China is a country of poetry and music, with the idea of "harmony between heaven and earth". In China people's thoughts, the process of civilization and the change of dynasties are a manifestation of the cosmic rhythm, and as a cultural activity of human society, it is also a rhythmic movement. China's book of songs, Chu Ci and Han Fu, as well as Tang Poetry, Song Ci, Yuan Qu and Ming and Qing literature and art, expressed a rhythmic movement of beauty in China's cultural history. China's book of songs, Chu Ci, Han Fu, Tang Poetry, Song Ci, Yuan Qu and even the creation of literature and art in Ming and Qing Dynasties are all related to music in a broad sense. They all pursue the rhythm suitable for chanting or singing in words, and embody the rhythm of heaven and earth and human heart sound in content. China, from the Book of Songs, Chu Ci and Han Fu to Tang Poetry, Song Ci, Yuan Qu and even Ming and Qing literature and art, has both inheritance and self-independence in content and form, forming a movement of Chinese cultural beauty, among which "Tang Poetry, Song Ci, Yuan Qu and Ming and Qing Novels" is the most beautiful note in this movement. The endless life force and various life rhythms in Tang poetry; Light, sharp and new artistic conception aesthetics and lingering life emotions in Song Ci; The cosmic image of the vast corridor of Yuan Qu and the romantic feelings of the prodigal son; Colorful pictures of the world in Ming and Qing literature and art. It constitutes the melody of beauty in China's cultural history.
The history of the Tang Dynasty opened the most brilliant chapter in ancient China. The Tang Dynasty was politically enlightened, economically prosperous, militarily powerful, culturally free, with frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries and strong national strength, showing a brilliant situation of prosperity. During the more than 1 years from the founding of Taizu, the reign of Taizong to Xuanzong, enlightened politics was adopted, which kept Li Tang's society stable for a long time and sustained economic development, laid the foundation for the development of cultural undertakings and promoted the all-round prosperity of culture and art in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination system of selecting scholars by poems and selecting scholars by books was carried out. A very important part of the examination of Jinshi was the examination of poetry creation, so the quality of poetry writing directly related to a person's political future. Choosing scholars by poetry has promoted the whole society's worship of poetry from the system. From feudal emperors to fallen literati, from dignitaries to people who drive cars to sell pulp, all of them are proud of their ability to poetry. Emperors in the Tang Dynasty, such as Emperor Taizong, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Tang Dezong, were enthusiastic lovers of poetry. They not only often wrote their own poems, but also often encouraged others to write poems, and vigorously promoted those who could write poems, which greatly promoted the popularization and improvement of poetry. Poetry is a huge monument to the peak of cultural history in the Tang Dynasty. Poetry and songs in the Tang Dynasty flourished unprecedentedly and reached a perfect artistic realm, which became the cultural symbol of the Tang Dynasty. Poetry is the focus of artistic spirit in the Tang Dynasty. Poetry not only expresses the poet's thoughts and feelings, but also shows the prosperous society and the vigorous humanistic spirit of the Tang Dynasty.
the Tang dynasty (618-97) was the heyday of the development of Chinese classical poetry and the peak of China's classical poetry. Tang poetry is one of the outstanding literary heritages in China, and it is also a brilliant pearl in the world's literary treasure house. In the history of more than 3 years in the Tang Dynasty, poetry was particularly prosperous. Poems in the Tang Dynasty are diverse in genre and style, and their works are unprecedented in terms of their wide range of themes, rich content and exquisite skills. There are more than 48,9 poems spread to later generations. The prosperity of poetry in the Tang Dynasty produced many great poets, especially many poets in the Tang Dynasty. Some of them were labeled as "brands" by later generations, such as poet Li Bai, poet Du Fu, Shi Fo Wang Wei and poet Li He. Tang poetry has a wide range of themes, some of which depict the beauty of the motherland's rivers and mountains; Some praise the just war and express patriotic thoughts; Some express personal ambitions and experiences, and express the joys and sorrows of life; Some of them reflected the class status and class contradictions of the society at that time, and exposed the darkness of feudal society. In short, natural phenomena, political dynamics, working life, social customs and personal feelings can not escape the poet's keen eyes and become the subject matter of their writing. In terms of creative methods, there are both schools of realism and romanticism, forming an excellent tradition of Chinese classical poetry. There are five words and seven words, quatrains and metrical poems in form. The Tang Dynasty also created modern poetry with a particularly beautiful and neat style, which pushed the artistic characteristics of Chinese ancient poetry with harmonious syllables and refined words to an unprecedented height and found a most typical form for ancient lyric poetry.
