CLASSICAL MUSIC is translated as "classical music" in Chinese. Some people think that "classical" feels antique and old-fashioned, so it is renamed "classical music". Some people also call it "serious music" based on the definition of classical in the Oxford English Dictionary, in traditional and serious style. As a result, "classical music" has been labeled as "serious" again, making people even more afraid to approach it. But the person who made this definition must not have checked the dictionary carefully, because the second meaning of serious is defined as follows: (referring to books, music, etc.) to inspire thinking, not just for entertainment. Therefore, we know that what makes classical music different from popular music is that it has profound connotations, can make people think deeply, and can make people noble and avoid vulgarity. Let’s take a look at Longman Dictionary’s explanation of classical music: music that people consider serious and that has been popular for a long time. It can be seen that classical music is music that has withstood the test of time, remains popular for a long time, and is loved by everyone. Classical music is an independent genre that emphasizes refinement of artistic techniques and the pursuit of rational expression of emotions.

Classical music is a term with a broad meaning. Western classical music in a broad sense refers to music created in the mainstream European cultural context from the Western Middle Ages to the present, or rooted in traditional Western liturgy. Music and secular music, its scope covers the entire period from about the 9th century AD to the present. It is mainly different from popular music and folk music because of its complex and diverse creation techniques and the heavy connotation it can carry. Geographically, this music was primarily composed in Europe and the Americas, as opposed to non-Western music. In addition, Western classical music is mainly recorded and disseminated through sheet music, which is different from the oral and heart-to-heart model of most folk music.

Some people also think that "classical" corresponds to "popular" because these music can withstand the test of time and can arouse the excitement of listeners in different eras, so they think it should be called "Classic" music.

But if you look closely at the word classical, its original meaning can be understood as music works that have been handed down from ancient times and can be called classics (ancient + classic). But generally speaking, classical music is music with a regular nature and balance. , clear characteristics, focusing on the beauty of form, are considered to have lasting value, rather than just being popular in a specific era. This is also reflected in the difference between "classical" and "classic".

Classical music originally refers specifically to the music of Germany and Austria represented by Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven from 1750 to 1830, that is, the music of the so-called "Vienna Classical School" (or translated as "Viennese Classical Music"). This is classical music in the narrow sense.

Starting from this narrow concept of classical music, we can trace it back to Bach, Handel, and even earlier Catholic and Christian religious music, and extend backward to romanticism, national music school, and Modern music in the West in the 20th century. These are all classical music in a broad sense, that is, based on this tradition. Whether they are inheriting and carrying forward this tradition, or trying to break through this tradition with innovation, they can all be included in classical music. Although music that develops independently outside this tradition has borrowed from and influenced classical music creation, it is generally not included in classical music, such as jazz, rock music, and the music of some Eastern ethnic groups.

So for the broad term "classical music", the definition of European art music is more accurate.

The main difference between European art music and other non-European music and popular music systems is the different notation methods. Its rules are roughly derived from the notation methods that have been used since the 16th century. In Western notation, the composer stipulates the pitch, meter, speed, unique rhythm and accurate performance method for the same piece of music to the performer. This notation model, which leaves little room for improvisation, differs greatly from non-European art music (as opposed to traditional Japanese and Indian music) and popular music.

Classical music, as a name for a category in music, exists relative to categories such as light music and popular music. It does not have a strict and clear explanation or definition. In the scope of light music, the concept of "classical" is sometimes used to refer to certain light music works that have been tested by time and are regarded as models by people, such as classical operettas, classical jazz, etc. Classical here is understood as "ancient + classic", It seems more appropriate.

The feeling of classical music

When people listen to the music works of Beethoven, Mozart, Schubert and other classical musicians, it brings them not only beautiful melodies, Full of interesting music and sincere emotions, they may be tranquil and elegant, or shocking and inspiring, or joyful and happy, or sad and melancholy...

