1 Original text Confucius said: "Three friends benefit you, and three friends harm you. Friends who are straightforward, friends who are forgiving, friends who are knowledgeable are beneficial. Friends who are friendly are open, friends who are gentle, friends who are sycophantic, and friends are harmed."

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Zengzi said: "I have to examine myself three times today - have I been unfaithful in my plans for others? Have I not trusted my friends in my dealings? Have I not been accustomed to teaching them?" Confucius said: "The beauty of a gentleman is the beauty of an adult, but the evil of a villain. On the contrary."

Confucius said: "When you see the virtuous, you should reflect on yourself."

Confucius said: "Be generous to yourself and blame others less. Then there will be no regrets.”

The eight words “If you want to do something well, you must first sharpen your tools” are often used to explain its meaning concisely.

Translation Confucius said: "There are three kinds of useful friends and three kinds of harmful friends. Make friends with upright people, make friends with people who are honest (forgiveness, integrity), and make friends with people who are knowledgeable. , is beneficial. It is harmful to make friends with people who flatter others, to make friends with people who flatter others but slander others behind their backs, and to make friends with people who are good at talking."

Zengzi said: "I. Reflect on yourself many times every day - have you done your best for others? Have you reviewed the knowledge taught by the teacher? Don't do bad things for others. The opposite is true for bad people." Confucius said: "When you see a worthy person, you should think the same thing. When you see an unworthy person, you should reflect on yourself. "

Confucius said: "Blame yourself more and blame others less, and you will be able to stay away from the resentment of others."

A friend who harms someone will help him; if he is kind and gentle, his friend will become a sycophant. .

Bianpi refers to a person who is flattering and flattering; kindness refers to a person who flatters others on the surface but slanders behind his back

Bianpi refers to a person who is good at rhetoric

2 .

The original text was written by Zhang Wenren in Confucius. Confucius said: "Those who can do the five are benevolent in the world." "Please ask me." He said: "Greetings, generosity, trustworthiness, sensitivity, and benefit. Being respectful means not insulting, being lenient makes you win people, being trustworthy makes people trust you, and being sensitive If it is meritorious, it will be beneficial to others."

Translation: Zi Zhang asked Confucius about benevolence. Confucius said: "A person who can practice the five moral qualities everywhere is a benevolent person." Zizhang said: "Excuse me which five virtues." Confucius said: "Dignity, generosity, honesty, diligence, and kindness. If you are dignified, you will not be insulted. Generosity will win the support of others, honesty will win the trust of others, diligence will improve work efficiency, and kindness will help others.”

3.

Explanation Book. :letter. It is difficult to express his intention fully in the letter. Later, I used idioms to end letters.

Source: "Book of Changes·Xici": "Confucius said: 'The book cannot express the words, and the words cannot express the meaning.'"

4

"Yong Huai" "Poetry" Pinyin: yǒng huái shī

Author: Ruan Ji Wei and Jin Dynasties: Wei and Jin

I couldn't sleep at night, so I sat up and played the piano.

The thin curtain reflects the bright moon, and the breeze blows my lap.

In the outfield of Guhong, flying birds sing in the northern forest.

Where will I see when I wander, and I feel sad when I think about it.

Introduction to Ruan Ji:

Ruan Ji (210-263), courtesy name Sizong, was a native of the Chenliuwei clan of the Three Kingdoms (now Henan). He was an infantry captain and an official in Gaogui Township of Wei. Sanqi Shilang. His major works include 82 "Poems on Huaihua", which express inner anguish, reveal the darkness of reality, and are full of cynicism. Limited to the political environment, "Poems on Huaibo" make extensive use of metaphorical sustenance, borrowing ancient metaphors from the present, and the poems The purpose is far-reaching, obscure and tortuous. Ruan Ji inherited the fine traditions of the Book of Songs, Songs of Chu and Jian'an literature, and made great contributions to the development of five-character poetry. His prose "The Biography of Mr. Adult" satirizes the hypocrisy and greed of secular mediocre people, and the writing style is extremely spicy. It was compiled into 13 volumes and has been lost. The Ming Dynasty compiled the Collection of Ruan Bingbing, and the modern people have the Notes on the Poems of Ruan Bingbing written by Huang Jie.

