lang, that is, clarity of voice. Loud; Recite, that is, recite Recitation is a kind of language art that uses clear and loud voice and combines various language means to perfectly express the thoughts and feelings of works. Recitation is an important form of oral communication. Recitation can not only improve reading ability and enhance artistic appreciation, but more importantly, through recitation, great people can cultivate their temperament, broaden their minds, behave in a civilized way and enhance their understanding; Young people can effectively cultivate the ability to appreciate the nuances of language vocabulary and establish the self-identification ability of the best form of oral expression. Therefore, if you want to become a master of oral expression and communication, you can't ignore recitation.

second, preparation before recitation

recitation is a re-creation activity of the reciter. This kind of re-creation is not a separate set from the recited materials, nor a simple activity of pronouncing words, but requires the reciter to convey the main spirit and artistic beauty of the original with audio language through the words of the original. Not only should the audience understand the content of the recitation, but they should also be emotionally infected. In order to achieve this goal, the reciter must make a series of preparations before reciting.

1 Choose reading materials

Reading is an art of expressing affection. The reciter should pay attention to the choice of materials in order to convey his feelings well and arouse the audience's singing. When choosing materials, first of all, we should pay attention to the articles whose language is vivid and suitable for catchy. Because image feeling is a very important link in recitation; The dry and boring written language can not form a rich image feeling for the reciter with strong feeling ability. Secondly, according to the occasion of recitation and the needs of the audience, as well as the reciter's own hobbies and actual level, among many works, we should choose the appropriate works.

1. Grasping the content of the work

Accurately grasping the content of the work and thoroughly understanding its internal meaning are the important premise and foundation for the recitation of the work. Of course, the use of various artistic means in recitation is very important, but if we leave the premise of accurately and thoroughly grasping the content, then artistic skills will become passive water, a tree without roots, a pure formalism, and it will be impossible to express feelings and make the audience emotional. To accurately and thoroughly grasp the content of the work, we should pay attention to the following points:

(1) Correct and in-depth understanding

To accurately express the thoughts and feelings of the work, the reciter needs to understand the inner meaning of the work between the lines. First of all, he should clear up the obstacles and understand the meanings of new words, idioms, allusions and sentences in the text, and don't swallow the dates. Looking at literature gives birth to righteousness. Secondly, it is necessary to grasp the background, theme and emotional tone of the work, so as to understand the work accurately and not to read the work fragmented or even distort the ideological content of the original. Taking Gorky's Haiyan as an example, after removing the text barrier, we should make a comprehensive analysis of the works. This work symbolically passes before the storm. The depiction of the approaching storm and the coming storm has shaped the image of Haiyan I, a "prophet of victory", who is not afraid of lightning and thunder, but dares to fight against the wind and waves. This work spread like wildfire immediately after its birth, and was recited by the workers and revolutionary masses during the activities of the revolutionary group. It was regarded as a battle song to spread revolutionary information and strengthen revolutionary ideals. After comprehensive analysis, it is not difficult to grasp the theme of recitation: calling for the arrival of revolutionary climax with passion. Furthermore, it is not difficult for us to grasp that the keynote of this work should be yearning and expectation for the revolutionary climax.

(2) profound.

A detailed feeling. Some recitations sound like cadence, but they just can't impress the audience. If the work itself is not flawed, it is that the reader's feelings about the work are too shallow, and he has not really entered the work, but "squeezed" the emotion and "created" it there. The audience is keen, and they will not be moved by false feelings. To arouse the feelings of the audience, the reciter must carefully appreciate the work, enter the role and enter the situation.

(3) rich and vivid imagination

When you understand and feel a work, it is often accompanied by rich imagination, so that the content of the work can be moved in your mind and eyes, just like seeing it with your own eyes and experiencing it with your own hands. Taking Chen Ran (my confession) as an example, while making a comprehensive analysis of the works, I can imagine that I am Chen Ran (the special secretary of Chongqing Advance Newspaper). At that time, I was in such a situation: I was arrested by the Kuomintang and tortured in prison, but my faith was unwavering. Finally, the enemy put a blank piece of paper in front of me and asked me to write a confession. I was full of resentment and contempt for the enemy and full of revolution. In this way, through in-depth understanding, sincere feelings and rich imagination, we can make ourselves emotional and thus make people move.

