Bamin culture, Bamin art and folk music
Fujian's music can be traced back to very ancient times. In 1979, a bronze clock was unearthed in Huangkeshan, Yangze Brigade, Xiqiaoqiao Commune, Jian 'ou County. According to archaeological analysis, it belonged to the early Western Zhou Dynasty.
According to literature, Fujian music was quite developed in the Tang Dynasty. Tang Suzong (756-761), Fuzhou observer gave dozens of musicians to Bo He, the son of Kwon Sang-jae (Wang Zhuo: Bi Ji Man Zhi, Volume 3, Liangzhou Qu). Not only did the official family have many musicians, but even among the people, playing music and entertainment was quite common. For example, in the early days of Tianfu (91-94) in Tang Zhaozong, in the south of Fuzhou, "people are embroidered wrongly, boats are lined with clouds, wine markets on both sides of the strait are singing, and Xiao Guan comes out of Yezhong Liu in the shade of Rongcheng" (Lin Feng: Archaeological Records of Rongcheng).
In the Five Dynasties, Chen Jinfeng, the queen of Wang Yanjun, the king of Fujian, was good at singing and dancing and was proficient in melody. On the Dragon Boat Festival, I spent my time in the Music of Wandering, ordering maids to sing and dance in the West Lake, and the audience was blocked (The Spring and Autumn Period of the Ten Kingdoms, volume 94, The Legend of Chen Jinfeng). During this period, there also appeared an actor who was as proficient in melody and good at acting as King Jianyang's influence (Chen Yan: Biography of Actors in Fujian, Volume 5).
in the song dynasty, Fujian's music level was greatly improved, and many literati wrote music works and participated in the activities of formulating court elegant music. For example, Le Shu, written by Chen Yang, is a music treatise with a wide range of contents, and has preserved a lot of precious materials. Cai Yuanding's "New Book of Law and Lv" theoretically and reasonably solved the problem of transposition of the law of three-point profit and loss. Ruan Yi, Liu E, Cai Jing, Cai You, etc. all participated in the innovation and formulation of court elegant music.
In the Ming Dynasty, Fujian music became a genre of its own, which was called "Min Yin" (Xie Zhaozhe: Wu Za Yi, Volume 12, Wu Bu Si). According to "Interpretation of Official Music", which was written in the 13th year of Qianlong (1747), there were many tunes popular in southern Fujian in the Qing Dynasty, such as Quanqiang, Kunqiang, Chaoqiang, Guanqiang, Luantan and Luoluo, which showed the prosperity of folk music.
Fujian folk music has completely preserved the original appearance of ancient Central Plains music. For example, Nanqu has the same title and performance form as Daqu in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the horizontal pipa (commonly known as Nanpa), the cave flute (shakuhachi), the two strings, the cymbals and clappers in Nanqu all retain the prototype of Tang, Song and Yuan musical instruments.
According to incomplete statistics, there are dozens of local folk songs, minor, folk music and instrumental music in Fujian, among which the folk songs mainly include Minnan folk songs, Hakka folk songs and She folk songs. Quyi music mainly includes Nanqu, Jin Ge, Beiguan, Nanci, Xi Singing, Folk Songs, bamboo song, etc. Instrumental music mainly includes ten times, ten classes, ten notes and cage blowing.
(1) Nanqu
Nanqu is one of the oldest existing kinds of music in China, and it is called "the legacy of Tang and Song Dynasties". Generally, scholars believe that it originated from the quaint music in the Central Plains, and was introduced to southern Fujian with the immigrants from the Central Plains in Jin and Tang Dynasties. Nanqu has preserved a large number of ancient songs from the Han Dynasty to the Tang and Song Dynasties, such as Mokedoule, Midnight Song, Hangongqiu, Ganzhou Song, * * * Flowers and Niannujiao. When Nanqu is played, the legacy of Zuobu music in the Tang Dynasty is maintained, and all of them are played. The singer holds the beat and acts as the conductor in the center; Those who play the flute and the two strings sit one or two on the left; Those who play pipa and sanxian sit one or two on the right. Usually five people play with each other. If there is a big scene, please make it lively and add other musical instruments. This kind of ostentation and extravagance is exactly the same as that of the Tang Band (Guo Huang Cave No.85) and the Tang Music and Dance (Dunhuang Cave No.156). Also, the oblique pipa playing in Nanqu is exactly the same as the oblique pipa playing by maids in Han Xizai's "Night Banquet" in the Five Dynasties.
