Broadly speaking, all works that discuss the contents of science and technology are called scientific works, such as original works (papers), briefings, comprehensive reports, progress reports, literature reviews, reviews, monographs, compilations, textbooks, popular science books and so on. However, only the original work and its introduction are original, major and primary, involving inventions and other intellectual property rights. Others are of course important, but they are all processed, developed and written for specific application purposes and objects. The following is only about the writing of the paper. When discussing thesis writing, I'm not going to talk about various rules and regulations about manuscript writing. This paper mainly talks about the problems and experiences that are easy to appear in paper writing, which is the standardization of paper writing ethics and writing content.
Thesis writing requirements
The following are described in turn according to the structural order of the paper.
(1) Thesis-Topics Scientific papers are all titled, and cannot be "untitled". The topic of the thesis is generally about 20 words. The size of the topic should be consistent with the content, with no subtitle, 1 report and secondary report as far as possible. Thesis topics are all in a direct narrative tone, without exclamation marks and question marks, and scientific and technological paper topics cannot be written as advertisements or news reports.
(2) Papers-scientific papers signed should be signed with real names and real work units. Mainly reflects the responsibility and achievement attribution, which is convenient for future generations to follow up. Strictly speaking, the author of the paper refers to the person who is responsible for the whole process of the paper, such as topic selection, argumentation, literature review, scheme design, compilation method, experimental operation, data arrangement, induction and summary, writing, etc., and should be the person who can answer the relevant questions of the paper. Nowadays, people who take part in the work are often listed, so they should be arranged according to the contribution. The signature of the paper should be recognized by myself. According to the actual situation, academic tutors can be listed as paper authors or general thanks. Administrative * * * generally does not sign.
(3) Paper-Introduction is a fascinating statement of the paper, which is very important and should be written well. A good paper introduction can often let readers know the development of your work and its position in this research direction. The basis, foundation, background and research purpose of the thesis. It is necessary to review the necessary literature and state the development of the problem. Use concise words.
(4) Paper-Materials and Methods The experimental objects, equipment, animals and reagents and their specifications, experimental methods, indicators, judgment standards, experimental design, grouping and statistical methods are truthfully written. These can be done in accordance with the magazine's submission rules.
(5) Paper-The experimental results should be highly summarized, carefully analyzed and presented logically. We should choose the best from the rough, discard the false and retain the true, but we should not make subjective choices because it does not meet our own intentions, let alone resort to deceit. Only the data obtained in the period of unskilled technology or unstable instrument, technical failure or operational error, and data obtained when experimental conditions are not met can be discarded. Moreover, when problems are found, the reasons must be indicated on the original records, and it is not allowed to eliminate them at will due to anomalies during summary processing. When discarding this kind of data, we should discard the experimental data under the same conditions at the same time, not just those that are not what we want.
The arrangement of experimental results should be closely related to the theme, and some data may not be suitable for this paper and can be used for other purposes. Don't cram it into a paper. Articles should use technical terms as much as possible. Don't use charts for those who can use tables, and it is best not to use charts for those who can use tables, so as not to occupy more space and increase the difficulty of typesetting. Words, tables and charts do not repeat each other. Special circumstances such as accidental phenomena and unexpected changes in the experiment should be explained as necessary and should not be discarded at will.
(VI) Discussion is the key and difficult point of the paper. We should look at the overall situation, grasp the main controversial issues, and discuss from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. It is necessary to analyze and reason the experimental results instead of repeating them. We should focus on the achievements and opinions in the relevant literature at home and abroad, and show our own views, especially the opposing views. In the discussion of the paper, you can put forward assumptions and ideas about the development of this topic, but the discretion should be appropriate, and it should not be written as "science fiction" or "imagination".
(7) Thesis-conclusion or conclusion The conclusion of the thesis should write clear and reliable results and conclusive conclusions. The text of the paper should be concise and can be written item by item. Don't use such vague words as "summary".
(8) Paper-Reference and Dedication This is a very important and problematic part of the paper. The purpose of listing the references of the paper is to let readers know the context of the research proposition of the paper, to facilitate the search, and at the same time, to paste the hinge ...
