The Dai nationality is one of the ethnic minorities in China. They mainly live in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, and Gengma, Menglian, Jinggu, Xinping, Jinping, Yuanjiang, Shuangjiang and other places in Yunnan Province, with a current population of 1,075,128 people. Mainly engaged in agriculture. The temple towers, bamboo towers and bamboo bridges show unique architectural art. The Dai people are a nation with a long history. During the Han and Jin Dynasties, their ancestors were called "Dian Yue", "Shan", "Shan", "Liao" and "Jiuliao". At the same time, their distribution areas were also called "Dian Yue", "Shan", "Shan", "Liao" and "Jiuliao". "Chengxiang Kingdom"; in the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was called "Mangman", "Gold Teeth", "Yin Teeth", "White Clothes", etc.; in the Yuan and Ming dynasties, it was called "White Clothes", "Baiyi", etc.; after the Qing Dynasty, it was called "Chengxiang Kingdom". It is called "Pai Yi" or "Pai Yi". "Dai" is the self-named name of this ethnic group. According to the distribution area, there are also "Dai Li", "Dai Ya", "Dai Na", "Dai Biao", "Dai Duan" and other self-proclaimed names. After the founding of New China, they were unified as the Dai people according to the will of the nation. In addition, the Dai people in different regions are called "Dry Dai", "Water Dai" and "Huayao Dai" due to their differences in customs and clothing characteristics.
The Dai people have their own language and writing. Dai language belongs to the Zhuang-Dai branch of the Zhuang-Dong language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The Dai script is derived from the pinyin script of the Sanskrit alphabet. There were originally four scripts: Dai Li, Dai Na, Dai Biao and Jin Ping. Currently, there are two scripts in Xishuangbanna and Dehong.
The Dai people are taboo about outsiders riding horses, driving cattle, carrying burdens, and entering the village with messy hair. When entering a Dai bamboo house, you must take off your shoes outside the door and walk softly inside the house; you must not sit on the fire pit. You cannot enter the master's inner room or sit on the threshold above or across the fire pit; you cannot move the tripod on the fire pit, and you cannot step on the fire with your feet; it is taboo to whistle or cut nails at home; you are not allowed to use clothes as pillows or sit on pillows; When wearing clothes, the tops should be dried at a high place, and the pants and skirts should be dried at a low place. When entering a Buddhist temple, you must take off your shoes. It is taboo to touch the heads of young monks, Buddha statues and other Buddhist sacred objects.
The Dai people generally believe in Theravada Buddhism, and many festivals are related to Buddhist activities. The Water-Splashing Festival, held in June of the Dai calendar every year, is the grandest festival. At that time, a grand banquet is held for monks, relatives and friends, and congratulations are exchanged by splashing water. During the Water Splashing Festival, in addition to abundant wine and food, there are also many Dai-style snacks. The more important festivals of the Dai people include the Close-Door Festival and the Open-Door Festival, both of which are Theravada Buddhist festivals. The Dai people in Xinping, Yuanjiang, Jinggu and Jinping celebrate the Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, etc., and the contents and activities are the same as those of the local Han people.
Among the Dai people in Xishuangbanna, when a family builds a house, the whole village comes to help. When the new house is completed, it is the young man who goes upstairs first, carrying the cow's head, singing blessing songs, and the middle-aged man carrying the box. The married women hugged the quilt, and the girls came up one by one with the food. Then they set up a tripod on the fire pit, set the table, prepared wine and food, and sang a song to celebrate the new house. The villagers also gave the host some gifts that symbolized good luck.
The Dai people also worship the social god of their own village. The Dai people call it "Quelaman", which means the protective god. They worship twice a year. They worship before planting rice to pray for a good harvest, and after the autumn harvest. Prayer is to give thanks. Each family prepares tributes and sends them to the room dedicated to the social god. After reciting the sacrificial words, everyone eats. New members who join the community must offer chicken, wine and bacon strips to the community god. The Dai people in Yuanjiang and Xinping areas generally worship Nagarjuna and the Dragon God. When the Yuanjiang Dai people worship Nagarjuna every year in the third month of the lunar calendar, the whole village will kill a red bull. Before killing it, they will paint patterns on the red bull with white ash, and also paint patterns on the bull. Wearing red and green cloth. In the same month, pigs are also killed to offer sacrifices to "God of Heaven and Mother of Earth" in order to protect the safety of livestock.
