In different Hakka dialects, the tones are different. Most Hakka dialects have entering tones, with 6-7 tones. Changting Chengguan dialect, the tone disappears; Dongjiang dialect (water source sound) and other dialects retain the tone characteristics of early Hakka dialect, with seven tones. The Hakkas in Taiwan Province Province moved here from Haifeng and Lufeng. There is a retrogingival sound ([? ],[? ]，[t？ ])。 Another mainstream Hakka dialect in Taiwan Province Province is Jiaoling, Pingyuan, Xingning and Meixian dialects in Jiaying (now Meizhou). Initial one, ancient voiced consonants and affricated consonants (coordinate consonants, definite consonants, group consonants, subordinate consonants, voiced consonants and high consonants) mostly become aspirated voiced consonants regardless of flat tones.
For example, the initial letter of "Bie, Bian" is p[p? 】, the first letter of "Land and Enemy" is t[t? ], the initials of "old" and "block" are both k[k? 】, the initials of "past, agility, turbidity, shelter and help" are c[].
Secondly, the consonants of Gu Xiaohe and the Boxer Rebellion are frequently pronounced as f[f].
For example, the initials of "grey, glow, bosom, lie, flower, tiger, marriage, echo and shout" are all f[f].
Thirdly, some ancient words, such as "Gu", "Fu" and "Feng", are stressed with lip initials b[p] and p[p] in spoken English? ], retaining the ancient sound characteristics of "ancient without light lips".
For example, "fly, axe, fat, bark, float, charm".
Fourth, the initials of the ancient group are mostly retained in the tongue roots g[k] and k[k? ]、h[h].
For example, the initials of "Ji, Ji and Jiu" are [k], and the initials of "bullying, modesty and seeking" are [k? ], the initial letter of "xi xi" is [h].
5. Most of them have voiced fricative initials v[v]. It comes from the rhyme of ancient micro, shadow, mica and several boxes of mothers.
For example, "things, services, bowls, frogs, prestige, houses, bays, nests, kings, destinations, characters, yellow, emperor and return". In addition, there are [v] initials pronounced "cloud, domain and epidemic" in Hakka dialect in western Fujian.
6. The differentiation of initial consonants between Guzhi group and Zhao Jing group in Hakka dialect is complicated. For example, in most parts of Guangdong, these three groups of initials combine to pronounce z[? ]、c[]、s[s]； In some areas, the initials d[t] and z[? ], c[]. Pronunciation of initials in Zhao (Zhuang) group and Beijing group [? ], [], S. For example, the pronunciation of the initial [h] in Xingning dialect. For example: Xiao [Xiao], [Xi], Xu [Xi], Hu [Hu], Qi [Xi], Qi [Xi], abandon [Xi]; The initial consonant y([j] or [i]) has initials and many negative and mica, such as Yang [i], Yang [i], Yan [iam], Yi [ji], Yi [ji], Yin [jim], Ying [jin] and Yue [i? K], Yuan [ian], Yuan [ian], Yuan [ian], Yuan [ian], Yuan [ian], Yuan [ian], Yuan [ian]. Hakka dialects in Luchuan, Guangxi (except southern Wushi dialect), Hexian county and Guixian county generally start with the initial z[? ], c[], s[s], and the initial sounds of Zhi and Zhao (Zhang) groups are d[t] and z[? ], c[]. For example: Tianjin [? In], Jane [? In], invade [? Im], deep [? Rice], ten-day [grandson], rope [grandson]. The initials of some words in the ancient knowledge group are read in western Fujian (Tingbei film) [? ], [], for example: know [? Me], pig [? U], Zhu [u], Zhen [en], Zhang [? Answer? ], medium [? ], pool [i], super [au], draw [iu]. The initials of some words in Guzhang Group are Min Xi Nian [? ], [], S. For example: paper [? I], Zhu [? U], really [? En], Chun [un], Chang [], Snake [sa], Shu [su]. The combination of knowledge, photography and refinement of Meinong Hakka dialect. For example, the initials of disaster, fast, pig and chapter are all [? ]; The initials of guess, difference, ugliness and prosperity are []; Third, the initials of Sha and Shu are both [s]. Initial consonants [], [] and [s] of Gu Jing Formation and Zhaozhuang Formation in Taoyuan Hakka Dialect. For example: essence, Zhuang, obedience, beginning, heart and life; Content and the initial pronunciation of Zhang Zhaozi? ], [], S. such as pigs, seals, ugliness, prosperity, boats, books. Most of the initials of Hakka dialect in Liangshuijing, Huayang, Sichuan are pronounced [? ]、[]、[ s]； But there are also some refined initials [], such as: pro, qi, sacrifice, gun, exhaustion, thorn. Seven, nasal initials are rich. Except [m], [n], [? In addition to the initials, there are [? ] initials. [? The initials appear in ancient Chinese characters, mud (mother) 34 and some Japanese initials.
