1. Representative of innovative architects: Santiago Calatrava.
(calatrava)
Santiago Calatrava is one of the most famous innovative architects in the world, and he is also a controversial architect. Santiago
Calatrava is famous for its bridge structural design and artistic architecture. He designed bridges in Venice, Dublin, Manchester and Barcelona, as well as railway stations in Lyon, Lisbon and Zurich. The latest work is the famous main stadium of the 2004 Athens Olympic Games.
Because calatrava.
As an architect and engineer, he grasped the interaction between structure and architectural aesthetics well. He believes that beauty can be expressed by mechanical engineering design, and in nature, forest insects and birds have beautiful shapes and amazing mechanical efficiency. So he often takes nature as the source of inspiration when designing. The bridge he designed is famous for its elegant dynamics formed by pure structure, which shows the logical beauty that technical rationality can present, but it seems to go beyond the constraints of gravity and structural laws.
Sometimes, his design will inevitably remind people of alien visitors, and the extremely abrupt technical beauty seems to completely exceed the conventional expectations of the earth people. This is of course due to his major in structural engineering. As early as the early 20th century, the design of bridges has been entrusted to bridge structural engineers, and architects seem to be used to staying away from them. Because of calatrava, architects all over the world suddenly discovered a new topic. Around the 1990s, the upsurge of architectural design for bridges broke out, and they began to shape such elements in the city from a new angle, thus affecting the appearance of the city. In 200 1 year, calatrava's first work in the United States was completed, which was the expansion project of the art museum in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. There used to be an old museum designed by a local architectural firm. 1957. The Quadracci Exhibition Hall added in calatrava this time, with a very small name, actually caused an absolutely overwhelming situation.
Second, the pursuit of internal and external coordination and unity: I.M. Pei
I.M. Pei, an American Chinese, is a world-famous architect. He designed Beijing Xiangshan Hotel, Bank of China Headquarters Building and Bank of China Building for China. Cooperate with China Institute of Building Science to cultivate and train architectural designers for China and make important contributions to promoting architectural modernization in China.
Many large-scale buildings designed by him are spread all over the world, among which the East Pavilion of the National Art Museum in Washington, the expansion project of the Louvre in Paris, and the building of the Hong Kong branch of the Bank of China have left classic masterpieces in the history of world architecture. The headquarters building of China Bank, which was completed in Beijing from 65438 to 0999, was the last large-scale architectural design project in Pei's architectural design career. It took seven years, and every brick, tree, water and stone of the building condensed his hard work. There is a garden in the building, which looks like a quadrangle in Beijing. The pool in the garden is collected from the Blackstone in Yunnan Stone Forest, and the bamboo bushes on both sides are evenly distributed, which makes the traditional design technique of China very accurate in spatial organization.
I.M. Pei believes that "architecture is a form of social art", and he will never relax the coordination, purification and sublimation of this relationship in any of his designs. When designing, he often makes a variety of explorations on space and form, and endows them with architectural features that can adapt to their contents without being similar to each other. I.M. Pei has an overall design concept. He said: "architectural design must pay attention to three points: first, the combination of architecture and its environment; Secondly, the treatment of space and form; The third is to solve functional problems for the sake of users. ..... It is this point that the predecessors did not pay enough attention. "
I.M. Pei's design creates an architectural style that connects the past and the future. He pays attention to purifying the form of the building, and removes those intermediate, transitional and geometrically uncertain components as much as possible. Make the spatial image he designed have distinct attributes. In addition, his design also has a strong and vivid sense of sculpture and a vivid sense of the times. And the enhanced artistry of painting and sculpture. I.M. Pei's interior design is almost all designed by herself to ensure harmony inside and outside.
Three crazy architects: Antonio Gaudi
Antoinio gaudi (Antonio
Gaudi, 1852- 1926), a Spanish architect, is a representative of plastic architecture school and belongs to modernist architectural style. Gaudi studied at Barcelona Provincial Institute of Architecture. After graduation, his early works were similar to the gorgeous Victorian style, and later he adopted the historical style, which is the mainstream of Gothic revival. Gaudi's first major project was to complete the Sacred Family Church (1883-still under construction), which is a building with great personality and appeal (Gaudi only completed one ear hall and one of the four towers when he died), Mira apartment, bartholomew apartment (also known as bartholomew House), Jill chapel and Gouel Park.