Tibetans, with a population of approximately 5,416,021 (2000 census data), are mainly distributed in the Tibet Autonomous Region and neighboring provinces such as Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan. Mainly engaged in animal husbandry and agriculture.
Tibetan is a Chinese name. Tibet is called "Bo" in Tibetan, and the Tibetans living here call themselves "Tibetans". "Tibet" is divided into "Duiba" (Ngari region), "Zangba" (Shigatse region), "Weiba" (Lhasa region), "Kham" (western Sichuan region), "Amdo" according to different regions. "Baby" (Qinghai, Yunnan, northwest Sichuan and other regions). The Tibetan language is divided into three dialects: Uizang, Kham and Amdo according to the region.
Tibet, known as the "roof of the world", is beautiful and magical. It is the main inhabited place of Tibetans. Tibetans account for 95% of the current population of more than 1.3 million. Tibetans are one of the ancient ethnic groups in China. According to historical records, as early as before the Qin and Han dynasties, Tibetan ancestors lived on both sides of the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. Due to the vast grassland and fertile water and grass, most production is based on animal husbandry. Mainly sheep, goats, yaks, and oxen. Among them, the yak has a large body and long hair, and is cold-resistant and heavy-bearing. In addition to providing milk and meat, it is also a "plateau boat" for transportation. Agriculture is mainly based on the cultivation of highland barley, but also crops such as wheat, rapeseed, and peas. Tibetan costumes for both men and women are still intact. Different regions have different costumes, which is of great value to the study of Tibetan costume culture.
Tibetans have their own language and writing. It belongs to the Tibetan branch of the Tibeto-Burman language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The use of Tibetan has strengthened the economic ties between Tibetans and the Central Plains region of their motherland. From the 10th century to the 16th century, Tibetan culture flourished. For hundreds of years, Tibetan culture flourished. In addition to the two world-famous Buddhist series "Kangyur" and "Tengyur", there are also monographs on rhythm, literature, philosophy, history and geography, astronomy, calendar, medicine, etc. published.
The Tibetan people are enthusiastic, cheerful, forthright and unrestrained.
They live freely with singing and dancing as their companions. Tibetan folk songs are melodious, harmonious and melodious. The singing is accompanied by various dances. The dance is graceful and the rhythm is lively. Among them, tap dance, Guozhuang dance and Xianzi dance are the most widely spread. Zanba, butter and highland barley wine made from highland barley are the main foods for farmers and herdsmen. Zanba is fried noodles made from fried highland barley or peas. Mix the tsampa with butter tea or highland barley wine and knead it into small balls with your hands before eating. Butter tea is made by pouring brick tea leaves into a 1-meter-long wooden tube, adding salt and butter, and hitting it up and down with a long shaft to evenly blend the various ingredients. Tibetan compatriots would rather go without meat for three months than go without butter tea for a day. Highland barley wine is a low-alcohol wine brewed from locally produced highland barley. It is popular among men, women, old and young. The food mostly uses meat and dairy products. Many people like to eat dried beef and mutton. The traditional Tibetan festival of Zhuanshanhui is also known as the Mufo Festival and the Mountain God Respecting Festival. Popular in Ganzi and Aba Tibetan areas. Every year on the 8th day of April in the lunar calendar, the birthday is bathed in Kowloon leaf water, so it is also called the Buddha Mu Festival. On this day every year, people from far and near in the Garze Tibetan area, dressed in national costumes, gather on Paoma Mountain and the Zheduo River. People first go to the temple to burn incense and pray and burn paper money. Then they go around the mountain to worship the gods and pray for their blessings. After walking around the mountain, we set up a tent for a picnic and performed Tibetan opera. Sing folk songs, dance Guozhuang dance and Xianzi dance, and the riders also compete in horse racing and archery. During this period, people will also hold material exchange activities and other cultural and sports activities.
The Flower Picking Festival is a traditional Tibetan festival in Boyu, Nanping County. It is held every year on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month and lasts for two days. Legend has it that Boyu was a remote ravine a long time ago. People lived by gathering and hunting, and used leaves and animal skins to make clothes. One day, a girl named Lianzhi came from afar. She was beautiful, kind, and clever. She taught the local people to cultivate land, weave and sew clothes, and she also collected lilies to treat people's illnesses. One year on the fifth day of May, Lianzhi went up to the mountain to pick flowers, but was swept off a cliff by a nickel wind and fell to her death. People were very sad, so they went to the mountains to pick flowers on this day to commemorate her. Over time, the Flower Picking Festival was formed.
