The art of Chinese instrumental music in the 20th century developed along two tracks. One is that under the conditions of the new era, in order to adapt to the aesthetic needs of modern audiences, traditional national musical instruments have continued to reform and innovate on the basis of inheriting the excellent national traditions, and have achieved unprecedented success

development and progress. The other is that since the early 20th century, with the process of modernization of Chinese society and the introduction of Western music, various Western musical instruments and their performances as well as various new music performance forms related to them have It was introduced into China one after another and gradually developed and prospered. These two tracks are developing in parallel, and in the process of development, they influence and learn from each other, and merge to some extent, constantly producing some new types and forms of instrumental music performances.

(1) The reform of Chinese national musical instruments and the new development of performance art

The new development of modern Chinese national musical instrument performances is first reflected in the re-examination of some traditional national musical instruments. A series of reforms

These reforms have expanded the range and volume of the instrument, added new playing techniques, and enhanced the performance of the instrument. At the same time

some composers and performers continued to create new works for these reformed national musical instruments, thus greatly changing

the appearance of traditional national musical instrument performance.

Erhu is a typical example of the new life and great development of modern Chinese national musical instruments. Huqin (including Erhu) was originally a folk instrument with many types, mainly used as accompaniment to various operas and raps. In the 20th century, two outstanding national musicians played a role in promoting the reform and development of Huqin: A Bing and Liu Tianhua (1985-1932). Since the founding of China, many outstanding erhu works have been produced that are very popular among the masses. Their performance themes are rich, genres and forms are diverse, and their performance skills have also been enriched unprecedentedly. and development. For example: "River Water" (transplanted by Huang Haihuai), "Variations on a Theme of Qinqiang Opera" (composed by Lu Rirong), "Mountain Village Changed" (composed by Zeng Jiaqing), "Northern Henan Ballade" "(Liu Wen's golden song), "Sanmenxia Rhapsody" (

Liu Wen's golden song), "Horse Racing" (Huang Haihuaiqu, adapted by Shen Hequn), etc. Since the 1970s, a number of large-scale Erhu concerto works have appeared, such as "Capriccio on the Great Wall" (Liu Wen's Golden Song). Among modern Chinese erhu performers in the 20th century, following A Bing

and Liu Tianhua, the older generation mainly includes Jiang Fengzhi, Lu Xiutang, Zhang Rui and others. Famous erhu performers currently active on the stage include Wang Guotong and Min Huifen, and young performers include Jiang Jianhua, Jiang Gumei, Song Fei, Yu Hongmei, Yan Jiemin, Wang Lili, etc.

In addition, huqin players include gaohu players Liu Tianyi and Yu Qiwei, and banhu players Liu Mingyuan and Zhang Changcheng.

Pipa is one of the plucked instruments that develops rapidly and has great influence. There are many schools of pipa art in modern times. There are mainly Wuxi School and Chongming School in Jiangsu Province represented by Cao An

He (1905-), Shanghai Pudong School represented by Lin Shicheng (1922-), and Cheng Wujia (1922-) The Zhejiang Pinghu School represented by 1902-) and Yang Dajun (1913-1987), the Shanghai School represented by Li Tingsong (1906-1976)

, Sun Yude (1904-1981), and Wei Zhongle (1908-) Wang Yuting School and others played an important role in inheriting and promoting the traditional pipa performing art. After the founding of New China, pipa art has made great progress. Some major reforms have been carried out in the shape of the pipa

. For example: the number of pipa grades has been increased, and the past four items of ten frets have been developed into six items of twenty-five frets.

The range of the pipa has been greatly expanded, and the semitone frets have been arranged according to the requirements of twelve equal temperaments. It is easier to play modern works with rich tonal changes

; using steel wire strings and steel rope nylon strings to replace the past silk strings, making the pipa's tone brighter and solid;

using artificial Nails (fake nails) replace plectrums and real nails for playing, making the pipa playing more convenient and flexible. At the same time, a number of excellent arrangements and creations of pipa music have emerged. Adapted music such as "Sing a Folk Song to the Party" (Jian'er music, adapted by Wu Junsheng), "Heroes Defeat the Dadu River" (Shi Lemeng music, adapted by Liu Dehai), and composed music such as " Yi Nationality Dance

" (composed by Wang Huiran), "Five Heroes of Langya Mountain" (composed by Lu Shao'en), Pipa Concerto "Little Sisters of the Heroes of the Grassland" (composed by Wu Zuqiang, Wang Yanqiao, Liu Dehai Qu) etc. At the same time, pipa, as an important major in performance teaching in music schools, has also achieved great results in its teaching

and has cultivated a large number of outstanding pipa performance professionals. The best among them is Liu Dehai

(1937-). In addition, there are famous pipa players Wang Fandi, Xia Rengen, Tang Liangxing, Li Guangzu and outstanding young people

Pipa players Wu Yuxia, Yang Jing, Liu Guilian, Zhang Qiang, etc.

