Han Yu said in Teacher's Commentary: "A boy's teacher teaches and learns his sentences from a scholar." "Learning to read its sentences" means teaching to break sentences. In ancient China, there were no punctuation marks. An article or even a book is written one by one, so predecessors should break sentences by themselves when reading, and often break them with ".",which is called "sentence"; Break with ","where the tone stops in the sentence. This is called "reading". Interrupting ancient books can also be called reading sentences.

Second, the test center analysis

In 2004, broken sentences were included in Beijing Notes. As a test, in 2005, Fudan's independent enrollment also appeared the problem of punctuation in classical Chinese. In 2005 and 2006, many provinces and cities adopted sentence breaks in the classical Chinese of the national college entrance examination.

Sentence breaking is a traditional way of examining classical Chinese and a basic skill of classical Chinese. Distinguishing sentence reading requires comprehensive use of ancient Chinese words and common sense of ancient culture, so the ability to judge sentences has become an important symbol of classical Chinese reading ability. The reason why the ancients paid attention to sentence breaking is because the correctness of sentence breaking directly affects the understanding of the meaning of the text. If the sentence is broken incorrectly, it will inevitably misunderstand the original meaning of ancient Chinese. Some data in ancient books are recorded incorrectly, which leads to misunderstanding. Did everything wrong? There is a story in "Foreign Reserves Talk about the Lower Left": Lu Aigong asked Confucius, "I heard that I have one foot (one foot, one foot. Author's note), believe it? " Yue: "Hey, people, why is it enough?" There is no difference between them, just by sound. Yao said, "One is enough." Do the right thing. Therefore, the gentleman said, "One is enough. Not a foot. "

This short story is self-evident for people to understand the importance of sentence segmentation.

Third, the college entrance examination questions playback

(1) The last natural paragraph of the first part of the classical Chinese reading material is punctuated with "/". (3 points)

Historians say it is difficult to make friends. When people love each other, if it is not difficult, it is impossible to return to what they said. If they die, they can support their relatives. Although Du Huan's affair was called Yilie in ancient times, the secular always said that today's people can't catch up with the ancients. It is also a false accusation by scholars all over the world.

Reference answer: (1) Historians say that/friends are hard to make/when people get along with each other, they promise each other face to face/when things are not difficult/when things are poor/when words are carried out, there are many people who can support their relatives/when they die/I think of Du Huan's story/Although it is said in ancient times that people are righteous and fierce/But the secular world always says that today's people can't keep up with the ancients/Really.

As can be seen from the score of, the examinee's ability to break sentences in classical Chinese is poor, which is essentially a lack of sense of classical Chinese language. There is no doubt that the reason for the lack of language sense is that you usually only do problems without reading, reading too little, and there is no unnecessary accumulation. Chinese learning depends largely on accumulation, perception and edification, especially for the study of classical Chinese.

Fourth, it refers to Tianjin.

Many candidates are afraid of broken sentences in classical Chinese. So, is there a rule to follow in the sentence breaking in classical Chinese? In fact, sometimes there is a way to break sentences in classical Chinese, and there is a key to grasp. In the teaching of sentence-breaking in classical Chinese, the author consulted a lot of materials and summed up a set of practical sentence-breaking methods through continuous exploration. Please remember the following formula:

Don't be afraid of difficulties in breaking sentences in ancient Chinese, you can only bear it if you think carefully. Don't ask about the length of the paragraph, it is the key to read it carefully. Only when you fully understand the main idea of the content can you break sentences. Read the full text before and after, easy before difficult. Hold fast to "Yue", "Cloud" and "Speech", and dialogue is the easiest to find. The commonly used function words are symbols, which are regular and can be used for reference. Master idioms, but don't break up fixed structures. The meaning of part of speech should be carefully studied, and the structure helps to judge. Duality and repetition are parallel, and rhetoric provides good conditions; The same word is closely related, generally separated in the middle. Look back after the topic is finished and check it carefully as required. Lay a solid foundation for reading textbooks and cultivate a sense of language to read classics; Do a thousand songs, watch a thousand swords, and break sentences often.

1. Don't ask questions about the length of the article. It is the key to read and think carefully. Only when you fully understand the main idea of the content can you break sentences.