For example: language, propriety, people, cattle, year, welcome, day, eyes and mother.
Eight, most of the ancient initials are pronounced [l], but there are a few ancient initials pronounced [t] in Changting Hakka dialect in western Fujian, which is very special.
For example: Li [ti], Liu [ti], Li [ti], Li [te? ], egg [t], deafness [t], force [ti], two [ti], Lin [te? ], Liu [tiu]. There are no vowels in most areas of Hakka dialect, and vowels are mixed with vowels. For example: fish, English. Use au[au] or o[? ] is the main vowel with more vowels. For example: good, tall, old, brain. In ancient times, the words "Hou Kai", "Thick Cloud" and "Mountain Opening" were pronounced in most areas. U] rhyme, some areas read iu[iu] rhyme, and some areas read ou[? Rhyme. For example: thickness, rest, etc. Ancient nasal vowels [-m], [-n], [-? ] and [-p], [-t] and [-k] are all reserved in Hakka dialect to varying degrees, among which Guangdong, Guangxi and Taiwan Province provinces are relatively complete. For example, only [-n], [m], [t] and [k] remain in Xingning dialect, such as Tuan [tn], Gan [kam], Ge [kak] and Duo [TT]; Only [-n] and [-? ], [-k] rhyme ending, such as: meter [fan], put [f], clip [chick], pen [pik], wood [muk]; Changting dialect in western Fujian (Tingbei area) only retains [-? ] rhymes, such as: gan [ka? ], group [t? ], half [pa? ], level [va? ], pigeon [k? ], don't [p? That is], white [p? A]. Tones are 6 tones in most areas and 5 or 7 tones in a few areas.
In Changting dialect in western Fujian, Liancheng and Liu Qing are silent, and the rest of them are divided into yin and yang, and the upper voice is divided into yin and yang, which is self-contained. Hakka dialect in eastern Guangdong has six tones, which are divided into yin and yang and yin and yang. Yongding dialect and Shanghang dialect of Hakka dialect in western Fujian retain two tones, which are also six tones. There are seven tones in water source sound and land-sea cavity (including Chinese mainland and Taiwan Province province). Taking Meixian dialect as an example: the continuation of ancient words.
The ancient words commonly used in daily spoken language are Suo (rope), He (rice), Wu (black), noodles (noodles), food (eating), neck (neck), hunger (hunger), morning (morning), sun (noon), walking (walking) and boiling (boiling).
Some of them are unique old sayings of Hakka dialect. For example: hey [? Iau] (chewing), eight [n? Hands touch hands, puk, white mold grows on the surface of food when it is moldy, s? U] (bad), [t? U] (nest), lotus [Kay] (shoulder), lotus [Pu] (afternoon or evening), lotus [concave] (folded), lotus [qi] (thin), lotus [nao] (hate; Don't like it), "circle" [k? Ian] (awesome center) and so on. Innovation of dialect words.
Due to the unique natural environment, historical conditions, customs, local products and different word-making habits in dialect areas, a large number of dialect words have been formed, such as Xuezhi (popsicle), Zan (a cake made of rice flour), [Park Jian] (a meatball), Daong (a superstitious activity) and tea (a drink). Borrow words from other dialects or foreign languages.
Some of them are borrowed from Cantonese, such as: Ba (hit it off), Jing (beautiful, beautiful), Qi (smart, capable) and so on. Some of them are borrowed from English, such as: T-shirt, ball ball, marks (mark trademark, logo); Some are borrowed from Malay, such as kissing is called needle [? im](zim)； Add "Fan", "Yang", "Hong Mao" and "Netherlands" to the names of imported goods, such as the differences in lexical meanings of Fan Bei (Yang), Fan Pian (Yang), Fan Jian (soap), foreign umbrella (umbrella), red wool mud (cement) and pea (a flat and thin pod).