Question 2: How to write a good paper How to write a good paper For some time, some netizens with more exchanges asked me how to write a good article. In order to live up to the expectations of these netizens, I will talk about my ideas for your reference.
Generally speaking, writing an article means talking about things. When things are clear, the article will be finished. However, writing an article is different from saying things, because literature is thinking in images, and what is written is important for people to read. In order to make people love reading, feel empathy after reading, make what they say touching, and make the people who are spoken touching, they need superb language means and superb language skills, which requires paying attention to grammar, rhetoric and language skills. Writing an article should have a center, so that people who read the article know what kind of people and things you want to talk about, and you should highlight the center. When writing, we should consider reasonable layout and pay attention to artistic techniques. In order to make the writing process clear, I will describe it from several aspects:
First, material selection.
Material selection is very important. We live in a vast world, with colorful life and a hundred flowers blooming. There are many touching stories all around us. There are many things worth studying, discussing, praising and praising at all times and in all countries. For the author, the interests, hobbies, feelings, familiarity and desire to explore are different, and the objects he faces are different, so there is a problem of selecting materials. First of all, you should make sure who this article is written for, why and for whom. This is a prerequisite. Criticism or praise, criticism should be to the point, praise should be just right, criticism or praise should be correct, and arguments should be sufficient, that is, there should be many eloquent arguments in hand to explain the problem, that is, reasoning should be convincing; To sing praises, we must explain the reasons, clearly explain the reasons for singing praises, what aspects are worthy of singing praises, why singing praises, and where it is worthy of praise, that is, we must first understand the central idea of the article to be written. This must be done first.
Choosing materials is to think it over in your head first. What do I want to write most in my mind? I already have what I thought in my mind, and I must send it to my pen. Sometimes, if you want to write, but don't know what to write, don't start writing yet. Hard writing won't do. In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, there was a gifted scholar named Jiang Yan in the Southern Dynasty, who was very literary and famous for his poems and fu. There is a poem "Jiang Yan has a style of writing", which says that he dreams of writing the best poetry and prose. As a result, someone gave him a good pen. Since then, he has developed a strong interest in poetry and has written many good articles and poems. Later, when he died, his brain was in a mess and he couldn't write anything. People say that Jiang Lang is at the end of his rope. This means being inspired. Many times, your inspiration comes up, things in your mind are churning, and thoughts in your heart are colliding. I can't write, so it's easy. If you don't have a good idea, you can read books or newspapers to inspire your thinking. You must have your own ideas. It's easy to have an idea, that is, determining the idea is the first step. Then, like building a house, see what materials you need to write. First of all, we must arrange the required raw materials. Brick, stone, steel, cement and wood must be plastered before construction can start.
Second, the outline (article reading network: three questions)
Outline is very important, and the process of outline is also a process of memory. To list what to write first, then what to write, then what to write, how to start, how to end, where to discuss, how to discuss, and discuss several viewpoints; Where and how to confess. What needs to be emphasized here is that the beginning and end of the article are also very important. We often say that "anticlimactic" means to be strong at the beginning, to be anticlimactic, and to have boldness of vision. Of course, it depends on what kind of article you write. For narratives and lyrical articles, some always lead the whole article at the beginning, some start with the richest feelings and lyricism, and some start with explaining the ins and outs of things clearly, so we can't generalize. It depends on the layout. Like some authors using "inscriptions", it is also a way. But what needs to be emphasized is that it must be novel and unconventional. It's best to make a detailed outline, and even list the most typical sentences. The outline should include everything you want to say. When the list is finished, let's look at the decline of what should be said and whether it is wordy, and resolutely cut off what should not be said. The so-called cuts have little to do with the theme ... >>
Question 3: How to write a good paper by using the theory of paper writing? Generally speaking, academic papers are argumentative or argumentative. The following are my academic papers. Welcome to reading.
First of all, what is an academic paper?