Edit this historical evolution

[Classical Music Series]

Classical Music Series

Speaking of European classical music, we must mention the Elizabethan period in the Middle Ages. Among the music of the Gregorian period, religious music dominated! People's belief and worship of Christ at that time directly affected the politics and music of the society at that time. The music at that time was purely religious and was limited to singing in churches without musical instruments. However, it played a role in the future development of music. Important role!

The Influence of the Renaissance

By 1450, European music began to enter the Renaissance. Due to the political instability in Europe at that time, the prestige and power of the Holy See began to weaken, and the bourgeoisie In order to adapt to the development of society and people's new ideas at that time, music began to promote people-oriented ideas, so the Renaissance movement began in various fields. It was at that time that the traditional European major and minor modes gradually formed!

Beginning in 1600, Europe entered a period of great development - the Baroque period, which not only produced great composers such as Bach and Handel, as we all know, but also produced operas, concertos, and sonatas. Other themes have been created and developed one after another.

Changes in music style

When European music entered the classical period, that is, after Bach's death in 1750, there was no successor to polyphony in Europe, and the music style turned to simple and practical main tunes. , three music masters appeared: Haydn, the "Father of Symphony", Mozart, the "Prodigy", and Beethoven, the "Music Saint"! The theme of music has also gradually changed from religious music that lasted for centuries to classical music with rich philosophical connotations!

After Beethoven's death in 1827, the rigorous classicism period ended. At that time, Europe was undergoing the baptism of Romanticism. Composers at that time regarded composition as a means of expressing inner emotions. Their aesthetic appreciation of music also developed further, and musical expression techniques such as dazzling skills were produced! For example, Paganini and Liszt were very popular performers at that time! Music expressions and styles are becoming increasingly rich, and there are some national composers who create in national music languages, such as Finland's Sibelius, Norway's Grieg, Russia's Five Powerful Group, etc., all of whom are members of the national music school. Great composer.

[Classical Music Series]

Classical Music Series

Time entered the 19th century, and Impressionist music led by Debussy appeared! The musical performance is very colorful, which is similar to the painting style at that time!

In the late Romantic period, when the European tonal system developed into its most glorious and final period, I have to mention composers such as Rachmaninov and Mahler, who combined European traditional compositions with The French method has developed to its extreme, and of course it also includes new attempts, with magnificent works such as Mahler's Eighth Symphony "Chorus of a Thousand" appearing. Furthermore, there is Stravinsky. His neoclassicism advocated polyphony and counterpoint, and adopted polytonality, which played a vital role in the transition from traditional composition methods to avant-garde music!

At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, music had another breakthrough development. Composers starting with Webern broke the twelve-note composition method and abandoned nearly 400 years of European tunes. Sexual system, invented the twelve-tone sequence, and later atonality and other musical forms appeared, such as Schoenberg at that time! After the world war, science and technology became more developed, people's thoughts became richer, electronic music appeared, and cultural exchanges between countries continued to integrate, resulting in richer and more diversified music forms! The music after 1945 is called avant-garde music. The music at this time has shaken people's view of the beauty of music, and has become more theoretical, producing music forms that people cannot understand, such as silent music, noise, microtones, etc.!

Note: According to the broad definition of classical music: from the perspective of professional music creation from the 17th to the 19th century, both Impressionist music and modern music belong to the category of classical music; according to the strict definition of classical music, then Classical refers to the musical works of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven and others.

Medieval Period

(Medieval Period) (before 1450)

This period is mainly the single songs preserved by the Roman Catholic Church and widely sung in churches. A collection of vocal songs. It is mostly used in two liturgies: the first is Mass, with lyrics commemorating the Last Supper of Christ and his dedication, which is the center of the church ceremony; the second is the daily service, which is the eight sacraments sung every day in the monastery, mainly based on psalms. host. Recommended: GREGORIAN CHANT

Baroque period

(Baroque) (approximately 1600-1750 AD)

The music of this period is the forerunner of modern concerts. The composer's Baroque music has obvious characteristics: gorgeous, complex, ornamental, distorted, focusing on the surreal and majestic, these qualities can be integrated into each other.