Some words are synonymous with Putonghua, such as: crying (crying), face (face), hot head (sun), fire snake (lightning), heart uncle (daughter-in-law) and so on. Some words are synonymous with Mandarin, such as: classical Chinese (story), shooting (shooting); Some words have the same form as Mandarin, but have different meanings, such as "lips". Mandarin refers to the muscles around the mouth of people or some animals, while Hakka also refers to the mouth and edges of utensils, such as pot lips and table lips. "Rice" in Putonghua generally refers to rice and seeds without shells or skins, such as glutinous rice, peanuts, sorghum, etc., while Hakka only refers to rice, etc. Some words have the same form as Mandarin, but their meanings cross each other. For example, "light", "bright" and "bright" are synonyms in Hakka and Mandarin, with the same usage, such as fire, light, wave light, appearance, brightness and clarity, but where Hakka uses "light", Mandarin often uses "light" or "bright". Differences in grammatical meanings (that is, grammatical functions of words).
Some words in Hakka dialect are different from Putonghua in grammatical meaning, such as "nose" as noun snot, verbs "sniff" and "sniff"; "Love" is not only used as a verb to express love, but also as an auxiliary verb "Yao"; "Burn" can be used not only as a verb but also as an adjective "warm" and a noun "chicken". Differences in word formation.
Mainly manifested in morpheme order, overlapping, addition and monosyllabic words. The morpheme order of some coordinate and formal compound words is different from that of Mandarin, such as: urgency (urgency), noisy (excitement), ox (ox), guest (guest), and so on.
In the way of word overlapping, monosyllabic nouns and quantifiers can overlap more than Mandarin, which means "every", such as bowl (every bowl), gun (every gun) and shovel (every shovel). Generally, monosyllabic verbs and adjectives in Hakka dialect cannot overlap separately. If they need to overlap, they must be followed by the suffix-ε, IPA[-? ], such as "small" (small), plays a weakening role. However, monosyllabic adjectives in Taiwan Province Hakka dialect can overlap, and their functions will be strengthened after overlapping, such as being confused (untidy) and stupid (silly); Some adjectives in Taiwan Province Hakka dialect can even be used to express the superlative, such as: bare (very bright), bitter (very bitter), hot, hot (very hot). There is a special "XAA" reduplication in Hakka dialect, which has strong word formation ability. The overlapping embedded sound after each head word is different, and the suffix-ω must be added to indicate the deeper degree, such as: red Zou Zou Mi (red) and chubby Mimi (chubby).
In addition, the prefixes commonly used in Hakka dialect are "Ya" (or "A") and "Lao", and the suffix is "Mi [? ] (son), "head", "public", "ghost", "ghost", "individual" and "fight". ), there are "Gui" in it, such as Baba (father), sister (sister) and old sister (sister). Judging from the ratio of monosyllabic words to disyllabic words, there are more monosyllabic words in Hakka than in Mandarin. Some disyllabic words in Putonghua are monosyllabic words in Hakka dialect, such as: xing (happy), cognition (cognition), skin (skin), table (table) and so on. Take Meixian dialect as an example:
First, the possessive case of personal pronouns can be expressed as ([? A 13]) or "you (1)".
Second, there are special interrogative pronouns, such as pulse (what) and pulse (who).
Thirdly, there are special collocations between nouns and quantifiers, and between verbs and quantifiers. For example, a fish is this big.
Fourth, the position of the double object is flexible: the indirect object can be placed before or after the direct object. Predicates can be repeated and added before direct objects and indirect objects respectively. Like sharing a shirt. I gave him a dress. ) Divide your life into a shirt. I gave him a dress. ) ya will share a shirt. I gave him a dress. (Note: In the above example, read bun 1[pun44])
5. The format of the comparative sentence is a-bi-b- guo-adjective. Cows are bigger than pigs.
Six, the expression of various forms of verbs: add "Zheng [tsa? 53] ",indicating that the action has just begun, for example, Ya is eating rice (I just ate it). Add "wait [t? N3 1] ",indicating that the action is going on or going on, such as waiting for food (I am eating) and waiting for the pulse in my hand (what are you holding). After the verb, add "ShenShen [? ] "(Yi) or" Guoguo ([? ]), indicating that the action has been completed, such as: Yashiyi (I have eaten). Add "te [t? T 1] or "completed" means past completion, for example, he ate 40 kilograms of rice a month (he ate 40 kilograms of rice a month). Adding "Ai" before the verb means that the action has not started, for example, I am eating (not eating yet). Adding "turn" after the verb indicates the recovery of the action, for example, you turn over your cotton-padded jacket (you put it back). Adding "Xia Zi" after verbs means giving it a try, for example, seeing Xia Zi (looking) and listening to Xia Zi (listening). Tone sandhi is used to indicate near finger and far finger. For example: ['k] (here) [k?' ? ] (there) (here,' means stress, the same below) ['k? ] side (here) [k? Edge (over there) 8. Disposal only uses the preposition "Jiang" instead of "Ba", for example, you moved the table (you brought it back) and ya broke the bowl (I broke the bowl).