If you want to write an academic paper well, you must first understand what kind of article is called an academic paper. An academic paper is an academic article that uses systematic and specialized knowledge to discuss or study a certain problem or research result, which is academic, scientific, creative and academic [1]. For example, if you teach mathematics, you can discuss and analyze a topic that defines a certain type; The scope of Chinese is relatively wide, including writing teaching, classroom design, classical Chinese learning, interpretation of ancient poems and so on. Therefore, academic papers are theoretical articles that express scientific research results after studying academic problems in a certain scientific field.
Second, the classification of academic papers
Secondly, you should know what kind of academic paper you are writing. Only when you know what type your article belongs to can you submit and publish it accordingly. Academic papers can be classified according to disciplines, research directions and research purposes.
According to the classification of disciplines, it can be divided into social science papers and natural science papers. Social science papers include Chinese, politics, geography, English, history, law, philosophy, education and so on. Music and fine arts also belong to social sciences. Natural science papers include mathematical physics, mechanical and electrical engineering, computer, economics and so on. If it is a macroeconomic article, it belongs to social science.
According to the research direction, it can be divided into theoretical research papers and applied research papers Theoretical research focuses on the study of basic concepts and principles of various disciplines. Generally, when writing a theoretical research paper, there should be enough literature as a reference to make the theory in the article be established. Applied research focuses on how to transform the knowledge of various disciplines into professional technology and production technology, and directly serve the society. Writing articles on applied research needs the support of your research data, such as articles on clinical trials or nursing written by doctors. There should be research objects and research results, and finally make a summary and discussion based on your research.
According to the research purpose, it can be divided into communication papers and evaluation papers. The purpose of communicative papers is only to discuss academically among professional workers and express their own views, so as to show the new trend of the development of various disciplines; For example, after completing a provincial or national project, write an academic paper according to this project, that is, an exchange paper, showing the results after you complete the project. Articles like this have high gold content and academic value; The purpose of the assessment paper is to test the academic level and become an important basis for the promotion of relevant professionals. There are many such papers, which are generally common articles in the evaluation of middle and senior professional titles. Some students write articles with different levels and requirements of various units in order to take the postgraduate and doctoral exams, most of which are not high in gold content, just to get more points in the evaluation.
Third, the format specification of academic papers
After you understand the above two points and make clear the type and direction of the paper you want to write, you should write in strict accordance with the academic paper writing format specification.
The first topic. In the writing of academic papers, the proposed topic and the selected topic are the most important issues. The value of an academic paper lies not only in the writing skills, but also in the research work itself. It depends on what topic you choose and what typical materials you choose to express the research results under this specific theme. For example, when writing articles on nursing, people often discuss the application of PBL teaching method in a nurse training. Basically, the articles written are the same. Except for different nursing departments, the content of PBL teaching method is similar, so the value of the articles written is not high enough and it is easy to have repetition rate. The proposed topic is not long, but concise, scientific and conducive to the discussion of the text.
The second summary. Papers usually have abstracts, some for international communication, and foreign language (mostly English) abstracts. It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments or annotations. Other uses are to obtain necessary information without reading the full text of the paper. It should include the following contents: 1 the purpose and importance in this study; 2. The main content of the study, indicating what work has been completed; 3. The basic conclusions and research results highlight the novelty of the paper; 4 the significance of the conclusion or result. Like medical papers, there must be four indispensable components: research purpose, research method, research result and research conclusion.
The third keyword. Keywords belong to a category of subject words. Subject words include not only keywords, but also narrative words of unit words and title words; Keys ... >>
Question 4: How to write a good paper? There are three elements in writing a good paper: topic selection, material selection and structure selection.
Topic selection-the topic selection should be clear, innovative, research-worthy, easy to understand, and choose your most familiar field or major. The most taboo is to choose a profound, broad and unfamiliar topic. Imagine, can you spell those scholars and professors? Can you make it clear that your paper was not written into a book? Can I write a paper if I'm not familiar with it?
Material selection-plagiarism is not impossible, but "chicken ribs" have the risk of "plagiarism". It is best to look for materials around or around. The most taboo of material selection is that it has nothing to do with the topic and cannot be used as an argument.