If the Renaissance era (and later the classical era) represented order and clarity, then the Baroque era (and the later romantic era) represented turmoil, unrest and doubt. Four-part harmony and "figured bass" with text indicating chords were all produced in the Baroque era; the disappearance of the old ecclesiastical modes and the rise of the major and minor scale systems and related tonality that are still in use today are Events of the Baroque Era. In addition, the idea of ??rhythm also sprouted in this era, that is, adding bar lines to music scores. These forms later directly derived into sonatas, symphonies, concertos, preludes and variations. However, there were also some free musical forms in the Baroque era - such as touch, fantasy, overture and theme imitation (ancient fantasy).

Classical Period

(Classical) (approximately 1750-1820 AD)

Because of the three representative figures of this period: Haydn, Mozart, and Beddo Fenn's life and creation were mainly in Vienna, so he is also called the "Viennese Classical School" or "Viennese Classical Music". Among the writers of this period, Mozart's Serenade and Divertiments are very popular. Haydn's Cello Concertos No. 1 and 2 will also be very suitable for beginners to enjoy. As for Beethoven's works, the powerful sound is at your fingertips. Personally, I prefer his violin sonata "Spring", piano sonatas "Pathétique", "Passion" and "Moonlight".

Romanticism

(Romanticism) (approximately 1820-1900 AD)

The music of this period paid more attention to expressing people’s spiritual realm and subjective emotions , the expression of natural scenery has become more and more prominent, and the use of ethnic and folk music has become more important and frequent in creation. In the mid-to-late 19th century, a national music school emerged with the mission of revitalizing national music. In terms of music genres, new instrumental solo genres have emerged, such as nocturnes, improvisations, ballades, scherzos, fantasies and songs without words. The works of this period are diverse and each has its own characteristics. The introductory repertoire includes a selection of Schubert's art songs and "The Beautiful Mill Girl"; Chopin's Nocturnes and Piano Concerto No. 2; Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto, Piano Concerto No. 1, No. 2; Wagner Opera Overtures; Brahms Symphonies No. 1 and 3; Tchaikovsky Violin Concerto, Piano Concerto No. 1; Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto No. 2, "Piano Concerto" "Theme and Variations of Garnini"; Lalo's "Symphony Espa?a"; Ravel Piano Concerto in G major.

The works of the 20th century include Britten's "Orchestral Guide for Young People" and "Sinfonietta", Stravinsky's "Polcinella", "Petroshka", and Prokofiev's Piano Sonata No. 7 and Piano Concerto No. 1. Here we recommend German composer Hindemith's "Symphony Variations on a Theme of Weber" and "The Painter Maxis" Symphony, as well as American composer Copland's "Journal" and "An Ordinary Man's Horn".

Edit the main musical instruments in this paragraph

Woodwind instruments

piccolo, flute, oboe, English horn, clarinet, bass clarinet clarinet, bassoon, contrabassoon, soprano saxphone, alto saxphone, tenor saxphone, baritone saxphone

Brass instruments

French horn, trumpet, cornet, flugelhorn, trombone, bass trombone, baritone horn, euphonium, tuba

Percussion instruments

Timpani, snare drum, bass drum, small cymbals, big cymbals, splash cymbal, tambourine, triangle, castnet, gong gong(tam-tam)(grongkas), sound stick claves, sleighbell, wood block, xylophone, marinba, tubular bell, glckenspiel, vibraphone

Keyboard instruments

Celesta, piano, organ

String instruments

Harpsichord, harp, violin, viola, cello violoncello , bass contrabass

Edit this paragraph to represent representative works of the Baroque period

Monteverdi

Monteverdi (1567~1643): from the Renaissance Italian composer who spanned the Baroque period. )

1. Selected Pastorals

2. Evensong (1610).

3. Opera "Orfeo".

Corelli

Corelli (1653~1713): Italian violinist and composer.

