Beginning in 1600, Europe entered a period of great development - the Baroque period. At that time, not only great composers such as Bach and Handel, as we all know, were produced, but also operas, concertos, and sonatas. Other themes have been created and developed one after another.

The Baroque period was an important form of early classical music. The music of this period was dominated by polyphony, which was gorgeous and complex. Although Baroque music has broken through the complete order and innocent expression of religious music and become richer, in the entire development of classical music, the music of this period is still influenced by a lot of religious music, revealing a rigorous breath. However, the music of the Baroque period was more liberalized than previous music forms. The emergence of various music types and the maturity of musical instruments made the music of this period full of a special atmosphere and was sought after by future generations. There were more musicians in the Baroque period, and they were much more prolific than modern musicians. The most important figures in the Baroque era should be Handel, Vivaldi and Bach. Both Handel and Bach were famous for the keyboard instruments organ and harpsichord of that era, but their composition forms were slightly different. Handel made many achievements in opera, while Bach has been focusing on the creation of various instrumental music, leaving a large number of classic instrumental works for future generations. The violin music of this period was close to maturity, and Vivaldi's contribution cannot be ignored.

The music of this period was the forerunner of modern concerts. The composer's Baroque music has obvious characteristics: gorgeous, complex, ornamental, distorted, focusing on the surreal and majestic, these qualities can be integrated into each other. If the Renaissance era (and the later classical era) represented order and clarity, then the Baroque era (and the later romantic era) represented turmoil, unrest and doubt. Four-part harmony and "figured bass" with text indicating chords were all produced in the Baroque era; the disappearance of the old ecclesiastical modes and the rise of the major and minor scale systems and related tonality that are still in use today are Events of the Baroque Era. In addition, the idea of ??rhythm also sprouted in this era, that is, adding bar lines to music scores. These forms later directly derived into sonatas, symphonies, concertos, preludes and variations. However, there were also some free musical forms in the Baroque era - such as touch, fantasy, overture and theme imitation (ancient fantasy).

Verdi

Monteverdi (1567~1643) was an Italian composer who spanned from the Renaissance to the Baroque period. )

1. Selected Pastorals

2. Evensong (1610).

3. Opera "Orfeo".

Corelli

Corelli (1653~1713) Italian violinist and composer.

1. Twelve Harmonies Cantos OP.6.

2. Violin Sonata Collection OP.5 (including the famous "Follia").

Purcell

Purcell (1659~1695) British composer.

1. Opera "Dido and Anyas".

2. Opera "The Fairy Queen". 3.Song selection. 4. A selection of carols.

Scarlatti

(1685~1757) Italian composer.

Recommended repertoire: Sonata collection (selected from piano, harpsichord, and organ).

Tartini

(1692~1770) Italian violinist and composer.

Repertoire: 1. "The Devil's Trill" Violin Sonata. 2. Variations on a Theme by Corey.

Pego Raisi

(1710~1736) Italian composer.

Repertoire: Hymn to the Virgin. The end of the Baroque era was marked by Bach's death, followed by the Classical period.

When European music entered the classical period, that is, after Bach's death in 1750, there was no successor to polyphony in Europe, and the music style turned to simple and practical main tunes. At that time, three music masters appeared: " Haydn, the "Father of Symphony", Mozart, the "Prodigy", and Beethoven, the "Music Saint"! The theme of music has also gradually changed from religious music that lasted for centuries to classical music with rich philosophical connotations!

The music of this period inherited the achievements of traditional European polyphonic music and tonal music, and established important musical forms such as sonata, concerto, and symphony. Chamber music also developed during this period, which was important to It had a very important influence on the development of music afterwards. The music of the classical period was relatively rigorous, inheriting the rationality of the Baroque era, but more integrated into people's emotions, achieving unity between the two. Therefore, the content of music expression in the classical period has become richer, and it is perfectly integrated with music art. In the classical music period, the three most important representatives were Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. Mozart's music is full of magnificence and always brings a sense of affinity. This affinity comes from Mozart's innocent mentality in order to create music. Compared with Mozart, Beethoven experienced more hardships in life and was plagued by long-term illness.

