Talking about history, telling the story of the Three Kingdoms and the history of the Five Dynasties are all long historical stories. Novels are short stories, including current affairs news at that time; Lying is similar to stand-up crosstalk now, and it is good at being funny, ironic and funny. The artists in these tile houses, judging from some scripts left over from today (the bottom of storytelling), all exerted great creativity at that time.
For example, historical commentary of the Five Dynasties, popular novels in Beijing, etc. Artistic expression has developed quite high. Especially those short story books, because most of them are folk stories, have a strong flavor of life. The vividness and delicacy of its artistic description greatly exceed the oral part of the oral variant of the Tang Dynasty.
The most popular form of poetry in Song Dynasty is called "Ci". This is a poem that has been further developed since the Tang Dynasty. It is written in sentences of different lengths. These words can be sung. Due to different vocal tones, there are various tones, such as Bodhisattva Man, Dad Hua Lian and Qin Yi E. Some of their tunes developed from Tang Ci, and some were folk songs at that time. In the Northern Song Dynasty, this combination of poetry and storytelling produced rap-style "drum words" and "Zhu Gong tune". It can be seen that with the development of storytelling and folk music, the art of rap will inevitably have new development and changes.
Today's "Guci" is definitely a work of the Song Dynasty, but unfortunately there is only one, and it has also been imitated by literati. It was written by Zhao Deyu, "Wei Yuan and Cui Yingying Shangdiao Guci". This drum poem is based on the biography of Yingying written by Yuan Zhen in Tang Dynasty, which is basically the original text of Yuan Zhen (classical Chinese), but twelve paragraphs of the word "Dead Hua Lian" are added in the middle.
Although this application method is no different from the rap form in Bianwen, the lyrics of Bianwen are still more narrative, while the lyrics of Guzi Ci play more lyrical elements, which is beyond Bianwen's reach. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there was an article entitled "Jiang Daicuckolded Yuanyang Club", which was also a drum song of this kind, but the tune was not [recent love], but ten commercial tunes [vinegar gourd]. It seems to be closer to the original appearance of this form of rap. Now quote the following passage: Mom and Dad have been complaining about each other for a while, afraid of relatives' jokes. As the saying goes, women's universities don't stay at home, but they are like private salt packets that can be sold.
Otherwise, it will be ugly when the incident happens. The mother and the old son said that when Sister-in-law Wang Yang was a matchmaker, her high position came down, and her advantages complemented each other and let nature take its course. One day, Wang's sister-in-law came to marry Li Erlang from a nearby village. Besides, Li Erlang is a farmer and is in his forties. He just wants beauty and nothing else. Behind the door, two people should be able to talk. It's been more than ten years. It still has something to do with her husband's Xi Bin. When Li Erlang saw it, he fell ill and died. This woman saw it ruin two people's lives. Serve the singing partner before talking to the former voice.
(Singing vinegar gourd) After more than ten years of marriage, Chun Qing moved three or four times. After a long time, he broke through the wall. I'm sorry until now. I scared a pair of phoenix bears away and leaned against the railing to steal tears. That Li Dalang retreated to Xibin and buried his brother's coffin another day. This woman can't help being filial for three years. His family is famous for not distinguishing right from wrong, and everyone is afraid. This woman is in her heart, and she dare not do anything. Sooner or later, her family will ignore her no matter how hard she eats, whether she is full or short of a meal. After more than a year, Li Dalang felt that it was useless to stay here. If you don't go back one by one, you will avoid losing face to your family. Then he called the original media and Tong Yan turned her down.
My wife is like a bird out of the cage, a fish escaping from the net, and I don't care about the rest of the ornaments. When the woman got home, her parents had to take her in. How can you be nice to her? Like a handmaiden, she is willing to endure. One day, a Zhang Erguan came to the door and was very happy to see my wife. Hold people together and ask for a second room. The woman's parents promised not to kick them out. Moreover, Zhang Erguan is a businessman, with more outside and less inside, and never asks carefully. Order a box of argali wine to get married. If this woman doesn't go, she will. This trip is like two pigs and sheep rushing to the slaughterhouse, trying to find their own way to death step by step.
It seems that this is mainly about speaking, supplemented by singing. Its oral part has fully accepted the achievements of storytelling at that time. The role of songs is to help talk about shortcomings, such as describing the manners of characters, the beauty of scenery, or the feelings of characters in a specific environment, so as to talk about the feelings of others. This is a step further than the application of lyrics in Bianwen.
There is no obvious difference between why Bianwen is used here and why it is used there when telling stories and describing characters. "Gu Zi Ci" has developed on this point, striving to show their abilities and achieve the ultimate in speaking and singing. However, because singing a tune repeatedly, the rhythm has not changed, and the skills of using the tune have not yet reached a mature level, which inevitably makes people feel simple or monotonous. I'm afraid this is an important reason why "Guci" has not flourished. The appearance of "Zhu Gong tune" made up for this defect to some extent.