When candidates break sentences in classical Chinese, one of the common mistakes is to break sentences while reading. After reading the article, the sentence is broken. Looking back, I feel that there are many inappropriate places. In fact, this "one-step" method is not feasible. Understanding the content is closely related to sentence breaking. Reading carefully and understanding the general idea is the premise of correct sentence breaking, because if you don't understand, you will continue, and if you don't understand, it will be bad. It's not normal, if you seem to understand it, it's not normal, if you read it twice, you won't read it. When we get an ancient prose without punctuation, we must first read the whole text and study it repeatedly. As the saying goes, "read a book a hundred times and you will understand its meaning." Read it several times, and you will naturally understand the meaning. Then, according to the content of the article, break several large sections or levels first, and disconnect the places that are sure.

2. read the full text before and after, the first is easy and the second is difficult.

It is usually easy and difficult to punctuate an article. After we have roughly grasped the meaning of the article, we can first disconnect what can be disconnected and gradually narrow the scope, and then concentrate on analyzing difficult sentences. This is a method that is easy first and difficult later. For example, according to some obvious signs (such as function words, dialogues, etc. Mentioned below), sentences that are easy to distinguish can be broken first.

In addition, we should have full-text awareness. For places that are not easy to break sentences, we should contact the meaning of the context and carefully scrutinize them to determine where to break sentences.

3. Hold fast to "yue", "cloud" and "speech", dialogue is the easiest to find.

Classical Chinese often uses words such as "Yue", "Yun" and "Yan" when describing the dialogue between characters, which provides convenience for correct sentence breaking. When we encounter words such as "Yue", "Cloud" and "Yan", it is easy for us to judge the speaker and content according to the context. For example, Shi Ji Shuo in Guangdong Volume.

4. The commonly used function words are symbols, which are regular and can be used for reference.

In classical Chinese, there are many function words, such as "only Hu Zhe". Ouyang Xiu's Drunken Pavilion uses 27 "leaves" throughout, and almost every sentence ends with the word "leaves", which is a beautiful talk. The main function of function words in classical Chinese is to express grammatical relations and mood, which is often an important symbol to distinguish between reading sentences. In learning, we are familiar with the usage of various commonly used function words, especially their common positions in sentences, which helps to break sentences:

(1) modal particles at the beginning of a sentence, such as "Qi, reform, behavior, mourning, blessing, praying for happiness", can be punctuated, and relatively independent interjections commonly used at the beginning of a sentence, such as praying for happiness, Yi Hu, alas, etc. , you can punctuate before and after;

(2) The modal particle "Ye, Ye, Ye, Zai, Hu, Yan, Er, Jiu" at the end of the sentence can be broken;

③ Some related words commonly used at the beginning of a sentence, such as Gou, Zong, Shi, so, however, in any case, Zhi Ruo, even then, Ran Ze, can be used to break sentences.

④ Time words that often appear at the beginning of a sentence, such as "knowing each other", "knowing each other", "a few days later", "Yu Er" and "You Er", are also helpful to break sentences.

For example, in the Qing Dynasty, Peng Duanshu wrote "Show your sons and nephews for learning": "What is the matter in the world, is it difficult? For it, it is easy and difficult; If you don't do it, it's hard for easy people. I can't catch people because of ignorance, and I can't catch people because of incompetence; Learn once and for a long time, but don't be lazy, you will achieve it, but you don't know its vagueness and mediocrity. My talent is smarter than others, and my materials are more sensitive than others; Abandoning it is tantamount to fainting and mediocrity. However, it is both stupid and clever. Is it common? "

This passage is typical. There are seventeen sentences and seventeen punctuation marks in the whole paragraph. Among them, there are eleven modal particles at the end of the sentence (Hu, Yi, Ye, Yan and Zai), three conjunctions and solidified structures (Ze, Er and Ran), two pronouns (Zhi), and the modal particles at the beginning of the sentence (Ye?

Of course, we should also pay attention to flexibility when using function words to break sentences. For example, the sentence "Born before me, learn from it first", "Hu" is used in sentences with "Yu" as the preposition, and the part of speech has changed. "Ye" is used in sentences to ease the tone, with or without punctuation.