Nanqu consists of three parts: finger, spectrum and qu. Finger, also known as finger sleeve, has 48 sets, which is a relatively complete divertimento with words, music and pipa fingering. The score is instrumental music, and there are sixteen existing sets. Among them, the four famous musical scores "Four Seasons Scenery", "Plum Blossom Exercises", "Walking Horse" and "Birds Returning to the Nest" depict the four seasons of spring, summer rain, autumn dew and winter snow. Plum blossoms brew snow for spring, and wonderful flowers are released; Horses gallop, chasing electricity and clouds; Different birds fly, each doing its best. Song is Sanqu, which is an oratorio accompanied by musical instruments. There are more than 1 songs, which is the most popular part. Nanqu is simple and elegant, euphemistic and soft, and good at lyricism. Finger sets are mostly about the joys and sorrows of men and women's love and the unfortunate experiences of ancient women; The spectrum mainly describes the natural scenery and expresses the feelings of traveling and parting; The songs also show men and women's parting, lovesickness and resentment.
(2) Hakka folk songs
Hakka folk songs are rich in the traditional spirit of Central Plains culture, with melodious and heroic northern temperament, as well as soft and smooth southern characteristics. The tunes of Hakka folk songs are relatively free, with more decorative tones and semitones. The tunes can be flexibly adjusted according to the singer's different vocal range, the length of Chinese spirit, the content of lyrics, and the factors of time, place, person and thing. And often answer casually, export into a song. Although Hakka folk songs have varied singing methods and lyrics, most of the lyrics are seven words and four sentences, and they pay attention to the smooth charm, and often use homophones and puns to express their thoughts and feelings.
during the long migration, Hakka people have formed a variety of folk songs. After the Hakka people moved to Fujian, they lived in groups with Minnan people for a long time, and the Hakka tune was also influenced by the singing of Fulao tunes. For example, Minnan folk songs in Jinjiang area and Hakka folk songs in western Fujian penetrate each other, which also has the characteristics of emphasizing high notes in feather mode; In high-profile, more emphasis is placed on feather sound.
Hakka folk songs reflect a wide range of life contents, including love, labor, family, patriotism, sacrifice, praise, drinking, banter, mutual abuse, hypnosis, lamentation, persuasion and so on.
(3) She folk songs
Fujian is the main residence of She people. Folk songs are an indispensable part of the life of the She people. She people, whether at ordinary times or in festivals, when young men and women gather together, they will pour out their inner feelings through folk songs; Young men will sing love songs when they meet girls on the road; Young guests come to the village, and there will be an all-night welcome song that night. Before marriage, young men and women should be "cousins" and "in-laws"; In all kinds of wedding ceremonies, there are all kinds of duets. When offering sacrifices to the ancestors to welcome the dragon head, the She people sang "Please Leading Song". She people in Fu 'an and Xiapu counties also hold grand festival songs on a regular basis. Every year, on the Dragon Festival in April, June 1, July 7, August 15 and September 9, young women and men of She people all wear bright holiday costumes and gather in Geping from all directions to answer songs in groups of three or five.
She folk songs are rich in content, including Gao Huang Song, Lin Bao Wang Song, Zhong Jingqi and lantian jade, which depict historical figures, love stories such as Butterfly Lovers, Legend of the White Snake, and wedding songs such as Farewell to the Eight Immortals, Song of Seeing the Bride for the First Time, and Noisy.
She folk songs are sung in a variety of forms, including solo, duet, chorus and duet, among which duet is the most common. When singing duets, men and women sit on both sides, and women especially like to squeeze together. The most skillful folk songs of She nationality are the "two-tone" singing method, also known as "two-tone falling", which belongs to the nature of cantata. Mainly popular in Ningde area.