1. Twelve Harmonies Cantos OP.6.

2. Violin Sonata Collection OP.5 (including the famous "Follia").

Purcell

Purcell (1659~1695): British composer.

1. Opera "Dido and Anyas".

2. Opera "The Fairy Queen". 3.Song selection. 4. A selection of carols.

Others

(4) Scarlatti (1685~1757): Italian composer.

Recommended repertoire: Sonata collection (selected from piano, harpsichord, and organ).

(5) Tartini (1692~1770): Italian violinist and composer.

Repertoire: 1. "The Devil's Trill" Violin Sonata. 2. Variations on a Theme by Corey.

(6) Peco Raisi (1710~1736): Italian composer.

Repertoire: Hymn to the Virgin.

Edit this section Representative Composers of the Classical Period

German Composer

[Mozart]

Mozart

Gluck (1714~1787): a German opera composer who spanned from the late Baroque to the classical period.

Repertoire: Opera "Orfeo and Gloria".

Beethoven (1770~1827): German composer, known as the "Saint of Music".

Repertoire: 1. Symphony No. 1~Nine Bluffs (Destiny No. 5) (Hero No. 3). 2. Piano Concerto Nos. 1 to 5. 3. Violin Concerto in D major. 4. Piano Sonata No. 8 "Pathétique", No. 14 "Moonlight", No. 21 "Waldstein", No. 23 "Enthusiasm", No. 26 "Farewell", No. 29 "Moonlight" Hammaclavia", No. 30-32. 5. Violin Sonata No. 5 "Spring" and No. 9 "Kreutzer". 6. Cello Sonata No. 3 and No. 5. 7. String Quartet Nos. 7~10, 13, and 14. 8. For the piano trio, learn No. 5 "Ghost" and No. 7 "The Archduke". 9. Selection of overtures. 10. Romance (in G major and F major). 11. Triple Concerto OP.56. 12. Opera "Fidelio". 13. Missa Solemnis OP.123. 14. To Alice. 15. Fantasy Rondo.

Austrian composer

Haydn (1732~1809): Austrian composer, known as the "Father of the Symphony".

Repertoire: Symphony No. 45 "Farewell", No. 83 "Hen", No. 88, No. 92 "Oxford", No. 94 "Shock", No. 96 "Miracle", No. 99, No. 100 "Army", No. 101 "Clock", No. 103 "Drums", No. 10 No. 4 "Lun Hao".

Mozart: (1756~1791): Austrian composer.

Repertoire: 1. Symphony No. 35-41. 2. Piano Concerto Nos. 19-27. 3. Violin Concerto Nos. 3-5. 4. Flute Concerto (two pieces). 5. Flute and Harp Concerto K.229. 6. Recorder Concerto K.622. 7. Bassoon K.191. 8. French Horn Concerto (four pieces). 9. Symphony Concerto (K.364 and K.297b). 10. Piano Sonata K.310, K.330~333(331), K.457, K.545. 11. Sonatas for Violin and Piano (optional). 12. String Quartet Nos. 14-23. 13. Recorder Quintet K. 581. 14. French Horn Quintet K. 407. 15. Serenade K. 239, K. 320, K. 525, K. 361. 16. Operas "All Women Are Like This", "Fei The Wedding of Gallo" and "The Magic Flute". 17. Mass in C major "Coronation". 18. Requiem K.626. 19. Flute Quartet (***4). 20. Piano Trio (***8 pieces).

Edit this section on representative composers of the Romantic period

Italy

[Classical music record cover]

Classical music record cover

Paganini (1782~1840): Italian violinist and composer.

