instrument name: oboe

instrument tone: c key.

clef application: clef for treble, and notation without shifting.

practical range: small word group bb-small word group a.

structure: whistle (double reed), pipe body (including upper and lower joints and bell mouth) and keys.

material: the pipe body is made of specially treated hardwood.

musical instrument features: soft and beautiful timbre, with flute sound, suitable for expressing pastoral scenery and melancholy and lyrical mood.

double-reed air-sounding musical instrument. Woodwind instruments widely used in modern orchestras and wind bands. Oboe is a high-pitched instrument in the oboe family (including the English bassoon, bassoon and bassoon), and it is also a representative instrument of this family.

The oboe body is conical, and the length of the tube is about 6 ~ 7cm. The blowing nozzle is a pair of double springs made of a pair of reed pieces, which are installed at the upper end of the pipe. When the six finger holes are opened in succession, the natural scale in D major (like flute) is played, and the notation is the same as the real sound, so it is not used as a transposed instrument. The range is B ~ G3, which can be higher to c4, but it is difficult to blow out. The first 16 tones are the basic tones. Use a treble spectrum. The □ tone of the oboe is often used as the standard tone for orchestra tuning. The timbre of oboe is rich in pastoral flavor, with the characteristics of folk shepherd flute or reed flute. Sound penetration is strong, and it is easy to control the fading and fading; The persistence of playing is better than other woodwind instruments, and it often serves as a solo melody part, especially for expressing continuous singing tones. When playing, because reed leaves are contained in the mouth, it is generally only the single-spitting method, which makes it difficult to play Shuang Tu, so it is not its strong point to repeat the homophones quickly. But those with high skills can also use the "flower tongue" (vibrating tongue method) to play. The oboe has been shaped for about 3 years, and it became a fixed instrument in the band compilation at the end of the 17th century. In 185, the clarinet used by L.van Beethoven in Federico had only two keys, in 182 it had six keys, and in 1839 it was increased to ten keys. By the middle of the 19th century, referring to the arrangement of finger holes and the mechanical device of finger keys, Bohm flute was improved several times before it became more perfect.

The oboe was once one of the most important instruments in a military band, and it can be solo and ensemble. In the early days, J.-P. Lamo and J. S. Bach all attached great importance to it, but the truly skillful development began with the works of G. F. Handel. Handel wrote 6 concertos and 12 sonatas for it. The funeral March in L.van Beethoven's Heroic Symphony, the scherzo in the Pastoral Symphony, the second movement in Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky's Fourth Symphony, and the Norwegian Dance by E Grieg all have famous fragments of the oboe.

OBOE is now called oboe, which comes from the French compound language "Ou Bo bois" with the meaning of Haut and Bois, and the term "oboe" is formed by emphasizing the pronunciation of the final vowel in the word. This instrument originated from the sound made by playing two leaves in history, which is a behavior that all original reed instruments may have experienced. Since ancient times, double-reed musical instruments have developed, such as oros in ancient Greece, Tibia in ancient Rome, Harry in ancient Egypt and surna commonly used by Asians. These instruments, which are played with a whistle, are generally called Schalmei, which is also the ancestor of oboe.

Some people say that the predecessor of oboe is Shom or Brahms, and Sharme.

Shawm is an important double-reed instrument that appeared in the early 14th century. Shom is the predecessor of oboe, and some people call a tenor Shom-Bombarde the old oboe. There are two types of shoms, one is the martial music shoms evolved from suona, and the other is the folk shoms born out of bagpipes and melodies, such as lamela. Schom, a musical instrument, originated in India, and is especially popular in countries that believe in Islam and India, especially in Islamic countries. It is used as a musical instrument of a military band together with instruments such as trumpet and trombone. Shom instruments introduced to China in history were only played in the wild because of their rough sound and poor timbre.

in the 16th century, in addition to the use of shoms of different sizes in military music, there also appeared some ensemble-type double-reed instruments, such as Doucaine, Niclol, krum's oboe (Crumhorn), Courtard's oboe, etc. Among them, Courtard was the predecessor of Bassoon and was born out of the wind.

In the mid-17th century, France improved a smaller Shom and named it Hautbois-- Oboe. At this point, the real oboe came out. At the beginning of the 18th century, oboe became a popular musical instrument in the music center of Europe.

