Tongguan Officials

Author: Du Fu

Original text:

Why did the foot soldiers build Tongguan Road?

the railway in big cities is not as good as that in small cities.

Excuse me, Tongguan officials: Is it necessary to repair the customs?

If you want me to dismount and walk, point out the corner of the mountain for me:

Even the clouds are in a row, and birds can't pass.

how can I worry about the western capital if I don't care about myself?

the husband sees the important place, and the bicycle is narrow and narrow.

it takes one husband to fight hard.

alas, the battle in the peach grove turned millions into fish.

Please advise the Guan Jiang not to imitate Ge Shu!

Note:

1. Tongguan: Located in the northeast of Huayin County, Huazhou, it is named after the Tongshui in Kansai Yili.

2. Caocao: exhausted. Ho: How

3. The railway in a big city is not as good as that in a small town: the last sentence is firm, but the next sentence is high. The city is on the mountain, so it is more than ten thousand feet.

4. prepare for trouble: it refers to guarding against Anshi rebels.

5. invite, invite.

6. Lianyun Liezhange: From this sentence, the following eight sentences are the answers of the customs officials. Even the clouds speak high, and the battle grid is a fence, a fence-shaped fortification.

7. West Capital: symmetrical with East Capital, referring to Chang 'an.

8. Father-in-law: the courtesy title given by customs officials to Du Fu.

9. Difficulty: When the war is urgent. Fen: Wave.

1. Taolin, namely Taolin plug, refers to the area from the west of Lingbao County to Tongguan in Henan Province.

11. Geshu: Geshuhan.

Translation:

How hard it is for foot soldiers to work hard and build a city on the main road of Tongguan.

a big city is stronger than iron, and a small city is built on a mountain, reaching as high as a thousand feet.

Excuse me, Tongguan officials: Did you rebuild Tongguan to defend against the rebels?

Tongguan officials invited me to dismount and walk, pointing to the corner of the mountain for me to introduce the situation:

Those fortifications are towering into the sky, even birds can't pass them.

As long as the bandits are on the lookout, why worry about Chang 'an, the western capital?

Look at this crucial place. It is so narrow that only one car can pass through.

It's really and while one man guards it ten thousand cannot force it who waved his weapon and refused to defend in an emergency.

Sadly, Tang Jun suffered many casualties and died tragically in the battle of Taolinsai.

please tell the generals to guard the pass, and never make the mistake of Geshuhan rushing to fight.

Appreciation:

The first four sentences of this poem can be said to be a summary of the soldiers who built the city and the Tongguan customs defense. On the long Tongguan Road, countless foot soldiers are working hard to build fortifications. The appearance of sloppy and hard work. Adding a word "He" in front of it reveals the poet's infinite admiration. Looking around, the walls, large and small, built along the ups and downs of the mountain, are both high and firm, showing a mighty majestic posture. The big cities and small towns here should be understood as intertextuality. At the beginning, Du Fu wrote the general impression that Tang Jun stepped up the construction of Tongguan.

Excuse me, Tongguan officials: Is it necessary to repair the customs? These two sentences lead to Tongguan officials. Hu refers to the Anshi rebels. In fact, Du Fu is self-evident without asking. There are deliberate questions here. Moreover, there is another word, which secretly brings out the fact that Tongguan was lost three years ago, thus causing people's concern and suspense about the defense efficiency of Tongguan this time. This is a key stroke for developing the following.

Next, it should be the answer of Tongguan officials. But he doesn't seem to be in a hurry to answer, but he wants to (invite) me to dismount and show me the corner of the mountain. Structurally, this is to insert a narrative into two dialogues, and the gesture is not dull. However, more importantly, these two sentences implicitly promised to repair the customs and prepare for the future. Du Fu was worried, but the Tongguan official seemed full of confidence in the fortifications he had built. He may think that this question does not need to be explained, and his words are not credible. Please dismount and have a closer look. The following eight sentences are all the words of Tongguan officials. He first pointed to the towering mountains and said, Look, those layers of battlements are so high that even birds can't fly over them. When the enemy soldiers come, as long as they are firmly self-controlled, why worry about Chang 'an's safety again! The tone is relaxed and proud, and you can imagine the expression of confidence when the customs official speaks. He also invited Du Fu to look at the most dangerous place with great interest: Lao Zhang, look at that mountain pass, which is too narrow for bicycles to pass through. It's really and while one man guards it, ten thousand cannot force it. These eight sentences are vivid (Pu Qilong's Reading Du Xin Jie), which is not only a simple introduction of the customs officials, but more importantly, it shows a determination to be foolhardy but self-controlled and a spirit of hard work. Although this was said through the mouth of officials, it reflected the high morale of the officers and men who guarded the customs.