New Year's Day in the Yellow Tibetan calendar is the most important festival for the Tibetan people. They dress in costumes to pay New Year greetings to each other and go to temples to pray for blessings. On the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, religious services are held in major temples, and at night, butter lamps are lit in every house. In temples such as Ta'er in Qinghai and the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa, the butter flowers made by lamas from butter are brightly colored and exquisitely sculptured, and are famous far and wide. April 15th is said to be the day when Sakyamuni became a Buddha and Princess Wencheng arrived in Tibet. Religious activities are held in various places to commemorate this day. In July, when the grain harvest is in sight, farmers carry scriptures on their backs and go around the fields to celebrate the Fruit Festival and wish for a good harvest that year.
Answer: yclqy1992917 - Clerk Level 3 9-14 18:16
2. The language of the Dai people
The Dai language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family The Zhuang-Dai branch of the Dong language family. It is divided into Xishuangbanna dialect, Dehong dialect and Jinping dialect. The Pinyin script of the Dai people is derived from the Sanskrit alphabet and varies from place to place. In 1954, the writing reform was carried out, which was divided into Dai Na script (Dehong), Dai La script (Xishuangbanna), Dai Biao script (Ruili, Gengma, Lancang and other places) and Jinping Dai script. There are currently two Dai languages ??in use, Xishuangbanna and Dehong.
3. The astronomical calendar of the Dai people
The Dai people have their own traditional calendar. It is called "Zula Saha" in Dai language, which means "Little Calendar". Its origin can be traced back to the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, and the current Dai calendar began before the Ming Dynasty. It is a lunar calendar. The year of the Dai calendar is a solar year, which is the time it takes to revolve around the sun; the month of the Dai calendar is a lunar month, which is based on one cycle of the moon. A year is divided into 12 months, a single month has 30 days, and an even month has 29 days. With June as the beginning of the year, its first month is equivalent to October in the lunar calendar. There are 350 or 355 days in an ordinary year, and 384 days in a leap year. The Dai calendar began in 638 AD.
4. Medicine and health care of the Dai people
As a piece of knowledge, Dai medicine is an important part of the scientific culture of the Dai people. For thousands of years, the Dai people have constantly summed up their experience in the fight against diseases, accumulated rich folk prescriptions, and collected thousands of herbal medicines. Among them, "Danghaya" (medical book) is an important medical document of the Dai people.
According to documentary records: When the Dai people moved to Jingyong, many villages died of epidemics. Only in one village, at the head of Jingyong, not only did no one die of the disease, but all of them were strong and healthy. . They opened many fields and production developed rapidly. One day, an old man named Bo went up the mountain to pick wild fruits. He passed by this village and saw that everyone in the village was very healthy. He felt strange, so he asked the people in the village: "What do you eat? Why are you eating so much?" Are they all strong?" The people in the village told him: "We didn't eat anything else. It was just that when we first came, everyone went to the mountains to pick wild fruits and vegetables to eat. Maybe there was some reason for this."
After Potiya returned, he told people in other villages about this situation and advised everyone to give it a try and go up the mountain to pick wild vegetables to eat. Everyone wanted to cure their illness, so they followed Bo's tooth's instructions. After a period of time, it really took effect and the disease was significantly reduced. Bodiya carefully selected and preserved samples from the wild fruits and vegetables that everyone picked back. From now on, whenever someone in the village gets sick, he will find these fruits and vegetables for the patient to eat in the same way. Some of them will cure the disease, and some of them will have less obvious effects, while others will be effective if they are eaten. In this way, he slowly summarized and accumulated experience. Whenever someone got sick (mainly malaria at that time), he would treat different types of diseases respectively.
Gradually, the diseases decreased and people became healthy. The Dai people called Potiya "Moya", which means a person who can cure diseases. Since then there have been Dai doctors. Only after writing was created, it was recorded and became the more complete medical book of the Dai people today.
"Traditional Dai Medical Manuscripts": Classical medical works of the Dai people. It records the theories and treatment methods of traditional Dai medicine on medicine, prescriptions and preparations. There are several types of "Bayue manuscripts" that have been preserved to this day, including "Baye manuscripts" written on bay leaves and "Cotton paper manuscripts" copied on paper supported by paper mulberry bark. This is a treasure in China's medical heritage. Currently, the "Dehong Dai Medicine Prescription Collection" and the "Xishuangbanna Dai Medicine Chronicle" in both Dai and Chinese have been compiled and published based on these manuscripts.