This kind of musical instrument uses double reed whistles, that is, whistles made of two reeds, which are held between the lips when playing. By blowing, the double reeds vibrate, forming an air column in the tube, and the vibration makes a sound. By opening and closing the sound hole and changing the length of the air column, different pitches are obtained.

The century after p>169 was the development stage of the two-key and three-key oboe. At that time, oboe, as the basic timbre instrument of woodwind group, was the first to become a member of the developing double-reed mixed orchestra. Because of its rich expression and singing, it was quickly listed as a solo part in the orchestra.

The 19th century was the mechanized era of oboe. From 18 to 1825, eight keys were added to the musical instrument, and its structure showed the requirements of convenient fingering and improved pronunciation.

in p>1825, Josef Sellner, a court musician in Vienna, invented the 13-key oboe, which greatly promoted its development speed, so that Vienna musical instruments once had obvious advantages. But in 1839, after Henri Brod reformed some machinery according to the mechanical principle, all manufacturers adopted Brod's method to design the keys evenly and simply. What Broder and his contemporaries admired most was the French oboe produced by Triebert. At that time, the oboe of the Triebert system could be divided into six styles. After Te's death in 1878, Loree, who had been the foreman of a commercial firm for many years, soon produced an A6 musical instrument in which the three fingers of his right hand (food, middle finger and ring finger) could freely control the BB-C keys. Georges Cillet successfully used the A6 oboe in the Paris Conservatory in 1882, and since then, A6 has been renamed the Conservatory. The production of the Tribert oboe greatly promoted the development of the A·M·R Barret oboe, which still belongs to its system. From 185 to now, Tribert and Barrett oboes have been the basic products produced by various manufacturers, but today some players use an independent third overtone key or semi-automatic overtone key in addition to the full-automatic overtone key.

Modern oboe

There are full-automatic oboe and semi-automatic oboe in the world. No matter what kind of musical instrument, there are only three kinds of overtone keys: one is semi-automatic, which is controlled by the left index finger from a2 to c3; Third, fully automatic, high octave can be converted by pressing the left thumb; Third, both full and semi-automatic. Considering the development of playing skills, the third instrument is more practical.

Various styles of oboe in the past dynasties

Historically, there have been many styles of oboe:

① oboe d'amore. A tenor double reed instrument with a range between the oboe and the hunting oboe, in a key, is three degrees lower than the oboe and belongs to a transposition instrument. It was used in Bach's time and was later eliminated. Its timbre is rich in characteristics, and there are fragments and solo sentences in R. Strauss's Family Symphony and M. Ravel's Bolero.

② hunting oboe (oboe da caccia). The ancient alto double reed instrument, in F key, is five degrees lower than the oboe, and belongs to the transposed instrument, which was later replaced by the British pipe.

③ sarrusophone. Although it is made of copper, it was created in 1863 by Salu, the captain of the French military band. * * * There are 6 kinds, with loud volume, which belong to transposed instruments. Often used in military music, it was replaced by a new bass bassoon.

④ haeckel's tube. Created by German musician haeckel in 194. A kind of upper bass oboe with a range between the English pipe and the bassoon, with a key of C, which is eight degrees lower than the oboe. The pipe diameter and reed are wide and the bass is strong, which was used by R Strauss in Salome.

The oboe is composed of three parts, with about 2 air holes of different sizes, and the air holes are equipped with gold-plated or silver-plated keys to cover the air holes and adjust the pitch. The whole set of keys is composed of a complex lever structure. When the keys are played, the lever combination will automatically open or close the required air holes according to the played pitch.

Key system

The key mode of oboe is constantly improving. At present, the key system includes:

Semi-automatic key system: it is difficult to control, and you need to press the 2nd Octave key of your left hand when playing A5~C6; The lever structure is simpler and the price is cheaper.

automatic key system: simplifies the operation mode of semi-automatic key system; The lever structure is more precise and the price is higher.

octave keys

The new oboe has three octave keys, the first one is used to open the vent of E5 to G#5. The second one opens the pores from A5 to C6; The third provides another set of high-pitched key fingering.

trill keys

Due to the lack of lever structure, it is difficult or even impossible for the old oboe to produce trill effect at individual pitches, such as C4-C#4 and B3-C4. The new oboe is attached with different vibrato keys, so that almost all sounds can be vibrato.

left-handed f

in the old oboe, the fingering of the forked F(Forked-F) must be used when playing D-F or F-D. The new oboe is attached with the left-hand F key, which greatly reduces the complexity of fingering.