Zheng is one of the oldest traditional musical instruments in China, and its history can be traced back to the pre-Qin period.

In modern times, the zheng is mainly used for rap accompaniment and folk instrumental ensembles. It has developed in various schools. Representative zheng music is mainly distributed in Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang,

Southern Fujian, and Meixian, Guangdong. and Chaoshan and other places. Shandong Zheng music is mainly composed of Shandong Qin music, Shandong Qinshu singing tunes and folk tunes

It is divided into two types: Dabanqu and Xiaobanqu. The main representatives include Zhao Yuzhai and others. Henan Zheng Qu is basically developed on the basis of Henan Yu Opera and Henan major tune Ban Tou Qu. It is generally divided into two parts: Xiaoqu and Ban Tou Qu. The main representatives include Cao Zheng of Suiping, Cao Dongfu of Nanyang, Ren Zhiqing of Xuchang, etc. Wulin (the ancient name of Hangzhou) Zheng music is popular in Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas, and its main content is silk and bamboo music, Ban Tou music, Xiansuo medley, folk music and folk songs. The main representative figure is Wang Xunzhi. Hakka Zheng music is a folk instrumental music popular in the Hakka-speaking area of ??Guangdong. It is also called Han Zheng music. It has three major categories: major, Chuan, and minor. It is developed from Hakka music. The main representatives include Luo Jiuxiang and others. Chaozhou Zheng music is a folk instrumental music popular in Chaozhou-speaking areas of Guangdong, mainly in Chaozhou and Shantou areas. Zheng music in the Chaoshan area is an important component of Chaozhou string poetry. It has a long history, unique techniques, and has a great influence at home and abroad. The main representatives include Guo Ying and others

. After the founding of New China, Zheng's reform made great achievements. Change the original silk strings to steel strings or nylon wound strings. It developed from thirteen strings, fifteen strings and sixteen strings to nineteen strings, twenty-one strings, twenty-five strings and twenty-six strings. After the reform, the range of the Zheng has been expanded

, the volume has been enhanced, and it is easy to modulate, which has enriched the artistic expression of the Zheng. It is not only used for ensembles, accompaniments, and ensembles, but also often

solo. In terms of the creation and adaptation of Zheng music, following "Fishing Boats Singing Evening" compiled by Lou Shuhua in the 1930s and "Lantern Festival" compiled by Cao Dongfu in the 1940s, there have been many other works over the past half century. Excellent works appear. Such as: "Celebrating the Harvest" (Music by Zhao

Yuzhai), "Fighting Typhoon" (Music by Wang Changyuan), "Happiness Canal" (Music by Ren Zhiqing), "East China Sea Fisherman's Song" (Music by Zhang Yan)

Wait. Famous zheng players active on the music stage include Cao Dongfu, Cao Zheng, Zhao Yuzhai and middle-aged and young performers Fan Shang'e, Xiang Sihua, Wang Changyuan, Zhang Yan, Li Meng, Jiao Jinhai, Yuan Sha wait.

The dulcimer, a percussion instrument, has developed greatly in modern times.

Guqin, formerly known as Qin and lyre, has been gradually called Guqin since the Tang and Song Dynasties due to its long history. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, guqin music has been protected and rescued as an important musical heritage, and various folk traditions have been collected, compiled and published. The older generation of qin masters Guan Pinghu, Wu Jinglue, Zha Fuxi, Zhang Ziqian, Xia Yifeng, Yao Bingyan, etc. composed and performed a number of outstanding traditional qin music, such as "Flowing Water", "Guangling San", "Young" "Orchid", "Three Plum Blossom Lanes", "Xiaoxiang Water Cloud", etc. have made important contributions to the inheritance and development of Guqin culture. The outstanding guqin players trained in New China include Li Xiangting, Gong Yi, Wu Wenguang, etc.

On the basis of inheriting the excellent tradition, they have also made innovations in performance repertoire and techniques, which has contributed to the development of guqin in the new era. Contribute to survival and development under conditions

.

In addition to the above, other national string instruments that have made major breakthroughs in the performing arts include: Wang Huiran's Liuqin performance art,

The representative piece is "Spring Comes to Yihe"; Feng Shaoxian's The art of Yueqin performance, its representative repertoire is "Songhua River Fisherman's Song"; Wang Yi

's Sanxian performance art, its representative repertoire is "Big Waves Washing the Sand", etc.