5. Religious beliefs of the Dai people
The Dai people are a nation that believes in Theravada Buddhism, which is called "Puta Sasana" in Dai language. It has a profound impact on the politics, economy, culture and art of Dai society. It was introduced into the Dai area around the 6th to 8th centuries AD. Before that, the ancestors of the Dai people believed in polytheistic worship, which was also called primitive religion. Due to the widespread spread of Buddhism, Buddhist temples are very common in Dai areas. It seems to be a natural thing to send a child to a temple to become a monk, especially in the Xishuangbanna area. When the boys are 8 to 10 years old, almost all boys must enter the temple to live as a monk. They learn scriptures and literacy there, and usually return home after one to five years. There are 84,000 Tripitakas in Dai language, most of which are inscribed on bay leaves and are called Bay Leaves Sutra. Some of them are writings developed and supplemented by Dai monks and laypeople based on Buddhist teachings.
6. Literature of the Dai people
National literature: The Dai people have rich folk literary and artistic works, including long narrative poems, fables, myths, legends, fairy tales, etc. Many famous long narrative poems, such as "Zhaoshutun and Dimu Nuona", "Ebing and Sangluo", "Aluan's Story", etc. are famous both at home and abroad.
Epic: "Bata Maga Peng Shang Luo" is also known as "Southern Master Pata Maga Pasa Dai". The creation epic of the Dai people. The content includes the creation of the world, the formation of human beings, and the process of the rise, migration and settlement of the Dai ancestors. It contains many mythological stories and historical figures of the Dai people. It is an ancient document that studies the ancient myths and society of the Dai people.
Historical book: "Historical History" was originally called "Nangsi Ben Menglu" ("Chronicle of Xishuangbanna Dynasties"). The book adopts a chronological style to record the main historical facts of the Dai people from 1180 (542 years of the Dai calendar) when the Dai leader Ba Zhen entered Xishuangbanna and established the Jingjindian Kingdom to the liberation of Xishuangbanna in 1950. There is a translation of this book published by Yunnan University in 1947, titled "History of Lu" by Li Fuyi, and the translation is from 1180 to 1864. In 1958, Zhang Gongjin supplemented the translation of the part from 1844 to 1950, which was titled "Continuing the History of Lu - Major Events in Xishuangbanna in the Past Hundred Years". There are other translations of this book with different details. "History" provides future generations with many precious materials to understand the social history of the Dai people, and is an important historical document of the Dai people.
7. Drama of the Dai Nationality
There are Thai-Burmese song and dance dramas in Xishuangbanna, and Chinese-style Dai dramas along the Tenglong River. Songs and dances are performed in larger religious gatherings. For example, the annual winter Buddhist meeting on Xuanwei Street in Cheche has song and dance performances for three consecutive nights. The plots include historical stories, religious myths, and love legends, while the costumes and costumes are There are all kinds of strange things, including dragons, peacocks, turtles, cranes, deer, clams, etc. made of paper, and the paintings are bright. The actress, disguised as a beautiful woman, wrapped the peacock made of paper around her body in two parts, the front and back, and flew away with its wings. Actors disguised as young people perform a deer dance with paper deer wrapped around their bodies. For the big turtle, a person lies in the belly of the turtle, and his hands and feet are the four legs of the turtle. There is a mechanism in the neck of the turtle, which can make the glans head extend several feet and then retract into the belly, causing the audience to laugh.
Dai Opera: Dai Opera has a history of about two hundred years. Earlier plays include "Twelve Horses", "Gongsun Plowing the Fields", "Chang Shao Duet", etc. By the beginning of this century, Yingjiang Tusi established the first Dai opera troupe. Based on the original plays, it absorbed and adapted many Peking opera and Yunnan opera plays, and also absorbed their costumes, props, musical instruments, etc. , enriching Dai opera. Dai opera generally has few characters, and mainly reflects the production labor and living customs of the working people. The performance forms are flexible, diverse, lively, and the content is short and concise. It has a strong flavor of life and national characteristics, and is deeply loved by the Dai people. and welcome.