Forked-F resonance key)

another key used to simplify the fingering of playing D-F or f-d. The fork-shaped F fingering of the old oboe needs to match the Eb key of the right hand; The new oboe is equipped with a forked F*** key, so you don't need to press the Eb key when using the forked f fingering.

reed

The quality of the oboe played by the reed (Rico -- Medium Soft) depends not only on the quality of the instrument itself and the skill of the player, but also on the reed. Reed is usually made of the stem of reed, but also made of bamboo cane, bamboo chips and other materials. Before the reed is used, it must be soaked in clear water for several minutes. After it becomes soft, the reed can fully vibrate and give off a round timbre.

the thickness of the reed will also directly affect the sound quality when playing: the thin reed is easy to produce sound, suitable for beginners, but the sound quality is not round; Thick reed can blow out loud and sweet sound, but it is difficult to control, and it needs a large air pressure to make sound; The sound of a reed that is too long is low, and the sound of a reed that is too short is high. Because different music has different requirements for the sound quality of oboe, professional players usually make their own reeds to meet their needs; Beginners can also choose to buy ready-made reeds for practice.

The oboe is clear, fresh and loud, which always attracts people's attention in the band.

Therefore, in the works of Vivaldi, Mozart, R. Strauss, albinoni and Bei Lini, the oboe skills and beautiful sound areas are brought into full play. Oboe plays an important role in a symphony orchestra. It is full of forthright and wonderful timbre characteristics.

The oboe is a woodwind instrument with pastoral or pastoral flavor. Its sound quality is sweet and pure, its timbre is very distinctive, its timbre is beautiful and nasal, and it is very expressive, impressive and enthusiastic. The more pure melodic things the oboe has in its own voice, the more it likes to refuse technical performance.

For example, the fascinating passages in Beethoven's Symphony No.9 and Bach's Scherzo are music full of simple pastoral flavor, which is unforgettable for anyone who has heard them. In addition, the sincere, touching and expressive passages in Egmont will make the audience amazed. There is also the most memorable melody of Tchaikovsky's oboe, and how sad and singing the solo fragments in Swan Lake are. Moreover, the fragments in the second movement of his Fourth Symphony are even more beautiful and touching. Rimsky-Korsakov's "Suet Leung" and the oboe's "Groans of Pain" are particularly expressive.

OBOE is one of the most important roles in modern orchestras. As the name implies, it is an instrument that is made up of two reeds and blows out sound. Mainly relying on two reeds, using the lips to control its vibration, blowing out some "sad and emotional" timbre. The oboe is the first woodwind instrument to join the orchestra since the Baroque period (the late 17th century). The reason for this is that its intonation is determined, and the original origin is only a few holes (2-6), which was gradually improved.

The Bem style, which has the greatest influence on the production of western woodwind instruments, improved the key system of flutes and applied it to oboes. Therefore, the oboes we see today are all key-pressed, which is similar to the clarinet, but different in size, the oboe is thinner and the mouthpiece is completely different.

The oboe is divided into three sections. The UPER section, the LOWER section and the BELL JOINT are usually tuned instruments in the symphony orchestra. The chief is the first violin, and the orchestra must be tuned before playing or practicing. Traditionally, the standard sound A is played by the first oboe. And then adjusted by other groups of musical instruments. There are many pieces of oboe music. Besides Mozart's concertos, concertos written by other composers (no matter what instruments) are bound to have oboe solo passages.

The oboe plays an important role in the orchestra

The oboe is indispensable in the symphony orchestra, and most of the songs need two oboes. Oboe also exists in military bands and wind bands, usually one or two.

The oboe has a long history. In the mid-17th century, it was made into several sections. Today's oboe evolved from Shawn. It was not used in orchestras until the 18th century. In Beethoven's works, the oboe plays a more important role in the band. The oboe has a range of two and a half octaves, from bb to f3. The diatonic scale is D, but it is not a transposed instrument. The tone of oboe is full of overtones, and the bass is full of pronunciation, but it is rough and nasal; The midrange tone is sweet and expressive, and it is suitable for strong playing and weak playing; The high-pitched area is clear and clear