In Gaudi's eyes, all inspiration comes from nature and fantasy: the radian of waves, the lines of conch, the style of beehive, and the shapes of mythical characters are all his favorite expression ideas. He hates stiff straight lines and is willing to express everything with soft curves and colorful colors. Even the shape of every chimney and the arrangement of every brick are interesting to ponder for a long time. So all the projects he contracted became masterpieces. Gouel Park took 65,438+04 years, but it was still unfinished after Sancta familia's death. If the investment is stable ($3 million a year), it will take at least 65 years to complete.
Four masters of deconstruction: Zaha. Hatid
Hadid is a legend in architecture. Some people say that she is crazy, some people say that she is a heretic, and of course some people say that she is a maverick architect. In any case, Hadid is known as the best "deconstructionist master" in the world today. Hadid led her team to win many world-class architectural design competitions: a twisted office building in Milan, Italy, a university and conference building in Barcelona, Spain, an opera house in Guangzhou, China, a Strasbourg power station in Germany, an art museum in Copenhagen, Denmark, an art museum in Cincinnati, USA, a water sports center in London's 20 12 Olympic Games, and the right to host urban construction in Istanbul, Turkey and Singapore.
In 2004, Hadid won the Pritzker Architecture Award, the "Oscar Award in Architecture", becoming the first woman to win the highest honorary architecture award in the world. Ida Louise Hext Bull, one of the judges of the Pritzker Prize and a senior critic of American architecture, said: "Hadid has changed people's views and feelings about space." In Hadid's hands, space is like rubber mud, which allows her to change her shape: the floor drops sharply, the walls tilt, the ceiling hangs high, and the inside and outside are difficult to distinguish ... From the conception and expression of Hadid's many design works, her distinctive Islamic cultural background is obviously weaker than the traditional British conservative spirit she accepted. However, it is undeniable that her personality also has a tough and radical side, and many of her design techniques and concepts seem to be warmly encouraged by the strong enterprising spirit of Arab descent. At the same time, she also revealed a romantic flavor close to nature in some "conformal" and mobile architectural design schemes.
Her design boldly uses space and geometric structure and is called "the master of deconstruction". Although she won large and small awards, sometimes four a year, many of her works can only lie quietly on the drawings and cannot be put into practice. She was even once called "an architect on paper". This situation didn't change until the end of 1990s.
Five talents combining art and wisdom: Tadao Ando, a world architect.
Tadao Ando, who lives and works in Osaka, Japan, was nominated for the 18 Pritzker Architecture Award at the age of 53. Jay A Plic, chairman of Heya Foundation, quoted the description of the judging panel as saying: "Ando's architecture is a combination of space, shape and technology ... both applicable and inspiring ... Throughout his architectural career, it is impossible to predict his future."
Tadao Ando is a rare architect. He combines art and wisdom. The houses he built, big or small, are so practical and spiritual. He has super insight, surpassing the most popular sports genre or style today. His architecture is a comprehensive unity of form and people living there.
When most architects started working on the most orthodox works, Ando had already completed the main part of an outstanding work, especially in his native Japan, which was his uniqueness. With silky concrete, the space created by Ando is so expressive, and so is the wall he uses. The wall he uses is exactly what he calls the most basic component of architecture. For a long time, although the materials and components he used were columns, walls, arches and so on. After different combinations, these parts are always full of vitality and movement. His design concepts and materials combine international modernism and traditional Japanese aesthetic consciousness. Because of his attention and understanding of architectural technology, he won the reputation of architect and builder. He successfully completed the mission imposed on himself, that is, to restore the unity of house and nature. Through the most basic geometric form, he successfully created a personal micro-world with ever-changing light maps. In addition to some abstract design concepts, his architecture also fully embodies the concept of "comfortable living".