Dai Opera: a type of Dai opera. It is popular in Yingjiang, Luxi, Lianghe, Longchuan, Ruili and other counties in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan, as well as Dai inhabited areas in Baoshan, Tengchong, Longling and other counties in Baoshan. Dai opera is based on Dai folk songs and dances such as "Mao Shao Duo Sing" (a song and dance performed by men and women), "Playing the White Horse" (a song and dance performed to bless each family during New Years and holidays), and "Yinhai" (a song and dance performed by driving cattle). Basically, after learning from Yunnan lanterns, it has developed into songs and dances such as "Twelve Horses" and "Butun La" (an old man plowing fields) with certain plots and characters, absorbing the repertoire, performances, and strikes of Yunnan opera. Music, a relatively complete form of opera that gradually formed.
The performance of Dai opera is developed and enriched by absorbing the performance skills of Han opera on the basis of refining various dances of the nation, and has distinctive national characteristics.
Traditional repertoire includes "Pahan", "Thousand-petaled Lotus", "Red Lotus Treasure", "Anuan Haidong", "Lang Jinbu", "Seven Sisters" and "Sinan", which are adapted from Dai folklore and folk narrative poems. "The King", etc.; there are "The Return of the Three Saints", "The Usurpation of the Throne by Wang Mang", "Three Journeys to the East of the River", "Muke Village", "Huaguoshan", "The Peach Fair", etc. which are adapted from Han operas and novels; There are "Mu Ying's First Conquest of the South" and "Sister Zhang" based on historical stories and legends; there are newly created modern plays "Three Turns of Waves on the Rock", "The Wedding of Waves Over Stone", "The Edge of the Golden Lake", " "On the Border", "Three Ugly Club", etc. The more influential plays include "Butunla", "Tao Hesheng", "Ebing and Sangluo", "Yansuo Nong", etc.
Most of the Dai literature works have a strong mythological color. Regarding the oldest myth about the creation of the world, the most widely circulated among the Dai people is "Busanggei and Yasangei". To this day, the Dai people still refer to Busangei and Yasangei as "our ancestors". There are magical legends about opening up Xishuangbanna, Mengzhe and Yiwu, establishing villages, cutting firewood, building houses, etc. In the Dai area, stories about smart people such as Zhaomahe, Aisu and Aixi are also widely circulated. These idealized characters possess omnipotent abilities and superhuman wisdom.
The poetry of the Dai people includes two categories: ballads and long narrative poems. There are professional or semi-professional singers among the Dai people, which are called "Zanha" in Dai language.
Zanha: Dai nationality song type. "Zanha" means folk singer in Dai language. Zanha singing is a traditional literary and artistic form popular among Dai people. The form is flexible and simple. One person has one flute and can sing anytime and anywhere. It is known as the salt of Dai people's life. Most of the traditional repertoire is folk tales and myths and legends, and there are also hunting songs and drinking songs improvised by artists, such as "Zhaoshutun", "Four Burmese Osmanthus", "Congratulations on the New House", "Harujiao", etc.; newly compiled The repertoire is "Song of Liusha River", "Rainbow", etc. Zanha plays an extremely important role in the inheritance and development of Dai folk literature. Their singing is beautiful and vivid, their characters are delicate and euphemistic, and they have strong artistic appeal. They have the talent for improvisation and are deeply loved and welcomed by the masses.
Ancient ballads are the bud of Dai literature and are still circulated among the people orally and in manuscript form. Many short works in "Old Ballads of the Dai" published by China Folk Literature and Art Publishing House (Yunnan) reflect the life, labor, thoughts and feelings of the Dai ancestors in the primitive era. For example, "Centipede Song" describes how humans gradually understand the objective world through practice. "Song of Fetching Water" describes the gradual changes of human beings in their living conditions; "Song of Picking Fruit" and "Song of Gathering Fungi" describe human working life. These poems are simple in form and lively in rhythm.
The long narrative poem is a dazzling pearl in the treasure house of Dai literature. Basically it can be divided into three categories: mythological narrative poems, odes to Aluan, and love tragedy narrative poems. The contents of mythological narrative poems and myths and legends are basically similar. There are many odes about Aluan. The word "Aluan" is said to come from Sanskrit and refers to a skilled craftsman. In Dai language, it refers to a hero who is poor, strong-willed, capable, upright and kind, or a kind-hearted person who is blessed and capable. Buddhists describe these stories as describing the reincarnation of Sakyamuni. The Aluan story contains elements of promoting Buddhist teachings, but the entire content goes far beyond the scope of Buddhist thought. It can be called a collection of Dai folk stories. The content involves the social structure, political system, class relations, ethics, marriage and love at that time, etc. .