He wrote all the misfortunes in his life into his music, so Beethoven's music brings people more of a kind of anger, a passion, and an attitude of fighting against life.

Because the three representative figures of this period: Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven lived and created mainly in Vienna, they are also called the "Viennese Classical School" or "Viennese Classical Music" ". Among the writers of this period, Mozart's Serenade and Divertiments are very popular. Haydn's Cello Concertos No. 1 and 2 will also be very suitable for beginners to enjoy. As for Beethoven's works, the powerful sound is at your fingertips. Personally, I prefer his violin sonata "Spring", piano sonatas "Pathétique", "Passion" and "Moonlight". Gluck (1714~1787) was a German opera composer who spanned from the late Baroque to the classical period.

Beethoven

(1770~1827) German composer, known as the "Music Saint".

Repertoire: 1. Symphony No. 1~Nine Bluffs (Destiny No. 5) (Hero No. 3). 2. Piano Concerto Nos. 1 to 5. 3. Violin Concerto in D major. 4. Piano Sonata No. 8 "Pathétique", No. 14 "Moonlight", No. 21 "Waldstein", No. 23 "Enthusiasm", No. 26 "Farewell", No. 29 "Moonlight" Hammaclavia", No. 30-32. 5. Violin Sonata No. 5 "Spring" and No. 9 "Kreutzer". 6. Cello Sonata No. 3 and No. 5. 7. String Quartet Nos. 7~10, 13, and 14. 8. For the piano trio, learn No. 5 "Ghost" and No. 7 "The Archduke". 9. Selection of overtures. 10. Romance (in G major and F major). 11. Triple Concerto OP.56. 12. Opera "Fidelio". 13. Missa Solemnis OP.123. 14. To Alice. 15. Fantasy Rondo.

Haydn

(1732~1809) Austrian composer, known as the "Father of the Symphony".

Repertoire: Symphony No. 45 "Farewell", No. 83 "Hen", No. 88, No. 92 "Oxford", No. 94 "Shock", No. 96 "Miracle", No. 99, No. 100 "Army", No. 101 "Clock", No. 103 "Drums", No. 10 No. 4 "Lun Hao".

Mozart

Austrian composer (1756~1791).

Repertoire:

1. Symphony Nos. 35-41.

2. Piano Concerto No. 19-27.

3. Violin Concerto Nos. 3-5.

4. Flute Concerto (two pieces).

5. Flute and Harp Concert

Soument K.229.

6. Recorder Concerto K.622.

7. Bassoon K.191.

8. French Horn Concerto (four pieces).

9. Symphony Concerto (K.364 and K.297b).

10. Piano Sonata K.310, K.330~333(331), K.457, K.545.

11. Violin and piano sonatas (optional).

12. String Quartet No. 14-23.

13. Recorder Quintet K.581.

14. French Horn Quintet K.407.

15. Serenade K.239, K.320, K.525, K.361.

16. Operas "As All Women Are", "The Marriage of Figaro" and "The Magic Flute".

17. Mass in C major "Coronation".

18. Requiem K.626.

19. Flute Quartet (***4).

20. Piano Trio (***8 pieces). (approximately 1820-1900 AD) After Beethoven's death in 1827, the rigorous classicism period ended. At that time, Europe was undergoing the baptism of Romanticism. Composers at that time regarded composition as a means of expressing inner emotions. Their aesthetic appreciation of music also developed further, and musical expression techniques such as dazzling skills were produced! For example, Paganini and Liszt were very popular performers at that time! Music expressions and styles are becoming increasingly rich, and there are some national composers who create in national music languages, such as Finland's Sibelius, Norway's Grieg, Russia's Five Powerful Group, etc., all of whom are members of the national music school. Great composer.