Ando's architecture is an amazing combination of space and form in art. No one can predict this moment through his architecture, and he doesn't want to be bound by tradition. Innovation is his means, and his personal world outlook is the source of his inspiration. The Pritzker Architecture Prize was awarded to Tadao Ando, not only because he finished a certain work, but also because his future projects further enriched the architectural art. ..
Almost all Ando's projects use cement as the main building material. In fact, he worked as a carpenter's apprentice for a period of time and mastered the traditional Japanese wood structure technology. In fact, one of his most famous works is the complete wooden structure-/kloc-0 Japan Pavilion visited in Spain in 1992.
One of Ando's most outstanding residential projects is Rokko.
Housing is divided into two stages. In the first stage, there are 20 sets, each of which is trapezoidal, but the scale and layout are different. There are 50 sets in the second stage, which was completed in 1993, but all units have a unified appearance and unique internal structure. These residential groups all adopt reinforced concrete frame structure, overlooking the panorama from Osaka Bay. The whole community is like a 60-degree slope, like a swimming pool and a rooftop plaza. Ando also won the Japanese Cultural Design Award of 1983.
The standard-bearer of modern architecture: le corbusier.
Le corbusier (le
Corbusier1887.10.6-1965.8.27): The most famous architect, urban planner and writer in the 20th century. He is a radical and leader of modern architectural movement and is called "the standard bearer of modern architecture". He and Walter Gropius (Walter.
Gropius), Ludwig Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (formerly known as Maria Ludwig)
Michael Lloyd Wright and Frank Lloyd Wright are called the main representatives of modern architecture or international architecture.
From 65438 to 0927, Corbusier initiated the "International Conference on Modern Architecture" in La Las, becoming the central organization of modern architecture with international style. Le corbusier's architectural thought can be divided into two stages: before 1950s, he was the main leader of rationalism, functionalism and national style, represented by Savoi Villa in 1929 and Marseille Apartment in 1945. The load-bearing walls of many building structures are replaced by reinforced concrete, and buildings are often suspended above the ground; After 1950s, le corbusier turned to expressionism and postmodernism. Langxiang Chapel shocked the architectural world with its expressive force and unique form of sculpture, which completely deviated from the early classical vocabulary. This is one of the most memorable buildings built by modern people. In terms of furniture design, le corbusier is famous for its luxurious and comfortable reclining chairs with steel tube frames, which almost became a symbol of elegant life in the 1920s.
His rich and varied works and passionate architectural philosophy have profoundly influenced the urban landscape of the 20th century and the lifestyle of contemporary people. His ever-changing architectural and urban ideas always leave his followers behind, from the early white villa buildings, Marseille apartments to Langxiang Church, from the reconstruction planning of Paris to the new town of Changar, from "towards new buildings" to "modus operandi". Corbusier is the insurmountable peak of modern architecture and the inexhaustible source of architectural thought.
Le corbusier also put forward many ideas about urban planning. He opposed the trend of thought against big cities at that time and advocated brand-new urban planning. He believes that it is possible to maintain a high population density and form a quiet and hygienic urban environment under the conditions of modern technology. He first proposed the idea of high-rise buildings and interchanges, which was very far-sighted. He always stood at the forefront of the development trend of architecture in the 1920s and 1930s, and promoted the modernization of architectural design and urban planning.
Master of Arts and Architecture: John? Jorn Utzon
Wu Zhong was born in Denmark 19 18, and used to be an excellent sailor. Until 18 years old, he was still considering becoming a naval officer. 1942 graduated from art colleges. After the outbreak of World War II, he fled to Sweden and worked as a clerk in an architectural studio there. Later, I went to Finland to work with alvar aalto. In the next ten years, he went to many places, such as China, Japanese, Mexican, American, Indian and Australian. The last place he went became the main factor affecting his life.
The legend of Sydney Opera House began at 1957. Wu Zhong, a 38-year-old architect, has only practiced in Denmark once. He took part in an anonymous competition: an opera house on a small piece of land. His scheme was selected by the competition judges from 230 contestants from more than 30 countries. At that time, the media called it "three groups of shell-shaped concrete vaults covered with white porcelain tiles". The building is huge, including concert hall, opera hall, theater, rehearsal hall and many exhibition venues and facilities. The building area is 8000 square meters. This building was not completed until 1973, which took 14 years and cost $654.38+200 million. Its structural design is more difficult than ever. During this period, after numerous designers' designs, the masterpiece was born by making a sphere out of concrete and then modifying and restoring it.