With the introduction of Buddhism into the Dai area, Indian culture had a huge impact on Dai literature. "Wusamari" evolved from a short story in India. The plot of "Rangasihe" is similar to the Indian epic "Ramayana", but the theme, characters and story structure have changed. The long poem strengthens Zhaolangma's war against the ten-headed demon king and becomes a huge picture reflecting social life, political struggle and religious struggle.
Dai Buddhism has preserved a rich collection of classics. The translated Tripitaka Buddhist scriptures include quite a few scriptures, laws, and treatises, as well as many foreign Tibetan scriptures. Some of these classics are Pali manuscripts transliterated with Dai characters, which preserve the relatively early appearance of Theravada Buddhist scriptures, and some are works by Dai monks based on Buddhist teachings, which record a lot of history and history of the Dai region. Geography, language, and literary materials. Most of the classics in Xishuangbanna, Menglian, Gengma and other places are inscribed on bay leaves, called "Bei Ye Sutra". In other areas, they are mostly written on locally made textured cotton paper.
8. Dai music
Dai music has a unique national style, including folk songs, song and dance music, rap music, and opera music.
2. The language of the Dai people
The Dai language belongs to the Zhuang-Dai branch of the Zhuang-Dong language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is divided into Xishuangbanna dialect, Dehong dialect and Jinping dialect. The Pinyin script of the Dai people is derived from the Sanskrit alphabet and varies from place to place. In 1954, the writing reform was carried out, which was divided into Dai Na script (Dehong), Dai La script (Xishuangbanna), Dai Biao script (Ruili, Gengma, Lancang, etc.) and Jinping Dai script. There are currently two Dai languages ??in use, Xishuangbanna and Dehong.
3. The astronomical calendar of the Dai people
The Dai people have their own traditional calendar. It is called "Zula Saha" in Dai language, which means "Little Calendar". Its origin can be traced back to the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, and the current Dai calendar began before the Ming Dynasty. It is a lunar calendar.
The year of the Dai calendar is a solar year, which is the time it takes to revolve around the sun; the month of the Dai calendar is a lunar month, which is based on one cycle of the moon. A year is divided into 12 months, a single month has 30 days, and an even month has 29 days. With June as the beginning of the year, its first month is equivalent to October in the lunar calendar. There are 350 or 355 days in an ordinary year, and 384 days in a leap year. The Dai calendar began in 638 AD.
4. Medicine and health care of the Dai people
As a kind of knowledge, Dai medicine is an important part of the scientific culture of the Dai people. For thousands of years, the Dai people have constantly summed up their experience in the fight against diseases, accumulated rich folk prescriptions, and collected thousands of herbal medicines. Among them, "Danghaya" (medical book) is an important medical document of the Dai people.
According to documentary records: When the Dai people moved to Jingyong, many villages died of epidemics. Only in one village, at the head of Jingyong, not only did no one die of the disease, but all of them were strong and healthy. . They opened many fields and production developed rapidly. One day, an old man named Bo went up the mountain to pick wild fruits. He passed by this village and saw that everyone in the village was very healthy. He felt strange, so he asked the people in the village: "What do you eat? Why are you eating so much?" Are they all strong?" The people in the village told him: "We didn't eat anything else. It was just that when we first came, everyone went to the mountains to pick wild fruits and vegetables to eat. Maybe there was some reason for this."
After Bo Tiya returned, he told people in other villages about this situation and advised everyone to give it a try and go up the mountain to pick wild vegetables to eat. Everyone wanted to cure their illness, so they followed Bo's tooth's instructions. After a period of time, it really took effect and the disease was significantly reduced. Bodiya carefully selected and preserved samples from the wild fruits and vegetables that everyone picked back. From now on, whenever someone in the village gets sick, he will find these fruits and vegetables for the patient to eat in the same way. Some of them will cure the disease, and some of them will have less obvious effects, while others will be effective if they are eaten. In this way, he slowly summarized and accumulated experience. Whenever someone got sick (mainly malaria at that time), he would treat different types of diseases respectively. Gradually, the diseases decreased and people became healthy. The Dai people called Potiya "Moya", which means a person who can cure diseases. Since then there have been Dai doctors. Only after writing was created, it was recorded and became the more complete medical book of the Dai people today.