With the end of the classical music period after 1820, romantic music began to sprout. The music forms of this period were richer, and it was the closest to modern times among the peak periods of classical art. Most of the classical music that is most accepted today came from this period. Romantic music has paid more attention to people's spiritual realm and subjective emotional expression, has become more prominent in the performance of natural scenery, and has made more frequent use of ethnic and folk music. It can be said that it is truly becoming popular. In fact, the late works of composers such as Beethoven and Rossini of the classical music school have already revealed the color of romantic music. Musicians born around 1800 formed the center of early romanticism.

Romantic music was then perfected by well-known musicians such as Mendelssohn, Schumann, Chopin and Verdi, and reached its peak in the era of Tchaikovsky, Liszt and Wagner, who formed the foundation of romantic music. core. Of course, the contributions of late romantic musicians Mahler and Rachmaninov cannot be underestimated. From the early 20th century to the present, it is a period of gradual evolution from classical music to modern music. During this short period, a variety of music forms have appeared, including Impressionism music, Expressionism music and Neoclassical music. Expressionist music and neoclassical music are generally called new music, which generally refers to the new music forms discovered after Impressionist music. Compared with the romantic period and previous classical music, these musics are essentially different. The transition from classical music to modern music has become an inevitable trend.

The music of this period paid more attention to the expression of people's spiritual realm and subjective emotions, and the expression of natural scenery became more and more prominent. The use of ethnic and folk music in creation was more important and frequent. In the mid-to-late 19th century, a national music school emerged with the mission of revitalizing national music. In terms of music genres, new instrumental solo genres have emerged, such as nocturnes, improvisations, ballades, scherzos, fantasies and songs without words. The works of this period are diverse and each has its own characteristics. The introductory repertoire includes a selection of Schubert's art songs and "The Beautiful Mill Girl"; Chopin's Nocturnes and Piano Concerto No. 2; Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto, Piano Concerto No. 1, No. 2; Wagner Opera Overtures; Brahms Symphonies No. 1 and 3; Tchaikovsky Violin Concerto, Piano Concerto No. 1; Rachmaninoff Piano Concerto No. 2, "Piano Concerto" "Theme and Variations of Garnini"; Lalo's "Symphony Espa?a"; Ravel Piano Concerto in G major.

As time enters the 19th century, Impressionist music led by Debussy appeared! The musical performance is very colorful, which is similar to the painting style at that time!

At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, music had another breakthrough development. Composers starting with Webern broke the twelve-note composition method and abandoned nearly 400 years of European tunes. Sexual system, invented the twelve-tone sequence, and later atonality and other musical forms appeared, such as Schoenberg at that time! After the world war, science and technology became more developed, people's thoughts became richer, electronic music appeared, and cultural exchanges between countries continued to integrate, resulting in richer and more diversified music forms! The music after 1945 is called avant-garde music. The music at this time has shaken people's view of the beauty of music, and has become more theoretical, producing music forms that people cannot understand, such as silent music, noise, microtones, etc.!

The works of the 20th century include Britten's "Orchestral Guide for Young People" and "Sinfonietta", Stravinsky's "Polcinella", "Petroshka", and Prokofiev's Piano Sonata No. 7 and Piano Concerto No. 1. Here we recommend German composer Hindemith's "Symphony Variations on a Theme of Weber" and "The Painter Maxis" Symphony, as well as American composer Copland's "Journal" and "An Ordinary Man's Horn".

In the late Romantic period, when the European tonal system developed into its most glorious and final period, I have to mention composers such as Rachmaninov and Mahler, who combined European traditional compositions with The French method has developed to its extreme, and of course it also includes new attempts, with magnificent works such as Mahler's Eighth Symphony "Chorus of a Thousand" appearing. Furthermore, there is Stravinsky. His neoclassicism advocated polyphony and counterpoint, and adopted polytonality, which played a vital role in the transition from traditional composition methods to avant-garde music!