Tang poetry is beautiful, and its greatest feature is that it is full of vitality, magnificent weather and colorful, just like spring, when thousands of trees are competing, showing a thriving atmosphere, which is the vitality of the Tang Dynasty. Tang poetry is the spark of the vigorous vitality of the Tang Dynasty. Walking into Tang poetry is like walking into a spring forest, where birds and flowers are fragrant and fragrant. Tang poetry is known for its abundant expression and rhyme, and the lines between them are full of youthful enthusiasm and imagination, which is full of freedom and joy. Tang poetry has a vigorous rhythm, and it has a thriving mood in the lingering melody. Even poems that lament the loneliness of life and describe the frontier battles are smooth, beautiful and brisk. The peak of Tang poetry was Li Bai, who combined the elegance of Zhuangzi and the magnificence of Qu Yuan with the imagination of genius, and played the strongest voice of Tang poetry art, which was called the voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, reaching the peak of ancient romantic literature in China. Tang poetry is still very popular among the people. Up to now, it is still popular in China that "you can read 3 Tang poems by heart, but you can write them", which shows China people's love for Tang poetry.
words, also known as near-body Yuefu and Qinqu, are also called poems and long and short sentences. These names illustrate the close relationship between words and music, and have certain internal relations with Han Yuefu and Tang poetry. Ci of the Song Dynasty is the lyrics sung in coordination with new music, which is written according to the score of a certain tune. The names of tunes, such as Bodhisattva Man, Butterfly Lovers and Niannujiao, are called "Ci Diao" or "Ci Pai", and the words written according to the tune are called "Yi Sheng" or "Ci Poetry", which is equivalent to the lyrics of modern songs. Ci is developed on the basis of the tunes of Han Yuefu and the rhymes of Tang poetry. It expresses the artistic conception of lightness, novelty, boldness and boldness, and the lingering or impassioned feelings of life with five-or seven-word sentences with different lengths and varied rhythms and rhymes. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, Ci concentrated on reflecting the mentality of ancient China literati, and became a singing style dominated by it. The singing style of Song Ci has long been lost, and now it has become a "dumb word" that has lost its "voice and emotion". However, readers can still feel the beauty of music rhythm between the lines, or lingering, or elegant and remote, or impassioned, or depressed and frustrated. The poets in Song Dynasty created a wonderful artistic realm of on-off and on-off, returning to the past, and blending scenes, which is stirring and has an infectious force. If the singing style of Song Ci can be spread to the present, it will certainly be no less than that of today's music scene. Nowadays, there is only "literary sentiment" in Song Ci, and there is no melody, which is an irreparable regret in the history of world art.
The development of Song Ci mainly went through two stages: the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, and formed two main artistic styles: graceful and unconstrained, which produced many works that were well-known and passed down through the ages.
since the southern song dynasty, due to the sharp ethnic contradictions, patriotic songs have always echoed in the ci world, with tragic and generous tone, which has raised the bold and unconstrained ci style to a new level. Zhang Yuangan, Xiang Ziyin, Yue Fei, Zhang Xiaoxiang, Lu You, Xin Qiji, Chen Liang, Liu Guo, Liu Kezhuang, wuqian, Liu Chenweng, Wen Tianxiang, etc., are like peaks overlapping each other. Among them, Xin Qiji's achievements are the highest, and he has more than 6 poems in his life, including expressing his great aspirations to resist gold and restore the Central Plains, his grief and indignation at being suppressed, his criticism of the capitulators in Gou 'an, his praise of natural scenery and pastoral scenery, and his low complaints of deep affection; The style is mainly bold, vigorous, passionate and generous, but also chic, elegant and charming. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were many outstanding poets who further developed the graceful and restrained ci style, just like a cluster of wonderful flowers fighting for victory, and it is impossible to sum them up in a graceful and restrained style. His wife Kui's "Emptiness" and "Elegance", Shi Dazu's "Fantastic Show and Relaxation", Wu Wenying's "Like a Tower with Seven Treasures", Wang Yisun's "High Meaning" and "Expressing Rhyme and Harmony", Zhang Yan's "Qingyuan Implication" and "Sorrow and Touching", and so on. At the end of Jin Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, Haowen Ci was the highest in the north, with many styles of bold and graceful. The elegant movement, with profound feelings, is the terminator of the development of Ci art in the Song and Jin Dynasties.