"Traditional Dai Medical Manuscripts": Classical medical works of the Dai people. It records the theories and treatment methods of traditional Dai medicine on medicine, prescriptions and preparations. There are several types of "Bayue manuscripts" that have been preserved to this day, including "Baye manuscripts" written on bay leaves and "Cotton paper manuscripts" copied on paper supported by paper mulberry bark. This is a treasure in China's medical heritage. Currently, the "Dehong Dai Medicine Prescription Collection" and the "Xishuangbanna Dai Medicine Chronicle" in both Dai and Chinese have been compiled and published based on these manuscripts.
5. Religious beliefs of the Dai people
The Dai people are a nation that believes in Theravada Buddhism, which is called "Puta Sasana" in Dai language. It has a profound impact on the politics, economy, culture and art of Dai society. It was introduced into the Dai area around the 6th to 8th centuries AD. Before that, the ancestors of the Dai people believed in polytheistic worship, which was also called primitive religion. Due to the widespread spread of Buddhism, Buddhist temples are very common in Dai areas. It seems to be a natural thing to send a child to a temple to become a monk, especially in the Xishuangbanna area. When the boys are 8 to 10 years old, almost all boys must enter the temple to live as a monk. They learn scriptures and literacy there, and usually return home after one to five years. There are 84,000 Tripitakas in Dai language, most of which are inscribed on bay leaves and are called Bay Leaves Sutra. Some of them are writings developed and supplemented by Dai monks and laypeople based on Buddhist teachings.
6. Literature of the Dai people
National literature: The Dai people have rich folk literary and artistic works, including long narrative poems, fables, myths, legends, fairy tales, etc. Many famous long narrative poems, such as "Zhaoshutun and Dimu Nuona", "Ebing and Sangluo", "Aluan's Story", etc. are famous both at home and abroad.
Epic: "Bata Maga Peng Shang Luo" is also known as "Southern Master Pata Maga Pasa Dai". The creation epic of the Dai people. The content includes the creation of the world, the formation of human beings, and the process of the rise, migration and settlement of the Dai ancestors. It contains many mythological stories and historical figures of the Dai people. It is an ancient book document that studies the ancient myths and society of the Dai people.
Historical book: "Historical History" was originally called "Nangsi Ben Menglu" ("Chronicle of Xishuangbanna Dynasties"). The book adopts a chronological style to record the main historical facts of the Dai people from 1180 (542 years of the Dai calendar) when the Dai leader Ba Zhen entered Xishuangbanna and established the Jingjindian Kingdom to the liberation of Xishuangbanna in 1950. There is a translation of this book published by Yunnan University in 1947, titled "History of Lu" by Li Fuyi, and the translation is from 1180 to 1864. In 1958, Zhang Gongjin supplemented the translation of the part from 1844 to 1950, which was titled "Continuing the History of Lu - Major Events in Xishuangbanna in the Past Hundred Years". There are other translations of this book with different details. "History" provides future generations with many precious materials to understand the social history of the Dai people, and is an important historical document of the Dai people.
7. Drama of the Dai Nationality
There are Thai-Burmese song and dance dramas in Xishuangbanna, and Chinese-style Dai dramas along the Tenglong River. Songs and dances are performed in larger religious gatherings. For example, the annual winter Buddhist meeting on Xuanwei Street in Cheche has song and dance performances for three consecutive nights. The plots include historical stories, religious myths, and love legends, while the costumes and costumes are There are all kinds of strange things, including dragons, peacocks, turtles, cranes, deer, clams, etc. made of paper, and the paintings are bright.
The actress, disguised as a beautiful woman, wrapped the peacock made of paper around her body in two parts, the front and back, and flew away with its wings. Actors disguised as young people perform a deer dance with paper deer wrapped around their bodies. For the big turtle, a person lies in the belly of the turtle, and his hands and feet are the four legs of the turtle. There is a mechanism in the neck of the turtle, which can make the glans head extend several feet and then retract into the belly, causing the audience to laugh.
Dai Opera: Dai Opera has a history of about two hundred years. Earlier plays include "Twelve Horses", "Gongsun Plowing the Fields", "Chang Shao Duet", etc. By the beginning of this century, Yingjiang Tusi established the first Dai opera troupe. Based on the original plays, it absorbed and adapted many Peking opera and Yunnan opera plays, and also absorbed their costumes, props, musical instruments, etc. , enriching Dai opera. Dai opera generally has few characters, and mainly reflects the production labor and living customs of the working people. The performance forms are flexible, diverse, lively, and the content is short and concise. It has a strong flavor of life and national characteristics, and is deeply loved by the Dai people. and welcome.