Repertoire: 1. Twenty-four unaccompanied violin capriccios. 2. Violin Concerto Nos. 1 and 2. 3. Moses Fantasia. 4. Variations on the theme of "Chaos in the Heart".

Rossini (1792~1868): Italian opera composer.

Repertoire: 1. Selection of opera overtures. 2. Opera "The Barber of Seville". 3. Opera "Semiramide". 4. Opera "Cinderella". 5. String sonatas (***6).

Donizetti (1797~1848): Italian opera composer. Recommended tracks: 1. Opera "Lucia di Lammermo". 2. Opera "Don Pasguare". 3. Opera "Elixir of Love". 4. Opera "Flowers of the Union". 5. Opera "The Beloved".

Verdi (1813~1901): Italian opera composer.

Repertoire: 1. Opera "La Traviata". 2. Opera "Aida". 3. Opera "Otero". 4. Opera "Macbeth". 5. Opera "Trovatore". 6. Opera "Force de Destiny". 7. Opera "Naboogo". 8. Opera "Masquerade". 9. Opera "Don Carlo". 10. Opera "Falstaff". 11. Collection of overtures and preludes (optional). 12. Requiem 1 2 6.

Germany

Sonatas for Violin and Guitar

Weber (1786~1826): German composer.

Repertoire: 1. Recorder Concerto Nos. 1 and 2. 2. Piano music "Invitation to Dance". 3. Recorder Quintet in B flat major. 4. Overture to "The Archer", Overture to "Oberon", Overture to "Uriander". 5. Opera "Magic Bullet".

Member (1791~1686): German opera composer.

Repertoire: Coronation March (from the opera "The Prophet").

Schumann (1810~1856): German composer.

Repertoire: 1. Symphony No. 1 to No. 4 (No. 3 Rhine Symphony, first movement, second movement, third movement, fourth movement). 2. Childhood Scene OP.15 (The Seventh Fantasy). 3.Fantasia in C major OP.17 (first movement, second movement, third movement). 4. Carnival OP.9. 5. Kreislerine OP.16. 6. Symphonic Etude OP.13. 7. Fantasy Piece OP.12. 8. Forest Scene OP.82. 9. Piano Sonata No. 2 OP. .22. 10. Piano Concerto in A minor OP.54 (first movement, second and third movements). 11. Piano Quintet OP.44. 12. Fantasy Piece for Recorder and Piano OP.73. 13. Three Oboe Romances OP.94. 14. "Fairy Tale Album" (Viola and Piano). 15. Five folk-style works (cello and piano). 16. Cello Concerto in A minor. 17.Violin Concerto in D minor. 18. Joint song collections "Poet's Love" and "Woman's Love and Life". 19.Violin Sonatas (two pieces). 20. Adagio and Allegro for Piano and French Horn OP.70.

Brahms (1833~1897): German composer and pianist.

Repertoire: 1. Symphony No. 1 to No. 4. 2. Piano Concerto Nos. 1 and 2. 3. Violin Concerto in D major. 4. Concerto for Violin and Cello. 5. Hungarian Dances (***21). 6. Overture to "University Celebration" and Overture to "Tragedy". 7. Recorder Quintet OP.115.

8. Recorder Sonata (two pieces). 9. Violin Sonatas (three pieces). 10. Cello Sonata (two pieces). 11. Piano Sonata No. 3. 12. Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel, OP.24. 13. Variations on a Theme by Paganini, OP.35. 14. Collection of piano pieces in OP.76, OP.79, OP.116~119 (like Bram) People in Sri Lanka must listen to these pieces, which include intermezzos, capriccios, rhapsodys, ballads, etc.). 15. Piano Quintet OP.34. 16. String Quartet (three pieces). 17. String Sextet (two pieces). 18. Piano trio (three pieces). 19. Piano Quartet (three pieces). 20. French Horn Trio OP.40. 21. Recorder Trio OP.114. 22. Variations on a Theme by Haydn OP.96a. 23. Serenade (two songs). 24. Deutsche Requiem. 25. Songbook (optional).