5

Original text and author: In the Qin Dynasty, the Han family camp was in the building, and the horse was caressing the old city in the autumn.

Thousands of peaks of whipping stone rise up to Yunhan ①, stretching over thousands of miles into the sky.

To the east lies the blue sea and mountains, while to the west lies the Yellow River and the setting sun.

Don’t talk nonsense about merit, it’s amazing what heroes do.

In the Han Dynasty, the pass was heavily guarded by Lulong ① and the first peak of the Great Wall was immediately built ②.

At dusk, the long river stretches across the desert③, and the sky is clear and the outer borders are closed④.

In the Qing Dynasty, the fortress was said to have quiet peaks, and the mountains and rivers outside the fortress were majestic.

Millions of control strings lament the past ⑥, a whip and the cold moon step on mediocrity.

Author

Kang Youwei: (1858~1927), also known as Zuyi, with the courtesy name Guangsha and the nickname Changsu, also known as Changsu, Mingyi, Gengxing, and Xiqiaoshan He was born in You Cunsuo and Tianyou Huaren. In his later years, he was named Tianyou Huaren. He was from Nanhai, Guangdong, and was known as "Kang Nanhai". He was a Jinshi during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty and was awarded the title of Director of the Ministry of Industry. He was born into a noble family in Guangdong. He was a Confucian scholar for generations and passed down Neo-Confucianism to his family. A famous politician, thinker, social reformer, calligrapher and scholar in modern times, he believed in Confucius' Confucianism and was committed to transforming Confucianism into a state religion that could adapt to modern society. He once served as the president of the Confucian Church. He is the author of "Kangzi Pian", "Xinxue Apocrypha", etc.

Edit one of the notes for this paragraph

① "A Brief Account of the Three Qi Dynasties": "The First Emperor built a stone bridge and wanted to cross the sea to see where the sun rises. Sometimes there is a god who can drive the stone into the sea. If the stone does not fall away quickly, the gods will whip it."

Second

① Lulong: The name of the ancient fortress, located in Qian'an County, Hebei Province, was an important place for defense in ancient times. Cao Cao visited this place when he conquered Wuhuan in the north.

②The first peak: refers to Badaling.

③Changhe: Yellow River. Disc: Coiled, curved. This sentence is an implicit reference to Wang Wei's poem "The Envoy to the Fortress": "The solitary smoke is straight in the desert, and the sun sets over the long river."

④External: refers to the ethnic minorities north of the Great Wall. Number: Countable. Frontier: border.

⑤Fort: This refers to the beacon tower. Chuanfeng: In ancient times, if there was an enemy invasion on the border, a beacon fire would be raised to call the police, and everyone would be informed, which was called Chuanfeng. Chuan Fengjing: means there is no war. The actual meaning here is the same as the sentence "Shiping" in "Crossing Changping City and Looking at Juyongguan", which is an irony.

⑥Millions: Refers to millions of heroic warriors in ancient times. Controlling the string: drawing a bow, referring to a soldier holding a weapon.

Edit this paragraph to appreciate one of them

The scene in the poem is magnificent, and the poet's own spiritual image is also extremely tall. The third sentence transforms the legend of the god-man whipping the stone into the sea to build a stone bridge for Qin Shihuang into whipping the stone up the mountain to show the extraordinary power of the hero to drive everything. Pay special attention to the last two sentences of the conclusion: In Kang's view, the actual achievements of the First Emperor in building the Great Wall to ward off the Huns can be ignored. The most amazing thing is first of all the courage of "heroes to do things"! This poem was written many years after Kang's participation in the Reform Movement of 1898, and the pride of claiming to be a hero and a creator of history is already permeating these lines.

Second

This poem first describes the scenery, praising the majesty of the Great Wall and expressing the author's ambition and pride. After talking about the past and hurting the present, he also used discussion to express his concern about the decline of the country and the peril of the nation, and inspired himself to devote himself to the motherland and revitalize China.