3 Pronunciation recitation in Putonghua

To make your recitation beautiful, you must recite in standard Putonghua, because recitation works are generally written in the same language of modern Han nationality (namely Putonghua), so only by pronunciation recitation in Putonghua can you express the ideological content of the works better and more accurately; At the same time, Mandarin is the same language of the Han nationality, and it is recited in Mandarin; It is convenient for people in different dialect areas to understand. Accept. Therefore, before reciting, we should first grasp the pronunciation and master the knowledge of Putonghua such as the phonetic change of language flow.

Third, the basic means of expression of recitation

When reciting, on the one hand, we should deeply and thoroughly grasp the content of the work, on the other hand. It is necessary to rationally use various artistic means to accurately express the inner meaning of the work. The commonly used basic expressions are: pause, stress, speech speed and sentence tone.

1. pause refers to the sound pause between sentences or words.

On the one hand, the pause is due to the physiological needs of the reciter when reciting; On the other hand, it is the need of sentence structure; On the other hand, it is to fully express the needs of thoughts and feelings; At the same time, it can also give the listener a room to appreciate, think, understand and accept, and help the listener understand the meaning of the article and deepen his impression. Pause includes physiological pause, grammatical pause and emphasis pause.

(1) physiological pause, that is, the reciter makes a short pause where the semantic integrity is not affected according to the needs of breath. Attention should be paid to physiological pause, not to hinder semantic expression and not to split grammatical structure;

(2) Grammatical pause reflects the grammatical relationship in a sentence, which is reflected as punctuation in written language. Generally speaking, the length of grammatical pause is roughly related to punctuation. For example, a period, a question mark, a pause score number after an exclamation point, and a colon length; The pause after semicolon and colon is longer than comma; The pause after comma is longer than pause; The pause between paragraphs is longer than the pause of sentences.

(3) emphasize pause. In order to emphasize something and highlight a certain meaning or a certain feeling, we pause where there is no punctuation in writing, which is not necessary in physiology, or make a big pause where there is punctuation in writing. Such a pause is called emphasis pause. Emphasis on pause is mainly arranged by carefully pondering the work and deeply understanding its internal meaning. For example,

Zunyi Meeting corrected the serious principle mistake of "Left opportunism" committed in the fifth anti-encirclement campaign, United the Party and the Red Army, and enabled the main forces of the Party Central Committee and the Red Army to successfully complete the Long March, turn to the forefront of anti-Japanese, and implement the new policy of the anti-Japanese national united front.

There are no punctuation marks after Zunyi Meeting, but in order to highlight the status of Zunyi Meeting and emphasize the great significance of Zunyi Meeting in the history of our party, there should be a pause, which is longer than the rest of the following emphasis. There is no punctuation after the words "corrected", "united", "enabled", "transferred" and "implemented", but in order to clearly show the great historical significance of "Zunyi Meeting", pause is applied, and all the words marked with "║" and "│" in the sentence emphasize pause. If you don't carefully speculate on the work and arbitrarily pause for emphasis, it is easy to have a wrong understanding.

For example, a sentence in He Jingzhi's Song of Lei Feng says, "Come on! Let's hold on to Lei Feng's three knife wounds! " Some people pause after the "three articles", which will give the audience the illusion of "three arms" and affect the correctness of understanding.

1. Stress Stress refers to the phenomenon that some words in a sentence are stressed when reading or speaking. Generally, it is reflected by increasing the intensity of sound. There are two kinds of stress: grammatical stress and stress stress.

(1) Grammatical stress means that some parts of a sentence are stressed according to the characteristics of grammatical structure without expressing any special thoughts and feelings. The position of grammatical stress is relatively fixed, and the common rules are as follows:

① The predicate in short sentences is often stressed;

② Adverbials before verbs or adjectives are often stressed;

③ verbs are followed by adjectives. Verbs and some phrases are often stressed as complements;

④ The attributive before nouns is often stressed;

⑤ Some pronouns are often stressed; If there are many active elements in a sentence, there will be more than one stress, and the joint elements such as attributes, adverbials and complements will often be stressed first. How did we spend this stormy moment! Let the fire burn red. It is worth noting that the intensity of grammatical stress is not very strong, but it is heavier than other parts of the sentence.