Graceful and unconstrained are two artistic styles of Song Ci, which can also be said to be the perfect aesthetic theory of Song Ci. "Wan" means soft and graceful. "About" means refined, vague and subtle. The name "graceful and restrained" can quite summarize the characteristics of a large class of words. Its content mainly writes about the love between men and women, the parting of feelings, the sadness of spring and autumn, and the lingering sight; Most of its forms are graceful, gentle, subtle, affectionate, harmonious and harmonious. It has the characteristics of "simple language with flavor", "simple language with style", "light and sharp" and "full of postures". The main representatives are Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao. Liu Yong is an important representative of the development of ci poetry. He has been down and out for a long time, because his ci poetry can reflect the life, thoughts and feelings of some urban citizens, and he can use folk songs and sayings to write ci poetry, and make good use of narrative techniques to create a large number of slow ci poetry. Liu Ci is graceful and subtle, with endless spare time. His scenery is refreshing, and his feelings are refreshing when he sings happily in a low voice. Liu Ci has a broad social foundation, forming a new trend of Song Ci. His famous words include Rain Bell and Fengqiwu. "Rain Bell": "Cold cicadas are sad, and it is late for the pavilion, and the shower begins to rest. There is no mood in all the accounts. Party nostalgia, Lanzhou urged. Holding hands and staring at tears, I am even more speechless. I miss a thousand miles of smoke and waves, and the dusk is heavy. Affectionate since ancient times, it hurts to leave, and it is even more comparable to the cold autumn festival! Who knows where I am when I sober tonight? Yang Liuan, Xiaofeng and Mingyue. This is a long time, the people who fall in love are not together, I expect even to meet the good weather, good scenery, as in name only. "Even though there are thousands of amorous feelings, who can I tell?" Use "cold cicada", "shower", "smoke wave", "twilight", "Yang Liuan", "breeze" and "waning moon" to write gloomy and sad space and feelings, and the scenery is full of emotion and melts into the scene. Shangcheng wrote about the scene of being inseparable from his lover and saying goodbye, mainly about scenery, but every word was affectionate; I imagine the imaginary life scene after leaving, which leads to the emotional expression. "Where do you wake up today? Yang Liuan's Xiao Feng's waning moon "is a famous sentence of Liu Yong, which has always been well-known. Ask clearly and clearly, answer implicitly and vividly, like a non-answer, with endless charm. The three scenic spots of "Yang Liuan", "Xiaofeng" and "Canyue" are very harmoniously integrated, forming a distinct, quiet and open artistic conception, which is fascinating. Writing the real scene clearly, writing the other feelings secretly, seeing the feelings in the scene, bringing the scenery with feelings, appears implicit and aftertaste. The artistic conception of scene blending and the lingering and graceful style. Liu Yong's "Fengqiwu": "The wind is thin in the dangerous building. Looking forward to the spring sorrow, the sky is dark. In the afterglow of grass and smoke. No one will rely on the meaning of the column without words. I plan to get drunk on the crazy map and sing about wine, which is strong and tasteless. "I'm not sorry for the widening of my belt, and I'm emaciated by it." Wang Guowei put Liu Yong's "My clothes are getting wider and wider, but I don't regret it, which makes people haggard for Iraq." Known as the second realm of learning, it can be seen that the level of Liu Ci is high. Li Qingzhao is a representative poetess of graceful and restrained school. She is unique in the Song Dynasty and has great influence on later generations. Li Qingzhao's poems are full of true feelings, pay attention to temperament and concise words. She can use plain language to create a bright and perfect artistic image. The language of her words is as clear as words, but meaningful and full of beautiful tones. The early stage reflects the life of young girls and young women, which is joyful and lively; In the later period, it is full of the feeling of falling life experience and the rise and fall of the country. For Li Qingzhao's "Like a Dream", "Last night, it rained suddenly and the wind blew suddenly, and a deep sleep didn't need any wine. Ask the shutter man, but the Chinese flowering crabapple remains the same. Do you know? Do you know? It should be green, fat, red and thin. " The author uses the