National wind instruments have also made great progress in modern times. Flute and suona are two of the most widely spread and influential instruments.

In addition, Sheng, Guan, etc. have also developed greatly.

The achievements of modern Chinese national instrumental music are also prominently reflected in the development and creation of various forms of ensembles and ensembles.

China’s traditional instrumental music ensembles have various forms and are extremely rich. Especially since the founding of New China, our country's national instrumentalists

conductors and composers, on the basis of traditional national instrumental ensembles, have also extensively studied and borrowed from Western ensembles

With the art form of orchestral ensemble, creatively combine various ethnic musical instruments and ensembles. The China Broadcasting Chinese Orchestra, with Peng Xiuwen as its conductor and artistic director, is a representative of the construction of modern large-scale ethnic orchestras in China. On the one hand, it

extensively absorbs and accommodates various types of national musical instruments; on the other hand, it refers to the composition of Western orchestras, and in accordance with the requirements of building a modern national orchestra, it has many The instruments have been reformed and reorganized, and bass instruments have been added to balance the voices of the national orchestra and improve its expressiveness. Famous ethnic orchestras include: the Central Ethnic Orchestra Orchestra conducted by Qin Pengzhang and Yan Huichang, the Jinan Army Avant-Garde Song and Dance Troupe Orchestra conducted by Zhang Shiye and Wang Huiran, Qu Chunquan and Ma Shenglongzhi

The Shanghai Chinese Orchestra Orchestra, etc.

At the same time, various types of ethnic ensemble art have developed rapidly. Such as China

The women's plucked string instrument group of the China Conservatory of Music and the Central Chinese Orchestra, the Qingmei Jingyue Women's Chamber Music Ensemble of the Central Conservatory of Music, the Shanghai Conservatory of Music's Silk String Five Ensemble group, Jiangnan Sizhu Band of Shanghai Orchestra, Guangdong Music Band of Guangzhou Orchestra, etc.

(2) The rise and development of solo, ensemble and ensemble arts of Western musical instruments in China

The introduction of Western musical instruments into China can be traced back to the late Ming Dynasty in the early 17th century In the early Qing Dynasty①, however, it was only in the early 20th century that Western musical instruments were truly used in China’s ordinary music education and had an impact on the people. As early as

with the introduction of school music, organs and a small number of pianos, as well as military bands and drum corps began to appear in some primary and secondary schools. Later, Western musical instruments such as violins and accordions were introduced. From the 1920s to the 1940s, China's normal music education

, especially the establishment and development of professional music education, hired some foreign musicians who came to China as professors, and a small number of Chinese

After Chinese music students returned to China, majors in piano, violin, cello, trumpet, flute and other Western instruments began to be established

Courtesy of my country's earliest batch of Western instrument players. Since the founding of New China, the professional education system for various Western musical instruments

has gradually been completed, the level of education has been continuously improved, and some new majors have been opened, which have emerged in various fields of Western musical instruments

The piano is known as the king of Western musical instruments. After hundreds of years of combination of musical instruments and ensembles. The China Broadcasting Chinese Orchestra, with Peng Xiuwen as its conductor and artistic director, is a representative of the construction of modern large-scale ethnic orchestras in China. On the one hand, it

has made great efforts to cultivate a large number of professional piano professionals, and its level has been continuously improved. At the same time, it has also achieved world-renowned achievements

in the popularization of piano. At present, it has Hundreds of thousands of piano children are learning piano. my country’s older generation of pianists, such as Li Cuizhen (1910—

1966), Yi Kaiji (1912—), Fan Jisen (1917—1967), Wu Leyi (1919—), Li Jialu (1919—

1982), Zhu Gongyi (1922-1986), Zhou Guangren (1928-), etc. have made significant contributions in developing China's professional piano education and cultivating

young pianists. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, my country's piano level has developed rapidly through the selection of overseas students and the improvement of domestic professional music teaching

levels. Many pianists have competed in high-level international piano competitions.