Pulitzer Prize Comments: John? Wuzhong is an architect. He is rooted in history, and his tentacles spread all over Maya, China, Japanese and Islamic cultures, as well as many other backgrounds, including his own Scandinavian heritage. He combined those ancient traditions with his harmonious cultivation, forming an artistic architectural feeling and organic architecture's natural instinct related to the place situation. He is always ahead of the times and deserves to be one of the few modernists who have shaped the past century with eternal architecture.
Alvar aalto, an advocate of humanized architecture theory.
Aalto1was born in KuOrtane, Finland on February 3rd, 898. 192 1 graduated from Helsinki Institute of Technology, majoring in architecture. Since 1923, architectural firms have been established in Yuvesquele and Turku, Finland.
1924, he designed several cafes and student centers for the school, and designed complete sets of dormitory furniture for students, mainly adopting the "neoclassical" design style. In the same year, he and designer Arnold Marceau (Aino)
Marsio) got married and conducted wood bending experiments together for five years, which led to the revolutionary design of Alva Aalto in 1930s.
Aalto joined the International Association of Modern Architecture on 1928. 1929, according to the emerging functionalist architectural thought, the architecture of the exhibition held to commemorate the 700th anniversary of the founding of Turku was designed in cooperation with others. He abandoned all the decorations in the traditional style, which led to the first appearance of modernist architecture in Finland and promoted the development of modern architecture in Finland. In the first 10 year after World War II, Aalto was mainly engaged in the restoration and construction of the motherland and made a regional plan for the capital of Lapland Province (1950- 1957). 193 1~ 1932, Aalto designed Paimio tuberculosis sanatorium in Finland, and his original modern furniture also appeared here, which is a greater breakthrough for Aalto's furniture design to go global. 1935, Alto and his wife founded Artek Company with friends, and promoted the furniture, lighting and textiles designed by Alto overseas.
Aalto 1940 was a visiting professor at MIT, 1947 was an honorary doctor of fine arts at Princeton University, and 1955 was an academician of the Finnish Academy of Sciences. 1957 won the gold medal of the Royal Institute of Architects, and 1963 won the gold medal of the American Institute of Architects. 1May 1976 1 1 died in Helsinki.
Aalto's main creative thought is to explore the road of nationalization and humanization of modern architecture. He believes that industrialization and standardization must serve people's lives and meet people's spiritual requirements. Aalto's creation covers a wide range, from regional planning and urban planning to the design of municipal centers, from civil buildings to industrial buildings, from interior decoration to the design of furniture, lamps and daily handicrafts. He said: "Standardization does not mean that all houses are the same, but mainly as a means to produce flexible systems to meet the needs of various families for different houses, different terrains, different orientations and different scenery." The architectural plane he designed is flexible, easy to use, the structural components are skillfully transformed into exquisite decorations, the architectural modeling is elegant, the space is free and lively, and it is dynamic, which makes people feel that space is not just a simple cycle, but constantly extends, grows and changes. Aalto loves nature, and his buildings always make the best use of natural terrain, blend beautiful scenery and have simple style.
Finland, located in northern Europe, is rich in wood, and its copper production ranks first in Europe. The exterior decoration and interior decoration of the building designed by Aalto all reflect the characteristics of wood; Copper is used for decoration to show delicate details. The architectural style is calm and atmospheric, the structure is mostly thick brick walls, and the doors and windows are properly set. His works are neither grandiose nor luxurious, nor follow the European and American fashions, creating a unique national style and distinctive personality. In Helsinki, Finland, Aalto's representative works abound, including the campus of Helsinki University of Technology, Finnish Concert Hall and Conference Center, Helsinki Cultural Palace, Stora Enso and so on.
Enso) company headquarters building and so on.
1936, alvar aalto is responsible for the interior decoration design of Ravintola in Helsinki.