Immediately after Guan Li's words, the poet did not praise him, but felt deeply. Because the poet didn't forget what happened in front of him. Three years ago, An Lushan, who occupied Luoyang, sent troops to attack Tongguan. At that time, the commander Ge Shuhan planned to stick to it, but Yang Guozhong was suspicious. Egged on by Yang Guozhong, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty sent eunuchs to Tongguan to supervise the war. Geshuhan had to lead the troops to battle, and as a result, the whole army was wiped out, and many soldiers were drowned in the Yellow River. Looking back at the present and thinking about the past, Du Fu felt deeply that he should pay special attention to drawing lessons from the last failure and avoid repeating the same mistakes. Please advise Guan Jiang not to learn from Ge Shu. The word "Caution" is meaningful. It does not simply accuse Geshuhan of incompetence or blunder, but profoundly touches many historical lessons, showing the poet's long-lasting feeling of grief and indignation.

Unlike Sanbie's monologues, Sanbi is accompanied by questions and answers. And this dialogue has its own characteristics. First of all, in the arrangement of the dialogue, there is a sense of urgency, which shows the psychology and demeanor of different characters. It is the poet's question to repair the customs and prepare for it, but the customs officials did not answer it urgently. This delay made people feel that the customs officials had a well-thought-out plan. As soon as Guan Li's words were over, the poet immediately expressed his anxiety, which showed his sadness about the historical lessons. Secondly, the expression in the dialogue is vivid and vivid. The answer of the customs official did not deliberately create a strange feeling, but Tang Jun, who kept the customs, left the reader with an impression of perseverance, courage and composure. Among them, the hardships and struggles are outstanding, and the words "one husband and two sentences" are particularly outstanding, creating a heroic image like the god of war, which has the power of spiritual encouragement. Du fu's stone moat official

Stone moat official

Author: Du fu

Original text:

At dusk, officials cast themselves into the stone moat village to catch people at night.

The old man walked over the wall and the old woman went out to watch.

when an official shouts, there is no need for a woman to cry.

after listening to the wife's speech, three men guarded Yecheng.

one man attached a book, and two men died in battle.

those who survive drag out an ignoble existence, while the dead are long gone.

there's no one in the room, only the breast and the grandson.

there's a granddaughter who hasn't gone, and there's no end to the dress.

although the old woman is weak, please come back from the official night.

it's better to prepare for the morning cooking if you are in a hurry to fight for the river.

a long night's silence is like weeping and choking.

dawn is a bright future, and you should be alone with the old man.

Note:

1. Dusk: In the evening.

2. investment: lodging.

3. Officials: officials, junior officials, here refers to the officers who catch able-bodied men.

4. Night: The noun of time is used as an adverbial, at night.

5. Over (y): over; Turn over.

6. Go: Run, which means running away.

7. shout: tell and shout.

8. Yihe: How, how.

9. Anger: angry, fierce and rude, which means fierce here.

1. Cry: Cry.

11. Bitterness: bitterness.

12. Forward: Forward, forward.

13. Zhi: Right.

14. Pre-speech: refers to the old woman stepping forward to speak (to the officer).

15. Yecheng: namely Xiangzhou, located in Anyang, Henan Province.

16. garrison (sh): defense, here refers to service.

17. Attach a book to: Send a message back. Books and letters. Come back.

18. New: Recently, just now.

19. Being: To be alive, to be alive.

2. And drag out an ignoble existence: Let's live one day at a time. And: for the moment, for the time being. To drag out an ignoble existence: to live.

21. Long gone: finished forever. Has: stopped, here extended to the end.

22. In the room: at home.

23. No one: There is no other (male) person. More: again.

24, only: only, only.

25, nursing grandchildren: grandchildren who are nursing.

26. No: Not yet.

27. Go: Leave, which means remarriage.

28. Finished skirt: complete clothes.

29. old woman (y): old woman.

3, decline: weak.

31. Please come back from the official night: Please let me go back with you at night. Please: request. Follow: follow, follow.

32, should: respond.

33. Heyang: Now Geely District, Luoyang City, Henan Province (formerly Mengxian County, Henan Province), when the officers and men of the Tang Dynasty confronted the rebels here.