Paganini

Italian violinist and composer. (1782~1840)

Repertoire: 1. Twenty-four unaccompanied violin capriccios. 2. Violin Concerto Nos. 1 and 2. 3. Moses Fantasia. 4. Variations on the theme of "Chaos in the Heart".

Rossini

Italian opera composer. (1792~1868)

Repertoire: 1. Selected opera overtures. 2. Opera "The Barber of Seville". 3. Opera "Semiramide". 4. Opera "Cinderella". 5. String sonatas (***6).

Donizetti

Italian opera composer. (1797~1848)

Recommended tracks: 1. Opera "Lucia di Lammermo". 2. Opera "Don Pasguare". 3. Opera "Elixir of Love". 4. Opera "Flowers of the Union". 5. Opera "The Beloved".

Verdi

Italian opera composer. (1813~1901)

Repertoire: 1. Opera "La Traviata". 2. Opera "Aida". 3. Opera "Otero". 4. Opera "Macbeth". 5. Opera "Trovatore". 6. Opera "Force de Destiny". 7. Opera "Naboogo". 8. Opera "Masquerade". 9. Opera "Don Carlo". 10. Opera "Falstaff". 11. Collection of overtures and preludes (optional). 12. Requiem 1 2 6.

Weber

German composer. (1786~1826)

Repertoire: 1. Recorder Concerto Nos. 1 and 2. 2. Piano music "Invitation to Dance".

3. Recorder Quintet in B flat major. 4. Overture to "The Archer", Overture to "Oberon", Overture to "Uriander". 5. Opera "Magic Bullet".

Member (1791~1686) German opera composer.

Repertoire: Coronation March (from the opera "The Prophet").

Schumann

German composer. (1810~1856)

Repertoire: 1. Symphony Nos. 1 to 4 (No. 3 Rhine Symphony first movement, second movement, third movement, fourth movement). 2. Childhood Scene OP.15 (The Seventh Fantasy). 3.Fantasia in C major OP.17 (first movement, second movement, third movement). 4. Carnival OP.9. 5. Kreislerine OP.16. 6. Symphonic Etude OP.13. 7. Fantasy Piece OP.12. 8. Forest Scene OP.82. 9. Piano Sonata No. 2 OP. .22. 10. Piano Concerto in A minor OP.54 (first movement, second and third movements). 11. Piano Quintet OP.44. 12. Fantasy Piece for Recorder and Piano OP.73. 13. Three Oboe Romances OP.94. 14. "Fairy Tale Album" (Viola and Piano). 15. Five folk-style works (cello and piano). 16. Cello Concerto in A minor. 17.Violin Concerto in D minor. 18. Joint song collections "Poet's Love" and "Woman's Love and Life". 19.Violin Sonatas (two pieces). 20. Adagio and Allegro for Piano and French Horn OP.70.

Brahms

German composer and pianist. (1833~1897)

Repertoire: 1. Symphony Nos. 1 to 4. 2. Piano Concerto Nos. 1 and 2. 3. Violin Concerto in D major. 4. Concerto for Violin and Cello. 5. Hungarian Dances (***21). 6. Overture to "University Celebration" and Overture to "Tragedy". 7. Recorder Quintet OP.115. 8. Recorder Sonata (two pieces). 9. Violin Sonatas (three pieces). 10. Cello Sonata (two pieces). 11. Piano Sonata No. 3. 12. Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel, OP.24. 13. Variations on a Theme by Paganini, OP.35. 14. Collection of piano pieces in OP.76, OP.79, OP.116~119 (like Bram) People in Sri Lanka must listen to these pieces, which include intermezzos, capriccios, rhapsodys, ballads, etc.). 15. Piano Quintet OP.34. 16. String Quartet (three pieces). 17. String Sextet (two pieces). 18. Piano trio (three pieces). 19. Piano Quartet (three pieces). 20. French Horn Trio OP.40. 21. Recorder Trio OP.114. 22. Variations on a Theme by Haydn OP.96a. 23. Serenade (two songs). 24. Deutsche Requiem. 25. Songbook (optional).

