and cypresses. "The Analects of Confucius Zi Han" said: "When you are cold, you will know that the pine and cypress will wither." The author praised the cold tolerance of pines and cypresses to praise their unyielding personality, with vivid images and lofty artistic conception, which inspired the endless poetic and picturesque feelings of later literati. Liu Zhen, a native of the Three Kingdoms, gave it to his younger brother: "Don't you suffer from cold, pine and cypress have nature." The poet used this sentence to encourage his cousin to be as faithful as a pine and cypress, and to maintain a noble quality under any circumstances. Li Bai, a Tang Dynasty poet, "Giving Books to Serve Huang Shang": "May you be a senior, but don't be a peach and plum." Wei Huang Shang always flatters powerful people, and Li Bai writes poems to persuade him to be an upright person. Liu Yuxi, a Tang Dynasty poet, wrote in his poem "I'm going to Ruzhou, and I'm going to leave Li Xianggong" that "wealth has faded, and the cold pines and cypresses are still there", which also symbolizes the solitary and strong character.

4. bamboo. Slim and graceful, tall and straight, it won the love and praise of ancient and modern poets with its character of "being frost and snow but not withering, and lasting for four seasons" In Bai Juyi's "Bamboo Cultivation", bamboo is used to describe life, and Shu De is used to cultivate one's morality: "Bamboo is like a sage, so why? Bamboo is solid, solid with tree virtue, and a gentleman sees it, then he thinks well and builds it. Bamboo is straight, straight to stand; When a gentleman sees his nature, he thinks of the neutral. The bamboo heart is empty, and it is empty like a body; When a gentleman sees his heart, he thinks about the application of emptiness. Bamboo knot, chastity and determination; When a gentleman sees his festival, he thinks hard about his fame and deeds, and he is consistent with danger. If the husband is like this, it is true that there are many trees in the gentleman. " Zhang Jiuling's poem "Ode to Bamboo with the Yellow Gate Lu Shi" simply praises: "High-minded people attach importance to each other and are known to the world modestly." Su Shi's "Yu Qian monk Lu Yunxuan" has a famous sentence of chanting bamboo: "It is better to eat without meat than to live without bamboo. No meat makes people thin, no bamboo makes people vulgar. People are thin and fat, but common people are incurable. " Regard bamboo as the highest symbol of celebrity demeanor. Zheng Banqiao sang and painted bamboo all his life, leaving many beautiful sentences about bamboo, such as: "Insist that the green hills are not relaxed, and the roots are in the broken rocks. Thousands of blows are still strong, and the winds are east, west, north and south. " Praise the firm and indomitable character of the bamboo standing in the rock and its indomitable nature of not being afraid of adversity and thriving.

5. Millet away. "Millet separation" is often used to express regret and sadness for the country's past prosperity and decline. Canon out the book of songs, Feng Wang, millet from. According to the old saying, after Zhou Pingwang moved eastward, Dr. Chow passed through the ancient capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty and lamented the destruction of the imperial ancestral temple, which was covered with millet, so he wrote the poem "Millet Separation" to express his grief. Later generations used the thought of "millet separation" as the sorrow of national subjugation, such as the prosperity and decline of the past. For example, in Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow", there is a saying: "I am sorrowful, feeling the past and the present, because I am self-conscious. Qian Yan's old man thought that there was a sadness of "Separation". "

6. Snow, ice and vegetation. In ancient poetry, the crystal of ice and snow is often used to compare the loyalty of mind and the nobility of character; To contrast the desolation with the prosperity of vegetation, to express the feelings of ups and downs. For example, Wang Changling's "at hibiscus inn parting with xin jian": "Luoyang's relatives and friends are like asking each other, and a piece of ice is in the jade pot." "Bing Xin is in the jade pot" is a metaphor for one's aboveboard mind. Another example is the famous sentence in Zhang Xiaoxiang's Nian Nujiao: "I should miss the mountains and seas for years, and I am alone, and my liver and lungs are all ice and snow." Show that you are frank and aboveboard. There are more examples of vegetation, such as: Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow": "After ten miles in the spring breeze, the wheat will be green." The spring breeze is ten miles, and Yangzhou Road, which is very prosperous, is now full of green oats and desolate. Du Fu's Shu Xiang: "The green grass in front of the steps is in spring, and birds chirping happily under the leaves." A generation of sages and their achievements have disappeared. Now, only the grass reflecting the green stone steps produces spring scenery every year. The oriole makes this beautiful cry in vain, and the poet laments the emptiness of the past and deeply regrets it.

5. Love images (used to express love and lovesickness)?

red beans. Legend has it that an ancient woman died because her husband died in the frontier and cried under a tree, and turned into red beans, so red beans are also called "acacia", which is often used to symbolize love or acacia. Such as Wang Wei's poem "Acacia": "when those red berries come in springtime, flushing on your southland branches. Take home an armful, for my sake, as a symbol of our love. " The poet expressed his affection for his friends by borrowing red beans born in the south.

2. lotus. It is the same as "pity", so there are many poems about lotus in ancient poetry to express love. For example, the Southern Dynasties Yuefu's "Xizhou Qu" said: "When lotus is picked in Nantang in autumn, the lotus is over the head. Bow your head and get lotus seeds, which are as green as water. " Using homophonic pun rhetoric, it expresses a woman's deep yearning for the man she loves and the purity of love.

3. Lianzhizhi and Biwing Birds. Connecting branches refers to two trees whose roots and branches are intertwined; A lovebird, a legendary bird, is used as a metaphor for loving couples in classical poetry. Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow: "on the seventh day of the Seventh-month, in the Palace of Long Life, we told each other secretly in the quiet midnight world. That we wished to fly in heaven, two birds with the wings of one, and to grow together on the earth, two branches of one tree.. " ?

VI. Images of war (or expressing aversion to war or yearning for peace)?

throw a pen. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty states that Ban Chao was born in a poor family and lived by copying documents for the government. He once lamented that he wanted to follow the example of Fu Jiezi and Zhang Qian in making contributions to the border area and taking the title of marquis. Later, "throwing a pen" means abandoning literature and joining the army. For example, Xin Qiji's "Water Tune Songs": "Don't learn from Ban Chao's pen, and you will win the title of Hou Wan Li and gaunt old frontier state."

2. the great wall. According to the biography of Tan Daoji in the Southern History, Tan Daoji was a general in the Southern Dynasties and Song Dynasty, with great power, and was suspected by the monarch and his subjects. Later, when Song Wendi took the opportunity to kill him, Tan Daoji was furious: "It's the Great Wall of Wan Li!" Obviously, it means that Song Wendi killed the generals and disintegrated himself. Later, the "Great Wall of Wan Li" was used to refer to the generals guarding the border. For example, Lu You's "Book of Anger": "If you are stuck in the Great Wall, you will be arrogant, and the temples in the mirror will be spotted first."

3. loulan. According to Hanshu, King Loulan was greedy for money and killed many Chinese envoys who went to the Western Regions. Later, Fu Jiezi was sent to the Western Regions to behead King Loulan and make contributions to the country. Later, poets often used "Loulan" to refer to the enemy of the border, and "breaking (chopping) Loulan" to refer to making contributions. Ruwang