Nevertheless, in the later operas, a tune was used as the keynote, and the change of rhythm was used to form a opera tune, which was also very important with the source of "drum words". What is the situation of Zhu Gong tune? On the one hand, it accepted the achievements of storytelling at that time in literature, on the other hand, it not only absorbed popular folk songs, but also accepted large-scale music songs and French songs developed in the Song Dynasty, which could be sung together with various Gongdiao songs, much richer than "drum words".
According to legend, The Biography of Confucius by Xi Ning, Yuan Feng and (1068 ~ 1094) in the Northern Song Dynasty created this art form. Kong Sanchuan, a native of Zezhou, Shanxi Province, is a well-known folk artist in Bianjing Washe Goulan. According to records, he can write his own historical stories, legends and fairy tales to rap. The Zhu Gong tunes he sang were not only welcomed by the audience, but also admired by the literati. He even recited his own lyrics, which shows that Kong Sanchuan's literary accomplishment is very high.
By the Southern Song Dynasty, the capital Lin 'an (Hangzhou) was already a prosperous metropolis. The art of Washe Goulan is very prosperous. Zhu Gong tune in the Northern Song Dynasty also had a new development. Generally speaking, it absorbed nutrition from the increasingly rich storytelling literature in the Southern Song Dynasty. Musically, it absorbed the elements of "singing for profit" in the popular narrative music at that time. As a result, Zhu Gong's tunes became more and more mature.
The storytelling in the Southern Song Dynasty (called "talking" at that time) expanded the scope of describing the subject matter compared with the Northern Song Dynasty. And there are various artistic schools. It is divided into four groups, including "silver characters" that tell the stories of traditional monsters and fireworks. There are "Telling the Case" and "Telling the Fighter" which tell the story of heroes and battlefields; There are funny meanings such as "talking about the scriptures", "talking about participating in the invitation" and "talking about the scriptures", such as telling Buddhist stories and participating in meditation. Regarding the history of the previous generation, there is a saying of "telling history".
It is particularly noteworthy that storytellers in the Southern Song Dynasty were able to timely reflect the sharp ethnic contradictions at that time and sing praises to the national heroes who resisted the Jin Dynasty, such as Hua Fu and Zhongxing Ming Chuan, which greatly promoted the prosperity of storytelling art. At that time, the number of storytellers far exceeded that of the Northern Song Dynasty. According to records, there are Qiao Wanjuan and Cai He in Lin 'an 107 people. Obviously, it has a great influence on Zhu Gong's tunes.
(2) "Singing Ying" was popular in the Northern Song Dynasty, but it was enriched by the achievements of Zhang Wuniu, an artist in the early Southern Song Dynasty. Zhang Wuniu referred to the folk singing method of "drum board" and changed the rhythm of "singing income". But also make the lyrics easy to understand, so it quickly became popular in Lin' an. Later, "Fu Earn" appeared, specializing in singing stories, including: slow songs, broken songs, big songs, singing, playing tricks, complicated songs, shouting and other accents. All these were absorbed by Zhu Gong tunes in the Southern Song Dynasty. Zhang Wuniu, an artist who improved his "singing skills", was also a later reformer of Zhu Gong's tunes. He wrote a new work, "Double Su Qing", for the new Zhu Gong tune.
It can be seen that the maturity of Zhu Gong tunes is inseparable from the originality of two folk artists Kong Sanchuan and Zhang Wuniu. Unfortunately, none of their works survived. In addition, artists who rap Gongdiao in the Southern Song Dynasty include Gao Langfu, Huang Shuqing, Wang Shuanglian, Hong Huiying, Xiong Baobao and others.
This is the situation of Gongdiao in the Southern Song Dynasty. At the same time, under the rule of the Jin people in the north, the tunes have also developed greatly. Now we can also read two works at that time: Liu Zhiyuan's Zhu Gong Tune and Dong Jieyuan's The West Chamber. Liu Zhiyuan's "Zhu Gong Tune" is simple in style and still maintains the characteristics of an artist's rap book. It focuses on how poor and humiliated Liu Zhiyuan and Li Sanniang are loyal and unyielding. Later, after all, I was ambitious and avenged.
Although they wrote historical stories, the experiences and aspirations of these two famous figures are closely related to the thoughts and feelings of the broad masses of people oppressed by the ruling class of the Jin Dynasty. From this point of view, it is no accident that Zhu Gong Opera art under the cruel rule of the Jin Dynasty has flourished and many excellent works have appeared. Gongdiao in The West Chamber is a processed work. Compared with Liu Zhiyuan, it has been greatly improved in art. In the ideological sense, it also greatly surpassed Yuan Zhen's Biography of Yingying in the Tang Dynasty, highlighting the brilliance of people's nature and realism.