Schubert

The Austrian composer is known as the "King of Songs". (1797~1828)

Repertoire: 1. Symphonies No. 5, 8 and 9. 2. Piano and String Quintet "Trout". 3. String Quartet "Death and the Maiden". 4. Impromptu D.899, D.935, D.946. 5. Happy Hour D.780. 6. Piano Sonata D.557, D.571 D.556, D.784, D.845, D .894, D.850, D.958, D.960. 7. "Abegoni" Sonata D.821. 8. Piano Trio No. 1 and No. 2. 9. Wanderer's Fantasia D.760. 10. Joint song collection "Beautiful Mill Girl", "Winter Journey", "Swan Song". 11. Song collection (optional). 12. Octet D.803. 13. String Quintet D.956. 14. Violin Sonatas (four pieces). 15. Violin Fantasy D.934.

Strauss

Austrian composer. (1825~1899) is known as the "King of Waltz". (His father is the father of the waltz.)

Repertoire: 1. Waltz: "Blue Danube", "Southern Rose Block", "The Story of the Vienna Woods", "Wine, Women and Songs", "The Artist's Life", "The Emperor", "One Thousand and One Nights" 2. Polka: "Pizzicato", "Thunder and Lightning", "Chat", "Hunting", "Explosion". Overture to "The Baron", Overture to "Nights in Venice" 4. Operetta "The Bat"

French composer. ~1869)

Repertoire: 1. Symphonie Fantastique 2. Overture Collection (including "Roman Carnival", "King Lear", "Pirates", etc.) 3. Harold in Italy ( Theme symphony including viola lead) 4. Song collection "Summer Night" 5. Romeo and Juliet (Drama Symphony)

Chopin

Polish pianist, Composer. (1810~1849)

Repertoire: 1. Piano Concertos No. 1 and 2. 2. Etude (No. 27). 3. Preludes (No. 26). (Fourteen). 5. Nocturne (No. 2). 6. Piano Sonata No. 2 and No. 3.

7. "Army" Polonaise OP.40NO.1, "Hero" Polonaise OP.53, "Fantasy" Polonaise OP.61, Calm Andante and Polonaise OP.22. 8. Mazaoka ( optional). 9. Improvisations (four). 10. Ballads (four pieces) 1 2 3 4. 11. Scherzo (four pieces). 12. Fantasia OP.49. 13. Lullaby OP.57. 14. Barcarolle

Liszt

Hungarian pianist and composer. (1811~1886)

Repertoire: 1. Piano Concerto No. 1 and 2. 2. Symphonic poems No. 2 "Tasso", No. 3 "Prelude", No. 4 "Orfeo", No. 6 "Majepa". 3. Hungarian Rhapsody (nineteen pieces) No1, No2, No13, No15. 4. Hungarian Folk Fantasia. 5. Piano Sonata in B minor OP.45. 6. Mephistopheles Waltz No. 1. 7. Grand Etude on a Theme of Paganini OP.67 (six of them, the third one is the most famous). 8. Super skill etudes (twelve pieces, optional). 9. The year of pilgrimage. 10. No. 3 "Dream of Love". 11. Dance of Death (piano and orchestra). 12. "Faust" Symphony.

Tchaikovsky

Russian composer. (1840~1893)

Repertoire: 1. Symphony Nos. 4, 5 and 6 "Pathétique". 2. Piano Concerto No. 1 in B flat minor, OP. 23. 3. Violin Concerto in D major, OP. 35. 4. Ballet music "Swan Lake", "Sleeping Beauty", "Nutcracker". 5. "Romeo and Juliet" Fantasy Overture. 6. Italian Caprice op.45. 7. Symphonic Fantasy "The Tempest" op.18. 8. "1812" Overture. 9. Slavic March OP.31. 10. Symphonic Fantasy "Francesca di Rimini" OP.32. 11. "Hamlet" Fantasy Overture. 12. Variations on a Rococo Theme (Cello and Orchestra). 13.Piano Trio in A minor. 14. String Quartet (three pieces). 15. Orchestral Suites No. 1 to 4. 16. Opera "Eugene Onegin". 17. Serenade for Strings OP.48. 18. Symphony No. 1 to No. 3 (No. 3). 19. "Manfred" Symphony. 20. Piano music collection "Four Seasons". 21. Melancholic Serenade (violin music).