5. Grasp the special sentence patterns, but don't disassemble the fixed structure.

Remember the following typical sentences in classical Chinese, such as "What crime?" (What was the crime in Song Dynasty? ); "Like ... what" (like the Taihang Wangs? ); "Only ... is ..." (only Ma Yu followed closely); "Not only that ... but also ..." (Not only the weather, but also the suppression. ); "Don't worry ..." (Don't worry? ); "Why ..." (Qin rude, why see? ); "Nothing ... almost (nothing is not? ); "Can you get it? "(can you get it? ); "Nothing ..." (Nothing unusual? ), etc. , can help break sentences.

Remember the fixed phrases in classical Chinese and don't split them, which can reduce sentence-breaking errors. Such as something, nothing, something, nothing, what if, enough, nothing is, why, etc.

6. The meaning of part of speech should be carefully studied, and the grammatical structure helps to judge.

The ancients didn't know the grammatical structure, but only punctuated sentences with a vague sense of language. We can use grammar to analyze sentences in classical Chinese, and determine how to break sentences according to grammar analysis. Sometimes it is difficult to determine whether some words in an article are subordinate or subordinate, but it is easy to solve when the subject, predicate and object are divided by grammar.

Like modern Chinese, the subject and object of classical Chinese are generally served by nouns or pronouns, and the predicate is mostly served by verbs, which is the core of the sentence. Grasping the predicate verb and inferring according to the verb position and the relationship between the verb and the word before and after can improve the accuracy of sentence breaking.

In addition, the word order of classical Chinese is basically the same as that of modern Chinese, that is, subject comes first, predicate and object come last, modifier? Usually before the prefix. Mastering the word order law of classical Chinese lays the foundation for accurate punctuation of classical Chinese. It can be seen that grammatical analysis is helpful to accurately break sentences.

7. parallelism, duality and repetition, rhetoric provides good conditions; The same word is closely related, generally separated in the middle.

The ancients paid great attention to the neatness, correspondence and mutual care of antithesis when writing articles, and made good use of antithesis, parallelism and duality, which also provided conditions for us to punctuate sentences correctly. We use this feature to break sentences, often one place, and then we can break several places, which will get twice the result with half the effort.

In ancient Chinese, if two identical words are used together, if they are not in the form of overlapping adjectives and nouns, they generally belong to two sentences and should be disconnected from the middle. For example, Yu Gong Yi Shan: "Your heart is solid and unbreakable. You have never been a widow or a weak child. Although I am dead, I have a son; Children have grandchildren, grandchildren, children have children, children have grandchildren, and children are infinite. "

8. Look back after the topic is finished and check it carefully as required.

After the topic is finished, read it through. According to the basic requirements of sentence breaking in classical Chinese, use grammatical analysis or language sense to test whether the sentence is correct and reasonable.

The basic requirement of punctuated sentences in classical Chinese is that punctuated sentences can make sense. If some sentences are meaningless, it may be that there are mistakes in punctuation. The content of every sentence is reasonable and logical. If the content is unreasonable, it may be wrong. For example: "The base collapses every time. In the history of high school, I abandoned its armor and fought for hundreds of thousands of dead people, so did beheading." (History as a Mirror, Volume 16) Although every sentence in this passage is reasonable in itself, the sentence "More than 100,000 people died in the water" is unreasonable: Why did the soldiers who abandoned their armor and fled after losing the battle "die in the water"? They fight for survival, not suicide. Therefore, the correct punctuation should be followed by a comma.

9. Lay a solid foundation for reading textbooks and cultivate a sense of language in reading classics; Do a thousand songs, watch a thousand swords, and break sentences often.

The way is just to enter the ladder of the room. With it, you can't guarantee to enter the hall of science, because entering itself requires action, that is, you need your own ability. Where does the ability come from? Based on textbooks, master content words, function words, syntax and morphology, and cultivate a solid foundation of classical Chinese; Be familiar with some typical classical Chinese and cultivate a sense of language. In addition, as the ancients said, "Look at a thousand swords and recognize the instrument, practice a thousand songs and then make a sound", so we should do some special exercises appropriately. In this way, the ability to correctly break sentences will be formed in reading, matured in practice and improved in application.