Choose the structure-the common structure of a paper is total-sub-total, the first is total, summarize your topic background or briefly float, and put forward the theme of the paper, which is often called "introduction". Points can be discussed from different angles or from several aspects. After a total, that is, summary.
Thesis writing is nothing more than arguments, arguments and arguments, and it is also the three elements of a paper that people often say. Your question is not very specific, so you can only give a general answer. If there are specific references, we can continue the discussion.
I hope it helps you. Wish you success!
Question 5: How to write a good paper? It is best to use simple and easy-to-use plug-ins such as fast typesetting assistant for paper format, cooperate with Word to typeset papers, quickly create paper templates, quickly insert captions or cross-references of pictures, tables and formulas, quickly compile references, and quickly typeset multiple pictures. (for Microsoft Word in 2007 or later).
Question 6: How to write an abstract of a paper? It is an academic paper written by collecting a large amount of information on a certain subject and making comprehensive analysis. It is a scientific document.
Literature review reflects the latest progress, academic viewpoints and suggestions of an important subject in a branch or field. It can often reflect the new trends, new trends, new levels, new principles and new technologies of related issues.
Learning to write a summary has at least the following advantages:
(1) Through the process of collecting documents, we are further familiar with the retrieval methods and data accumulation methods of medical documents; In the process of searching, we also expanded our knowledge;
(2) Searching for literature and writing literature review is the first step of selecting topics and conducting clinical research, so learning the writing of literature review is also a process of laying the foundation for future scientific research activities;
(3) By summarizing the writing process, the ability of induction, analysis and synthesis can be improved, which is conducive to the improvement of independent work ability and scientific research ability;
④ Literature review has a wide range of topics, which can be large or small, difficult or easy, and can be freely selected according to one's own abilities and interests.
I. Selecting topics and collecting reading literature
After selecting the topic, we should collect the related documents around the topic. The related methods of literature collection have been introduced in the previous chapters, such as reading monographs, yearbook, browsing, snowballing, retrieval and so on. , and will not be repeated here. The more complete the document collection, the better, so the most commonly used method is retrieval. After collecting the references related to the topic, it is necessary to read, summarize and sort out these references. It is very important to choose a representative, scientific and reliable research document from these documents. In a sense, the quality of reading and selecting documents directly affects the level of literature review. Therefore, when reading literature, you should write "reading notes", "reading experience" and "document extract card" Having one's own language to record the inspiration, experience and ideas gained in the reading process and extract the essence of the literature will not only provide useful information for writing a summary, but also help to train one's expression ability and reading level, especially organizing the literature into a document excerpt card, which is extremely beneficial for writing a summary.
Second, the format and writing
The format of literature review is different from that of general research papers. This is because research papers focus on research methods and results, especially positive results, while literature review requires readers to introduce detailed information, trends, progress, prospects and comments in the above aspects. Therefore, the format of literature review is relatively diverse, but generally speaking, it includes the following four parts: preface, theme, summary and references. When writing a literature review, you can write an outline according to these four parts, and then write according to the outline.
The preface mainly explains the purpose of writing, introduces related concepts and definitions, outlines the scope, and briefly explains the current situation or focus of debate of related topics, so that readers can have a preliminary outline of the problems to be described in the full text.
The theme part is the main body of the summary, and the writing methods are diverse and there is no fixed format. It can be summarized in chronological order and compared from different angles according to different problems. No matter which format is adopted, the collected documents should be summarized, sorted, analyzed and compared, and the historical background, present situation and development direction of related topics and comments on these issues should be made clear. In the theme part, we should pay special attention to representative, scientific and creative references and comments.
The summary part is somewhat similar to the summary of the research paper. It briefly summarizes the theme of the full text, and authors who have studied the summarized theme had better put forward their own opinions.
Although references are placed at the end of the article, they are an important part of literature review. Because it not only shows the respect for the author of the cited literature and the basis of the cited literature, but also provides clues for readers to discuss related issues in depth. So take it seriously. The arrangement of references should be clear, easy to find and accurate. Regarding the use of references, the recorded items and formats are the same as those of research papers, and they are not repeated.