Duka

French composer. (1865~1935)

Repertoire: Symphonic poem "The Sorcerer's Apprentice".

Sibelius

Finnish composer. (1865~1957)

Recommended tracks: 1. Symphony Nos. 1 to 7 (No. 2 and No. 5 are particularly famous). 2. Violin Concerto in D minor, OP.47. 3. Symphonic poems "Ode to Finland" OP.26, "Legend" OP.9, "Swan of the Underworld" OP.22NO.3, "Ode of the Sea" OP.73, "Tower" Biola" OP.112. 4. "Kaleria" Suite. 5. Waltz of Sorrow OP.44. 6. Night Ride and Sunrise (Orchestra).

Ravel

French composer. (1875~1937)

Repertoire: 1. Piano music: "The Play of Water", "Mirror" (five pieces), "Gaspar of the Night" (three pieces), "Cuplain's Mo" " (six songs), "Dead Princess's Desire Dance". 2. Piano Concerto in G major and Piano Concerto in D major "Left Hand". 3. Orchestral music: "Borero" Dance, "Spanish Rhapsody", "Mother Goose" Suite, "Waltz", "Daphne and Croy" Ballet Suite, "Noble and Sentimental Waltz", "Course" "Plan's Tomb" suite. 4. Violin music: "Habanera", "Gypsy". 5. String Quartet in F major. 6.Violin Sonata. 7. Prelude and Allegro. 8. Piano Trio.

Bruck

Swiss composer. (1880~1959)

Track 1. Hebrew Rhapsody "Solomon" (cello and orchestra). 2. Violin Concerto.

Bartók

Hungarian pianist and composer. (1881~1945)

Repertoire: 1. Piano Concerto Nos. 1 to 3. 2. Orchestra Concerto. 3.Music of strings, percussion and piano. 4. Ballet music "The Strange Manchurian Official". 5. Violin Concerto No. 2. 6. Dance Suite. 7. Romani folk dance. 8. String Quartet (six pieces). 9. Violin Sonatas (two pieces). 10. Duo for Two Violins (***44). 11. Unaccompanied Violin Sonata. 12. Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion. 13. Divertimento. 14. Opera "Bluebeard's Castle". 15. Two rhapsody.

Kodaly

Hungarian composer. (1882~1967)

Repertoire: 1. "Halyanos" Suite. 2. Peacock Variations. 3. Granda Dance Collection. 4. Collection of dances by Maro??ek. 5. Unaccompanied Cello Sonata.

Stravinsky

Russian composer. (1882~1971)

Repertoire: 1. Ballet music "Firebird", "Petroshka", "The Rite of Spring".

2. "Symphony of Psalms" and "Symphony of Three Tones". 3. "Dumbarton Oaks" Concerto. 4. Soldier’s story. 5. "Pulcinella" Suite. 6. Violin Concerto in D major. 7. Wind Symphony. 8. Dance Concerto. 9. Clarinet Concerto "Ebony".

Shostakovich

Russian composer. (1906~1975)

Repertoire: 1. Symphony Nos. 1, 5, 7 and 10. 2. Ballet Suite "The Golden Age". 3. Trumpet and Piano Concerto. 4. Piano Concerto in G minor OP.57. 5. Cello Concerto in E flat major. 6. Violin Concerto No. 1 in A minor. 7. Cello Sonata OP.40. 8. Viola Sonata OP.147. 9. Piano Trio No. 2. 10. String Quartet No. 15. 11. Piano Quintet OP.57.

Britten

British composer. (1913~1976)

Repertoire: Variations on "The Theme of Frank Brickey". War Requiem.