Savoy) designed a vase as one of the decorations, which is a classic glass product named after him later. It not only showed the level of Finnish modern design at the Paris International Expo in 1937, but also became the collection of many museums around the world, and won the international tableware award in 1988. Its design interest comes from the random and organic wave curve outline, which completely breaks the traditional design standard of symmetrical glassware. It is speculated that the outline of the wave curve symbolizes the dotted lakes in Finland. This is a classic masterpiece left by genius design master Aalto for glassware manufacturing outside the building. Aalto vase is "antique" in terms of age, but it is still very advanced and modern in terms of design.
Nine bold innovations and breakthroughs: renzo piano.
Renzo piano (Renzo
Piano) was born in September 1937 in a family of construction workers in Genoa, Italy. 1964, piano obtained a degree in architecture from Milan University of Science and Technology, and began his permanent career as an architect. He was first employed by Louis Kahn Studio in Philadelphia and Macovschi Studio in London, and then set up his own studio in Genoa. There, he began a series of experimental designs: oil refinery, exhibition hall, multi-functional hospital and so on. Although piano is deeply influenced by the works of many architectural masters, he has always been a maverick since his debut, never sticking to the rules, and always prefers open design and natural lighting effects.
197 1 year, an engineer suggested that piano and Rogers cooperate to participate in the international competition of Pompidou Center, and they finally won the competition. Lively, beautiful and colorful passages, together with crystal clear and winding elevators, make Pompidou Center one of the recognized landmark buildings in Paris. Since the Pompidou project, piano has won the world reputation for its well-defined architectural drawings. Japan, Germany, Italy and France all have his bold commercial and public building projects, and the museums he designed are far behind.
Because of the Mesnil Museum in Houston and the Beyeler Foundation Museum near Basel, people are full of praise for the piano. He decorated an artificial island in Osaka Bay, Japan with the wonderful terminal of Kansai Airport. He also built a towering wooden shed-like cultural center in Noumea, New Caledonia. There, through in-depth understanding of local customs, beliefs and aesthetic tastes, he won the support of indigenous elders who were wary of western colonial rule.
Piano pays attention to the combination of architectural art, technology and surrounding environment. His architectural thought is rigorous and lyrical, and he is brave in innovation and breakthrough in inheriting and transforming tradition. Piano realized the same far-reaching ideal of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and other predecessors-the perfect harmony of people, architecture and environment, and paid close attention to the habitability and sustainable development of architecture with enthusiasm. Piano's works range from museums and churches to hotels, office buildings, houses, theaters, concert halls, airports and bridges. In his works, the collision of various technologies, materials and ways of thinking is widely reflected. These active and scattered modes of thinking are the gifts that a truly insightful master and his team offer to all mankind.
The greatness of piano lies in that there is no fixed pattern in his architectural works. Different from other architects, the distinguishing sign of piano's works is that there is no distinguishing sign. Piano himself is an example and inspiration for young architects who reject dogma and dogma. His works have no grandiose expression, showing a rare warm humanistic spirit, and persistently caring for the sky, the earth and people's hearts. Under the current trend of blindly flaunting personality and self-promotion, he appears calm and sober.
The representative figure of "High-tech School": norman foster.
Norman foster, one of the most outstanding architects in the world, is known as the representative of "high-tech school" and the winner of 2 1 Pulitzer Prize for Architecture. Norman foster particularly emphasized the coexistence of man and nature, rather than the conflict between them, stressed the need to learn from past cultural forms, and advocated those architectural ways that meet the needs of human life forms.
He believes that architecture should give people a sense of emphasis, a dramatic effect and bring peace.
He was born in Manchester, 1935. 196 1 After graduating from the School of Architecture and Urban Planning of Manchester University, he was awarded the Henry Scholarship of Yale University to study in Jonathan.
Edwards College, Master of Architecture. From 65438 to 0967, Foster established his own company. Up to now, his projects have spread all over the world, winning more than 190 awards and winning 50 domestic and international design competitions. Norman foster was awarded the Royal Gold Medal in 1983, knighted in 1990, listed as an outstanding figure by the Queen in 1997, and made a life-long aristocrat in 1999, becoming a Lord on the Thames.