Dai Opera: a type of Dai opera. It is popular in Yingjiang, Luxi, Lianghe, Longchuan, Ruili and other counties in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan, as well as Dai inhabited areas in Baoshan, Tengchong, Longling and other counties in Baoshan. Dai opera is based on Dai folk songs and dances such as "Mao Shao Duo Sing" (a song and dance performed by men and women), "Playing the White Horse" (a song and dance performed to bless each family during New Years and holidays), and "Yinhai" (a song and dance performed by driving cattle). Basically, after learning from Yunnan lanterns, it has developed into songs and dances such as "Twelve Horses" and "Butun La" (an old man plowing fields) with certain plots and characters, absorbing the repertoire, performances, and strikes of Yunnan opera. Music, a relatively complete form of opera that gradually formed.
The performance of Dai opera is developed and enriched by absorbing the performance skills of Han opera on the basis of refining various dances of the nation, and has distinctive national characteristics. Traditional repertoire includes "Pahan", "Thousand-petaled Lotus", "Red Lotus Treasure", "Anuan Haidong", "Lang Jinbu", "Seven Sisters" and "Sinan", which are adapted from Dai folklore and folk narrative poems. "The King", etc.; there are "The Return of the Three Saints", "The Usurpation of the Throne by Wang Mang", "Three Journeys to the East of the River", "Muke Village", "Huaguo Mountain", "The Peach Fair", etc. which are adapted from Han operas and novels; There are "Mu Ying's First Conquest of the South" and "Sister Zhang" based on historical stories and legends; there are newly created modern plays "Three Turns of Waves on the Rock", "The Wedding of Waves Over Stone", "The Edge of the Golden Lake", " "On the Border", "Three Ugly Club", etc. The more influential plays include "Butunla", "Tao Hesheng", "Ebing and Sangluo", "Yansuo Nong", etc.
Most Dai literary works have a strong mythological color. Regarding the oldest myth about the creation of the world, the most widely circulated among the Dai people is "Busanggei and Yasangei". To this day, the Dai people still refer to Busangei and Yasangei as "our ancestors". There are magical legends about opening up Xishuangbanna, Mengzhe and Yiwu, establishing villages, cutting firewood, building houses, etc. In the Dai area, stories about smart people such as Zhaomahe, Aisu and Aixi are also widely circulated. These idealized characters possess omnipotent abilities and superhuman wisdom.
The poetry of the Dai people includes two categories: ballads and long narrative poems. There are professional or semi-professional singers among the Dai people, which are called "Zanha" in Dai language.
Zanha: Dai nationality song type. "Zanha" means folk singer in Dai language. Zanha singing is a traditional literary and artistic form popular among Dai people. The form is flexible and simple. One person has one flute and can sing anytime and anywhere. It is known as the salt of Dai people's life. Most of the traditional repertoire is folk tales and myths and legends, and there are also hunting songs and drinking songs improvised by artists, such as "Zhaoshutun", "Four Burmese Osmanthus", "Congratulations on the New House", "Harujiao", etc.; newly compiled The repertoire is "Song of Liusha River", "Rainbow", etc. Zanha plays an extremely important role in the inheritance and development of Dai folk literature. Their singing is beautiful and vivid, their characters are delicate and euphemistic, and they have strong artistic appeal. They have the talent for improvisation and are deeply loved and welcomed by the masses.
Ancient ballads are the bud of Dai literature and are still circulated among the people orally and in manuscript form. Many short works in "Old Ballads of the Dai" published by China Folk Literature and Art Publishing House (Yunnan) reflect the life, labor, thoughts and feelings of the Dai ancestors in the primitive era. For example, "Centipede Song" describes how humans gradually understand the objective world through practice. "Song of Fetching Water" describes the gradual changes of human beings in their living conditions; "Song of Picking Fruit" and "Song of Gathering Fungi" describe human working life. These poems are simple in form and lively in rhythm.
The long narrative poem is a dazzling pearl in the treasure house of Dai literature. Basically, it can be divided into three categories: mythological narrative poems, odes to Aluan, and love tragedy narrative poems. The contents of mythological narrative poems and myths and legends are basically similar. There are many odes about Aluan. The word "Aluan" is said to come from Sanskrit and refers to a skilled craftsman.
In Dai language, it means being born in a poor family, strong-willed, and highly capable.