Third, matters needing attention
Literature should be collected as completely as possible. Mastering a large number of comprehensive documents is the premise of writing a good summary, otherwise it is impossible to write a lot of summaries by collecting a little information casually, and even the articles written will not be a summary at all.
3. Pay attention to the representativeness, reliability and scientificity of the cited documents. There may be similar views in the collected documents, and some documents are different in reliability and science. When quoting documents, we should pay attention to the choice of representativeness and reliability. >; & gt
Question 7: How to write a graduation thesis? I have a lot of materials, and I can also make a structure for you. . Don't cite examples, talk about the discussion process, use charts, give chemical structures, and make self-evaluation. There are many shortcomings in writing abstracts of papers. First, copy down the subtitle (table of contents) in the main body of the paper or the words with some conclusions in the paper; Second, the content is not centralized and the text is too long.
Question 8: How to write a qualified graduation thesis with a certain level? The following is a summary of the experience of this site, hoping to help the students. First, the thesis begins to choose DD topics.
Only when the purpose is clear and correct can we get twice the result with half the effort. So where will you start when choosing a topic? Of course, there are two principles (value principle and feasibility principle) that you must consider.
1、
The principle of value, for those who get a degree, writing a thesis is not only to complete the task, but more importantly, the content of the thesis should be valuable, so when choosing a topic, we should not only look at the difficulty of the procedure, but also consider its value from two aspects, namely, theoretical value or application value. Here, the application value is the first choice, otherwise the written things will have no practical application and communication significance, so it is flashy to be gorgeous and rich again. The so-called application value is aimed at practical problems.
2、
Feasibility principle, when choosing a topic, we should fully consider the subjective and objective conditions, that is, choose those topics that are objectively needed and subjectively capable of completing. The so-called objective conditions are mainly the time, place and environment of writing; Subjective conditions include personal talent, knowledge and materials. Only by doing what you can, can you play a role.
Here is an example. For example, students majoring in business administration can choose a wide range of topics. You can start from a certain link of the enterprise's production, procurement and sales process, from the aspects of finance, personnel, process and strategy. Of course, at present, people are more concerned about the introduction and training of talents and the cooperation of foreign capital, so you can raise valuable questions to discuss on this basis, but if you are only interested, you know little. Second, after the topic is determined, the material is collected.
Where did the materials come from? There are three ways:
1、
From life, life is inexhaustible material, especially for those who have certain work experience, a lot of practical experience will be the most vivid and best material in writing.
2
From books and the Internet, books have their own golden houses. When your topic has been determined, you can find this clue, find relevant books, newspapers and periodicals, and gather them together, and you will naturally find out the context of the article in reading. Of course, I remind you that taking notes in reading is a good way to get twice the result with half the effort, so that you won't look for a needle in a haystack when you think back, and the final reference source of the paper will naturally come. In addition, because of the developed network, it is convenient to find information online, but generally speaking, there is not much information online, which may reduce the authoritative weight of your article. Finally, it's best to know the quantity, weight, source and other requirements of graduation thesis before reading, so as to make arrangements for the allowed quantity and proportion when searching, so as to avoid getting into trouble in the end.
three
From the first-hand information, in the writing of some papers, the school requires students to do some investigations and interviews in person. Such information is first-hand, so the second way mentioned above can be called second-hand information. Generally speaking, if the school has no special requirements, it is best to rely mainly on second-hand information, because compared with the investigation done by itself, it not only consumes energy, material resources and financial resources, but also may not explain the essence of the problem. Third, the concept.
When you find the direction of the topic, prepare the materials, and after reading it, you will find out what you want to write, sometimes there are several, so you should pay attention to several principles when choosing:
1, which meets the actual needs and embodies the spirit of the times.
......& gt& gt
Question 9: I am a civil servant. How should I manage my money? 5 points: bank 1/3, investment 1/3 (stock, partnership, etc. ), and 1/3 in daily life.
The money left in the bank can be kept for a rainy day.