Nine, some words have different word order in the sentence. For example, the adverb "Tian" in Meixian dialect is equivalent to "zai" in Mandarin, but their positions in the sentence are different. The former is placed after the predicate or at the end of the sentence, and the latter is placed before the predicate. For example: listen to music for a while (listen to music again) and add a photo (take another photo). "Duo" and "Shao" used as adverbs are placed after verbs, such as: take more and throw more (take more) and use less and throw more (use less). "Dao" in Meixian dialect is equivalent to "Dao" in Putonghua, but their positions in the sentence are different, for example, learning more knowledge is better than learning less. "Qu" and "Lai" in Meixian dialect come before the object. For example: Yaam went to Guilin (my mother went to Guilin) and my sister came to the factory (my sister didn't come to the factory). Sometimes, the words "go … come" in this kind of sentence should be used together, for example, where have you been (where have you been)?
X. Different degrees of expression. For example, adjectives are used alone to indicate the general degree, adjectives overlap, and then "hey [? ] ",(affected by the previous syllable, the same part of the sound changes), indicating that the degree is weakened. For example: sour nê (sour), adding "[kuat5]" before the adjective means that the degree is strengthened, which is equivalent to "extraordinary". Such as: [kuat5] acid (very acid); Add "I don't know much" before the adjective, and then add "I [? ] ",indicating the highest degree, is equivalent to" very ",such as: I don't know a few acids (very sour); Adding "special" before adjectives means too much, which is equivalent to "too", such as: too sour (too sour). Some scholars believe that the new rhyme of Hakka dialect has certain similarities and corresponding laws with ancient Chinese. For example, there are no voiced initials [b], [d], [g], [z] and [dz] in Hakka dialect, only affricates [? ]，[s]； , and fricative sound [s]; Among the 36 letters, it belongs to the mother of essence, wisdom and ambition, and there is no sound on the tongue [? ]、[]、[? ]、[? ], so in Hakka, knowing is "low" (IPA[ti], di) and knowing is "worth it" [ti t? T] and so on all belong to ancient sounds. Qian Daxin, a master of phonology in the Qing Dynasty, mentioned in "Ten Driving New Records of Zhai Yang" that "there is no distinction between tongues in ancient times" and "seeking ancient sounds is tantamount to ending, penetration and determination", which means that in ancient sounds, the upper sounds of 36 letters with the same rhyme "knowledge, penetration and Ming" are all pronounced "ending, penetration and determination", which is what modern people read. Qian also said that "in ancient times, there was no light lip sound", "in ancient times, light lip sounds were all heavy lip sounds", and "those who have so-called light lip sounds today were all heavy lip sounds before the Han and Wei Dynasties". This means that in ancient times, all words with light lip sound [f][v] were pronounced with heavy lip sound or [p] or [m].
In On the Balance of National Heritage, Mr. Zhang Taiyan said: "In ancient times, there were clay buttons on the tip of the tongue, followed by other branches, so there were female buttons on the tongue and sun buttons on the tongue teeth. In ancient times, there were clay buttons." This means that today's pronunciation of the initial "R" proves to Hakka that the guest's saying "ru" means "you (ngi)IPA[? I] ",read" such as "as" neng (nên)IPA[n? N] ",pronounced as" if "and pronounced as" no "all indicate that there is no" day button "in Hakka dialect, and the day button should be a 36-letter" mud button "in ancient phonology.