technique of expressing his heart directly to express a sad feeling of remembering the spring scenery and saying goodbye. Her "A Cut of Plums", "Red lotus root is fragrant, jade is lingering in the autumn, and Luo Shang is lightly untied, and she is alone in orchid. Who sent the brocade book in the cloud? When the word geese returns, the moon is full of the West Building. Flowers drift from water to water, a kind of acacia, two places of leisure. "There was nothing I could do to get rid of this feeling, so I frowned, but it came to my mind. Write the love and parting between men and women with a clever and sharp new pen. In addition, Qin Guan and Zhou Bangyan have also made great achievements in graceful style. Qin Guan's ci is deep and elegant, Zhou Bangyan's ci is rich and exquisite, and Li Qingzhao's ci is fresh and ups and downs like the three peaks in the sky, each exceeding the peak of graceful ci. "Boldness" is another artistic style of Song Ci. Bold Ci in Song Dynasty is represented by Su Shi and Xin Qiji, who advocate bold, free and eclectic aesthetic concepts. Su Shi's poem Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia "river of no return, a romantic figure through the ages. In the west of the old camp, people said that it was the battle of the three kingdoms, the battle of the red cliff. The steep rock walls, such as the thunder of the waves against the river bank, the waves of spray like to roll up tens of millions of snow. As picturesque as a mountain, how many heroes there are at one time! Thinking back in the days of Zhou Yu's spring breeze, beautiful beautiful young Joe just married him, his heroic heroic spirit full of. Hand feather fan head in a white figure, laugh and talk, the enemy's warships burn the ashes. I am fugue today in the battlefield, I am feeling the a feeling heart, prematurely born with white hair. "It's like a dream on earth, and a bottle of wine returns to the moon." From the beginning, this word was spread out on the grand realm of thousands of years and thousands of miles. It is magnificent and has a broad vision. With bold and fluent words, it praises the magnificence of the motherland's mountains and rivers and the style of historical heroes. In such a vast cosmic space-time, the individual is small and life is short, so people should put themselves into the vastness and infinity of the universe, which embodies the bold artistic style. Xin Qiji was an outstanding poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. He inherited the bold style of Su Shi's ci. His ci broke through the rhythm of ci to a greater extent, taking Wen as ci, answering questions like words, arguing freely and unrestrained.
China's literature and art developed into the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and went to the secular completely, especially the novels in the Ming and Qing Dynasties made brilliant achievements. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the golden age of China's classical novels. Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, The Journey to the West and Dream of Red Mansions are the four most familiar novels. Literature and art in Ming and Qing dynasties, represented by novels and operas, depict secular human feelings and common life. It comes from rap literature and serves "ordinary people". Pay attention to the twists and turns of the plot and the richness of details, and form a comprehensive art combining rap, performance, music and dance-Ming and Qing literature and art. Literature and art in Ming and Qing Dynasties praised innocence, love and hate, satirized feudal marriage, and appreciated pornography and debauchery. One of the popular and prominent themes is the love between ordinary men and women. Literature and art in Ming and Qing Dynasties is a colorful picture of the world, a colorful picture of social customs, which has become a beautiful movement in China's cultural history.
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a novel in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, is the most successful historical novel in China. Its central content is to interpret all kinds of contradictions and struggles and even wars between Wei, Shu and Wu, and tell a tortuous story. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms describes a group of personalized characters in popular, concise and lively language, such as Zhang Fei's boldness, Guan Yu's arrogance, Cao Cao's deception and Kong Ming's intelligence. The plot of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms develops consistently, but it is full of twists and turns, which is rare in classical novels in a clear and clear context.