Austria

Schubert (1797~1828): Austrian composer, known as the "King of Songs".

Repertoire: 1. Symphonies No. 5, 8 and 9. 2. Piano and String Quintet "Trout". 3. String Quartet "Death and the Maiden". 4. Impromptu D.899, D.935, D.946. 5. Happy Hour D.780. 6. Piano Sonata D.557, D.571 D.556, D.784, D.845, D .894, D.850, D.958, D.960. 7. "Abegoni" Sonata D.821. 8. Piano Trio No. 1 and No. 2. 9. Wanderer's Fantasia D.760. 10. Joint song collection "Beautiful Mill Girl", "Winter Journey", "Swan Song". 11. Song collection (optional). 12. Octet D.803. 13. String Quintet D.956. 14. Violin Sonatas (four pieces). 15. Violin Fantasy D.934.

Johann Strauss the Younger (1825~1899): Austrian composer.

Repertoire: 1. Waltz: "Blue Danube", "Southern Rose", "Story of the Vienna Woods", "Wine, Women and Songs", "The Artist's Life", "Emperor", "One Thousand and One Nights". 2. Boca: "Pizzicato", "Thunder and Lightning", "Chat", "Hunting", "Explosion". 3. Overture to "The Bat", Overture to "Baron Hipsy", Overture to "Nights in Venice". 4. The operetta "Bat".

Others

Berlioz (1803~1869): French composer.

Repertoire: 1. Symphony Fantasy. 2. Overture collection (including "Roman Carnival", "King Lear", "Pirates", etc.). 3. Harold in Italy (including the theme symphony for viola lead) 4. Song collection "Summer Nights". 5. Romeo and Juliet (Dramatic Symphony).

Chopin (1810~1849): Polish pianist and composer.

Repertoire: 1. Piano Concerto Nos. 1 and 2. 2. Etudes (twenty-seven). 3. Preludes (twenty-six). 4. Waltz (fourteen pieces). 5. Nocturnes (two to one). 6. Piano Sonata Nos. 2 and 3. 7. "Army" Polonaise OP.40NO.1, "Hero" Polonaise OP.53, "Fantasy" Polonaise OP.61, Calm Andante and Polonaise OP.22. 8. Mazaoka ( optional). 9. Improvisations (four). 10. Ballads (four pieces) 1 2 3 4. 11. Scherzo (four pieces). 12. Fantasia OP.49. 13. Lullaby OP.57. 14. Barcarolle

[Beethoven]

Beethoven

Liszt (1811~1886): Hungarian pianist and composer.

Repertoire: 1. Piano Concerto No.1 and No.2. 2. Symphonic poems No. 2 "Tasso", No. 3 "Prelude", No. 4 "Orfeo", No. 6 "Majepa". 3. Hungarian Rhapsody (nineteen pieces) No1, No2, No13, No15. 4. Hungarian Folk Fantasia. 5. Piano Sonata in B minor OP.45. 6. Mephistopheles Waltz No. 1. 7. Grand Etude on a Theme of Paganini OP.67 (six of them, the third one is the most famous). 8. Super skill etudes (twelve pieces, optional). 9. The year of pilgrimage. 10. No. 3 "Dream of Love". 11. Dance of Death (piano and orchestra). 12. "Faust" Symphony.

Tchaikovsky (1840~1893): Russian composer.

Repertoire: 1. Symphony Nos. 4, 5 and 6 "Pathétique". 2. Piano Concerto No. 1 in B flat minor, OP. 23. 3. Violin Concerto in D major, OP. 35. 4. Ballet music "Swan Lake", "Sleeping Beauty", "Nutcracker". 5. "Romeo and Juliet" Fantasy Overture. 6. Italian Caprice op.45. 7. Symphonic Fantasy "The Tempest" op.18. 8. "1812" Overture. 9. Slavic March OP.31. 10. Symphonic Fantasy "Francesca di Rimini" OP.32. 11. "Hamlet" Fantasy Overture. 12. Variations on a Rococo Theme (Cello and Orchestra). 13.Piano Trio in A minor.