The vowels of Hakka dialect retain some ancient rhymes. For example, Luo Yun's Preface to Hakka Dialect said: "Today, the words pronounced in Hakka dialect are clear and clear, and they are no different from the words with real rhymes." The emotion, festival, success, surplus and presentation of clear rhyme are no different from the true rhyme of Qin, Zhen, Chen, Ren and Chen. The lightness, screen, flatness and flatness of green rhyme are the same as true rhyme. Speaking of rhyme, rhyme and essence are the same, just as Gu said that it is not the pronunciation of 300 articles, but also the ancient sound of Qin and Han Dynasties. This passage shows that there are many similarities between the Hakka vowel system and the ancient rhyme department, and the so-called "not 300 orthography, but also the ancient pronunciation of Qin and Han dynasties" is in line with the facts. Hakka vowels include entering vowels [-p], [-t], [-k] and rising vowels [-m], [-n], [-? ] characteristics, in line with the "Guang Yun" system, but rhyme [-? ] in [? ], [i] becomes [-n], and the rhyme ending [-k] is in [? ], [i] becomes [-t], "mark" (IPA[h? N]) and "true" (IPA[n]). The retention of archaic words Hakka language retains a large number of archaic Chinese words. Mr. Zhang Taiyan, a famous master of phonology, studied the Hakka language system. He wrote "Lingzhou Waisanzhou Dialect" and attached it to "New Dialect". He selected 63 Hakka words and made textual research with ancient books such as Wen, Erya, Dialect, Book of Rites, Shi Mao, Warring States Policy and Laozi. Here are some examples of "three-state language outside the mountain":
(1) Dialect says that "meat and fat" are all practiced, Guo says "male, meat, fat and full", and Zou Yangchuan says "soil" is full, so today's three states are called Ziman. Reporter: Today, Hakkas call their youngest son "Man Zi" and their youngest daughter "Man Zi".
(2) The annotation about "cultivating people" in the Summer Palace: "Cultivating words strengthens goodness". Goodness and beauty are consistent. The three states are called beauty and strength, also called production. Guangya: "Pure, good." Also known as production, Zheng Gongsun Qiao's word is beautiful, and it is also production, beauty and training. According to the word "Jin", reading [Jin] in Hakka dialect means beauty and beauty; Jing, Hakka reading [? ia？ ], generally written as "fine", which means beautiful and white, is used to refer to things, such as "lean meat" as "clean meat" (note: in a general sense, read [ia? ]); Production, Hakka reading [? An] refers to a beautiful person (child) or something (note: in general, this word is pronounced as [an] or [san]).
(3) Shuowen: "Praise white and be good." Then cut it. The three States call people white and praise them. Press: Zan, Hakka Reading [? Ann], a good meaning, expresses approval of things, and often says "praise of strange women" and "praise of strange women" (Jiaoling).
(4) Shuowen: "Xun, Chongye" is ancient. "Yue Ji" "The number stands horizontally, while the number stands horizontally" and "Note": "Horizontal, full. It is said that the gas is full. " Interpretation of the text: "Horizontal, ancient and open." The words "Xun" and "Heng" are the same. The three States are said to be large and full, and they are transferred to the Ministry of Geng. Press "Xun" and "Hengtongzi", but today's pronunciation is different; From the perspective of anti-tangent, the ancient sound should read "training" as [boast? ], but in today's Hakka, the word "horizontal" is [va? ], lost the medieval dental sound (tongue root sound). Today, Hakkas say that the bags are full of "bulging" things [boast? Praise? Ku ku]. Zhang's "Lingwai Sanzhou Dialect" can prove the long history of Hakka dialect formation. From the beginning of poetry books, there has been the language of our ancestors. However, with the development of the times, the change of ancestral residence is not completely consistent with today's Hakka dialect, which conforms to the evolution law of language development. Therefore, the formation of Hakka dialect should go hand in hand with the common language of Han nationality in China.
(5) There are many suffix habits of "Ye" in Hakka dialect, such as:
1, where are you? -Guest spells: ngi2coi 1 nai4a 1?
2. Are you coming again? ? Doing things? -Interpretation: What are you doing (a little impatient)?
3. Mo (not good) is also good, ok? -Interpretation: Stop fooling around, okay?
4, quick drop, delay day and night. Interpretation: Please, don't always drag your feet like this.
5. Do you think it's weird?-Interpretation: How should I know?
This better reflects the Hakka people's reservation of ancient Chinese. Hakka dialect is an authentic tribe, so Hakka dialect still retains many characteristics of ancient Chinese or has evolved.