Award-winning. The first generation of outstanding pianists trained by New China can be cited: Li Minqiang (1936-), Gu Shengying (1937-

1967), Liu Shikun (1939-), Yin Chengzong (1941-), Shi Shucheng (1946-) ) et al. Since the reform and opening up,

with the frequent international exchanges, the level of piano education in our country has improved, and a large number of outstanding young pianists have emerged. They

not only contribute to the vast number of domestic music Loved by the audience and famous in the international music scene. The outstanding ones among them include: Kong Xiangdong, Xu Zhong

, Li Jian, Lang Lang, Li Yundi, Chen Sa, etc. At the same time, the creation of Chinese piano works has also achieved quite fruitful results

Starting from "Shepherd Boy Piccolo" (composed by He Luting) in the 1930s, there have been "Happy Festival" (composed by Ding Shande)

Music), "Beijing Wanhua Collection" (composed by Jiang Wenye), "Flower Drum" (composed by Qu Wei), "Temple Fair" (composed by Jiang Zuxin)

, "Northern Shaanxi "Four Folk Songs" (composed by Wang Jianzhong), "Torch Festival Night" (composed by Liao Shengjing), "Sunset Flute and Drum" (adapted by Li Yinghai), "Four Preludes" (composed by Chu Wanghua), etc. Excellent works come out. Piano concertos include: "Mountain Forest"

(composed by Liu Dunnan), "Yellow River" (arranged by Yin Chengzong), etc.

The violin is one of the most expressive and widely used Western musical instruments. It was also introduced to China very early and is a favorite instrument among Chinese

listeners. Among the older generation of violinists in my country, the most famous are Ma Sicong and Chen Youxin. After the founding of New China, the level of violin education in our country has been significantly improved. At the same time, some people have gone abroad for further study, and a large number of outstanding young violinists have emerged. The best among them include: Sheng Zhongguo, Hu Kun, Lu Siqing, Xue Wei, etc. Lin Yaoji and others have made outstanding achievements in violin teaching. At the same time, the creation of Chinese violin works has also achieved fruitful results.

His famous works include: "Suiyuan Suite", "Tibetan Sound Poems" (composed by Ma Sicong), "Spring in Xinjiang" (composed by Ma Yaozhong and

Li Zhonghan), " "New Year Music" (composed by Mao Yuan), "Morning in Miaoling" (composed by Chen Gang), "The Sun Shines on the Tower

Shkorgan" (composed by Chen Gang), etc.

The Violin Concerto "Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai" (composed by He Zhanhao and Chen Gang) is a national classic of violin creation. Since its publication in the 1960s, it has been warmly welcomed by the vast number of Chinese music audiences.

It has been performing for a long time and has had extensive international influence.

In the performance and teaching of other Western orchestral instruments, after several generations of efforts, there have been varying degrees of development. Especially since the founding of New China, remarkable achievements have been made in the construction and development of Western orchestras. In the first half of the 20th century, only the Shanghai Philharmonic, established in 1936, could be considered a relatively complete orchestra in my country. However, the vast majority of its members were foreigners. musician. Since the 1950s, orchestras such as the Shanghai Symphony Orchestra, Beijing Central Orchestra, Radio Symphony Orchestra

, and Film Orchestra have been established one after another. Symphony orchestras have also been established in some big cities such as Guangzhou, Shenyang, Tianjin, etc.< /p>

Our country's symphony music industry has developed greatly, and its repertoire has been continuously expanded. In particular, it has accumulated some experience in playing symphonies of Western classical music, romantic music and

ethnic music. Chinese composers have also made significant achievements in symphony creation. Among them, the most influential ones include Ma Sicong's "Song of the Forest", Ding Shande's "Long March" Symphony, Zhu Jian'er's "First Symphony

", Chen Peixun's "Second Symphony" ("Qingming Festival"), etc.

Conducting is one of the fields that has made outstanding achievements in China’s modern music performing arts. Since the establishment of the Peking University Music Training Institute Band in the early 1920s with Xiao Youmei as the conductor, with the development of orchestral and choral music in my country, the importance of the art of conducting has Its role is gradually recognized by the Chinese people. Especially since the founding of the People's Republic of China, our country's conducting art has developed greatly.

A large number of professional conducting talents have emerged, and the conducting art in the fields of orchestral music, chorus and opera has made remarkable achievements. The older generation of conductors has made significant contributions to creating the art of conducting in our country and cultivating young conducting talents. Among them are

Yang Jiaren (1912-1966), Li Guoquan (1914-1966), Ma Geshun (1914-), Huang Yijun (1915-)

, Li Delun (1917-2001) ), Huang Feili (1917—), Yan Liangkun (1924—), Zheng Xiaoying (1929—), Yang Hongnian (1934—), Chen Xieyang (1939—), etc. What is even more gratifying is that with the process of reform and opening up, in recent years some young conductors in our country have emerged on the international music stage and achieved world-renowned achievements. The best among them

are: Tang Muhai, Chen Zuohuang, Hu Yongyan, etc.