14. String Quartet (three pieces). 15. Orchestral Suites No. 1 to 4. 16. Opera "Eugene Onegin". 17. Serenade for Strings OP.48. 18. Symphony No. 1 to No. 3 (No. 3). 19. "Manfred" Symphony. 20. Piano music collection "Four Seasons". 21. Melancholic Serenade (violin music).

Modern Period

[Rachmaninov]

Rachmaninoff

(1) Duka ( 1865~1935): French composer.

Repertoire: Symphonic poem "The Sorcerer's Apprentice".

(2) Sibelius (1865~1957: Finnish composer. Recommended repertoire: 1. Symphonies No. 1 to No. 7 (No. 2 and No. 5 are particularly famous). 2. Violin in D minor Concerto OP.47. 3. Symphonic poems "Ode to Finland" OP.26, "Legend" OP.9, "Swan of the Underworld" OP.22NO.3, "Ode of the Sea" OP.73, "Tabiola" OP. .112. 4. "Calleria" Suite. 5. Waltz of Sorrow OP.44. 6. Night Ride and Sunrise (Orchestra)

(3) Ravel (1875~. 1937): French composer.

Repertoire: 1. Piano music: "The Play of the Water", "Mirror" (five pieces), "Gaspar Noir" (three pieces), "Couperin" "Mo" (six pieces), "Dance of the Dead Princess". 2. Piano Concerto in G major and Piano Concerto in D major "Left Hand". 3. Orchestral music: "Borero" dance, "Spanish Rhapsody". , "Mother Goose" Suite, "Waltz", "Daphne and Croy" Ballet Suite, "Noble and Sentimental Waltz", "Cuplain's Tomb" Suite 4. Violin music: "Habanera", "Gypsy". 5. String Quartet in F major. 7. Prelude and Allegro.

(4) Swiss composer. Home.

Repertoire 1. Hebrew Rhapsody "Solomon" (Cello and Orchestra)

(5) Bartók (1881~1945): Hungary. Pianist and composer.

Repertoire: 1. Piano Concertos No. 1 to 3. 3. Music for strings, percussion and piano. 4. Ballet music "Strange". "Manchu Officials". 5. Violin Concerto No. 2. 6. Romani Folk Dances. 8. Violin Sonata (two pieces). (***44). 11. Sonata for two pianos and percussion. 14. Opera "Bluebeard's Castle". /p>

(6) Kodaly (1882~1967): Hungarian composer.

Repertoire: 1. "Halyanos" Suite 2. Peacock Variations. Dance collection. 4. Maroshzek's dance collection. 5. Unaccompanied cello sonatas.

(7) Stravinsky (1882~1971): Russian composer.

Repertoire: 1. Ballet music "Firebird", "Petroshka", "The Rite of Spring" 2. "Symphony of Psalms" and "Symphony of Three Tones" 3. "Dumbarton Oaks" Concerto. . 4. "Pulcinella" Suite. 7. Wind Symphony. 9. Clarinet Concerto.

(8) Shostakovich (1906~1975): Russian composer.

Repertoire: 1. Symphony Nos. 1, 5 and 10. 2. Ballet Suite "The Golden Age". 3. Trumpet and Piano Concerto. 4. Piano Concerto in G minor OP.57. 5. Cello Concerto in E flat major. 6. Violin Concerto No. 1 in A minor. 7. Cello Sonata OP.40. 8. Viola Sonata OP.147. 9. Piano Trio No. 2. 10. String Quartet No. 15. 11. Piano Quintet OP.57.

(9) Britten (1913~1976): British composer.

Repertoire: Variations on "The Theme of Frank Brickey". War Requiem.