For example, the word "I" in the Book of Songs is the same as the original written word "I" in the first-person spoken Hakka dialect. Because the pronunciation and rhyme of Hakka dialect belong to stubborn mother [? ], rhyme [ai], just like the rising tone of Zhongyuan phonology [? ] and rhyme [ai] However, the oral language of "eyah eyah" is [? A], open your mouth and shout. The Hakka pronunciation of "I" belongs to stubborn mother [? ], in the system of Guang Yun, is a disyllabic [? ], rhyme is the twelfth [? ], the ancient sound belongs to Hou department [? ], so the pronunciation of "I" is [], which is in line with the pronunciation of modern Hakka dialect. But everyday spoken English is not [], but [? A], used as a possessive pronoun, such as saying "my book" [? A k? Su] The ancient sound here belongs to the fish department, and Guang Yun belongs to the rhyme of "home hemp" in the rhyme of the Central Plains. Wang Rongbao's On Ge Gudu said: "From the Tang and Song Dynasties onwards, all the words of Ge were written with [a] instead of [? ] sound; Before Wei and Jin Dynasties, all the characters in Mo Yu were pronounced with [a], but not with [u] or [y]. Although the word "I" can't rhyme in modern Hakka dialect, it is actually another way to write the word "I". For example, the word "Wu" above is originally the fish department, and the actual pronunciation is [? 】, "I" is in Duan Gusheng 17 voice, "I" is in 16 voice, and the chorus is the closest. It can be seen that the "I" and "I" in Hakka written language today should be [? A]. Therefore, the sounds and meanings of "I", "I" and "I" in Hakka dialect are consistent, which are three different writing forms and pronunciations of spoken language, written language and material pronouns. And Hakka "I)”([ I)" ([? A]) is the result of the change in the ending of "whether people are involved or not" in the poem, that is, "I (I)" ([? A]) (Yinyin) With a nasal ending, it is "hmm" ([? Answer? ]) (Yang Sheng), the nasal rhyme is "I (I)" ([? A]), this is the ancient sound preserved in Hakka dialect.
Another example is the word "Duan", which belongs to the vowel [t] in ancient phonology and the original part [an] in ancient times. "Duan" in Hakka dialect belongs to the epileptic mother [t] (not aspirated), with the rhyme [an] and the oral name [-u-]. It can be seen that the "end" guest sound is consistent with the sound. "Duan" is the word "Duo" in The Book of Songs. Poetry Nan Zhou Corner Residence: "It's a short story"; "Yi" sound [group] "Guangya": "Yi, take also. "Qu" means "Qu", "[tuan]" and [tuan] "mean" Yin and Yang are opposite ",and" Duo "means" Duan ". Nowadays, Hakka people in Meizhou often say "Duan", which means "holding with both hands", such as "Duan Cai", "Duan Fan" and "Qian Duan", which proves that ancient phonetic semantics have been preserved in modern Hakka dialect. Inheritance and development of grammar The word-formation features of Hakka dialect are similar to those of ancient Chinese, which is the inheritance and development of ancient Chinese.
(1) Synonymous compounds have appeared in ancient Chinese with many examples. According to Wang Niansun's "Reading Magazine Historical Records" No.4 "Guang Yun", "Counting, letting go, blaming, letting go of the border and letting go of the text, the ancients have their own ears." And "conjunctions" and "compounds" are synonyms used together, that is, synonymous compounds, which have existed since ancient times. In Hakka dialect, the inheritance and application of synonymous compounds can be seen everywhere. For example, "rain is wet" (that is, "rain is wet clothes"), in fact, "wet" is "wet" and "wet" is also "wet", which is an ancient phonetic and word-formation feature preserved in Hakka dialect, because "wet" is a light lip, and "wet" modern Hakka dialect inherits the law of complete use of synonyms in ancient Chinese and keeps it in spoken language. For another example, there is a word "Hangjia" in Hakka dialect. In fact, "Hangjia" means "marriage", and "marriage" is also a synonym compound word, which can also be proved in ancient Chinese. "Funeral" Zheng Xuan noted: "Any woman who goes to a doctor is called a marriage, and a sergeant is called a suitable person." "Gao Tangmi" says: "Yao Ji, a woman from Chi Di, will die and not go." The word "line" in these sentences is "marriage". In modern Hakka dialect, saying that married people go to the man's house as "wanting to get married" is precisely the word-formation method of synonymous compounds that inherits the characteristics of ancient Chinese.
(2) Verb overlapping word formation, there is no difference between ancient Chinese and Hakka dialect. In the sentence of Nineteen Ancient Poems, "Xing Hang" is an overlapping verb. Indicates the state of things. Take Hakka dialect as an example, "Open your eyes (Hakka sound [mau]) and" Open your eyes (Hakka sound [ta? ]), "eye-catching gold (Hakka [gold]", "eyeing (Hakka [tan])" and so on are all very rich.