(2) Stress Stress Stress refers to a sound that is deliberately stressed in order to express a special feeling and emphasize a special meaning, in order to attract the listener's attention to a certain part that he wants to emphasize. There is no fixed rule about where the sentence should be emphasized, but the environment in which it is spoken. Dominated by content and emotion. The same sentence, with different stress, often has different meanings, for example,

I have been to Shanghai. (Answer "Who has been to Shanghai")

I have been to Shanghai. (Answer "Have you ever been to Shanghai")

I have been to Shanghai. (Answer "Beijing, Shanghai and other places, where have you been?" )

Therefore, when reciting, we should first study the work carefully and correctly understand the author's intention, so as to find out the place to emphasize stress quickly and accurately. The differences between stress and grammatical stress are as follows:

① From the perspective of volume. Grammatical stress gives people the feeling that there is only a general difference in weight, while emphasizing stress gives people a distinct and prominent impression. The volume of stress is greater than that of grammatical stress.

② From the position where it appears. Emphasis stress may overlap with grammatical stress, when grammatical stress is subordinate to emphasis stress, just increase the volume a little. Sometimes, the two kinds of stress appear in different positions. At this time, the volume of stress is higher than that of grammatical stress.

③ From the difficulty of determining the stress. Grammatical stress is easy to find, and can be determined according to the characteristics of grammatical structure within a sentence, while the determination of stress is closely related to the reader's degree of study and understanding of the work.

3. Speech speed refers to the length of each syllable and the tight connection between syllables when speaking or reciting.

The speed of speaking is determined by the feelings of the speaker, and the speed of reading is related to the ideological content of the article. Generally speaking, warm, cheerful, excited and nervous content is faster; The content of calmness, solemnity, sadness, heaviness and reminiscence is slower. The general narrative, explanation and discussion use medium speed. Take the dialogue between Zhou Puyuan and Lu Shiping in a thunderstorm as an example. When reading, the speech speed should be adjusted according to the changes of the characters' moods, instead of reading at the same speed. (

Zhou: A young lady in Mei's family is very virtuous and well-behaved. One night, I suddenly drowned and died. Later, later-you know what? (slow. Zhou Puyuan pretended to chat with Lu Shiping in order to get some information. )

Lu: This girl Mei did jump into the river one night, but she was not the only one. She was holding a boy who had just been born for three days. It was said that she was unruly before her death. (Slow down, Shi Ping recalls the sad past, and tries to restrain her resentment so as not to be recognized by Zhou Puyuan. )

Lu: I saw her the other day! (medium speed)

Zhou: What? She's here? Here? (fast. Show Zhou Puyuan's surprise and nervousness)

Lu: Sir, would you like to meet her? (slow. (Lu deliberately tries)

Zhou: No, no, that's not necessary. (fast. Show Zhou Puyuan's panic and guilty conscience. )

Zhou: I don't think it's necessary to mention the past. (medium speed)

Lu: I want to mention it, I want to mention it, I've been bored for thirty years! (fast, showing Lu Shiping's extreme grief and anger and almost shouting)

4. Sentence tone in Chinese, words have word tone, and sentences have sentence tone. We usually call words tone, which refers to the rise and fall of syllables. The sentence tone is called intonation, which refers to the rise and fall of sentences. The sentence tone runs through the whole sentence, but it is particularly obvious on the syllables of the sentence. Sentence tone can be divided into four types according to the different mood and emotional attitude: rising tone, falling tone, flat tone and tune.

(1) rising tone (↑), low before and high after, and the language potential rises. Generally used to express the tone of doubt, rhetorical question, surprise, etc.

⑵ falling tone (↓), high before and low after, and the language potential gradually drops. Generally used in declarative sentences, exclamatory sentences and imperative sentences to express feelings such as affirmation, determination, praise and blessing.

(3) level adjustment. (1) This tone is smooth and soothing, with no obvious ups and downs. It can be used for statements and explanations without special feelings, and can also express feelings such as solemnity, sadness and indifference.

(4) tunes. The intonation of the whole sentence is curved, or rises first and then falls, or falls first and then rises, which often drags out the words that need to be highlighted in the sentence. This kind of sentence tone is often used to express irony, disgust, irony, implication and so on. In addition to these basic means of expression, some special means of expression are needed to make recitation vivid.