34. Urgent service in Heyang: Go to Heyang to serve as soon as possible.

35. Jude: Not bad. Yes, I can.

36. prepare: prepare.

37. Cooking in the morning: breakfast.

38. Night is long: It's late at night.

39, absolutely: cut off; Stop.

4, as if, as if.

41. Smell: Listen.

42, weeping and choking: low and intermittent crying. Tears are silent for crying, and crying is choking and swallowing.

43. Ming: After dawn.

44. Ascend to the future: set foot on the road ahead. Deng: Set foot on. Future: the way forward.

45. uniqueness: uniqueness.

46. Shihao: Southeast of Sanmenxia City, Henan Province.

Translation:

(The author and I) stayed in Shihao Village in the evening, and officers came to recruit soldiers at night.

The old man fled over the wall, and the old woman went out to check.

how fierce the officers shouted! How pitiful the old woman is crying!

(author) I heard the old woman come forward and say: My three sons are going to serve in Yecheng.

one of the sons sent back a message saying that two sons had just died in battle.

Let the living live one day at a time, and the dead will never come back to life!

(Old woman) There is no one else in the family, only a grandson who is nursing.

Because of his grandson, his mother hasn't left yet, and she doesn't have a complete dress in and out.

Although the old woman is old and weak, please let me follow you back to the camp overnight.

Hurry to Heyang to apply, and prepare breakfast for the troops.

it's late at night, and the voice disappears, and a faint intermittent cry is heard.

(Poet) When he left at dawn, he only said goodbye to the old man. (The old woman has been taken to serve.)

Appreciation:

Shihao Li is an outstanding realistic narrative poem, which tells the story that the officers went to Shihao Village to catch people by night to recruit soldiers, and even the old and frail woman was taken to serve, exposing the cruelty of officials and the darkness of the military service system, and expressing deep sympathy for the people's suffering in the Anshi Rebellion. In art, refinement is a major feature of this poem. Lyrics and arguments are contained in the narrative, and love and hate are distinct. Scenes and details describe nature and reality. Good at cutting, the center is prominent.

the first four sentences can be regarded as the first paragraph. The first sentence is cast into the village of Shihao at dusk, get straight to the point and tell the story directly. Twilight characters, cast characters and village characters all need to be pondered, and readers can't let them go easily. In feudal society, due to social disorder and desolate journey, tourists did not stay late first, not to mention in the era of war and disaster. Du Fu, on the other hand, hurried to spend the night in a small village at dusk. This unusual scene is suggestive. He is either afraid to take the road at all; Or the nearby towns have been emptied and there is nowhere to rest. In a word, a few words not only point out the time and place of staying, but also tell the whole story about the chaos, trouble and disorder, which provides a typical environment for the performance of tragedy. Pu Qilong pointed out that this poem has the tendency of a tiger grabbing people (Reading Du Xin Jie), which is not only said by officials who catch people at night, but also by the background of the first sentence. There is a saying that officials catch people at night, which is the outline of the whole article. The following plots all come from here. Not to mention conscription, point out soldiers, and recruit soldiers, but to say that arresting people has been exposed and criticized in the truthful description. Plus a night word, the meaning is richer. First, it shows that officials often catch people, and people hide or resist during the day and cannot catch them; Second, it shows that the county officials are vicious in catching people and make a sudden attack on the night when the people are asleep. At the same time, the poet was cast into Shihao village at dusk. From dusk to night, a few hours have passed, and of course he has fallen asleep. So he didn't participate in the following events, but heard them through the door. The old man walked over the wall, and the old woman went out to see a few words, which showed that the people had been suffering from grasping Ding for a long time and were restless day and night; Even in the middle of the night, he was still restless. As soon as he heard a noise outside the door, he knew that the county officials had come to arrest people again. The old man immediately fled over the wall and the old woman opened the door to deal with it.

The sixteenth sentence, from when an official calls out why he is angry to when he still has to prepare a morning meal, can be regarded as the second paragraph. Why are the officials angry? Why bother when a woman cries! In two sentences, the sharp contradiction between officials and women is extremely summarized and vividly written. A shout, a cry, an anger, a bitter, formed a strong contrast; The combination of the two adverbials adds to the emotional color, effectively rendering the savage momentum of the county officials like wolves and tigers, and creating an atmosphere of grief and indignation for the old woman's complaints below. The two sides of contradiction have the relationship between subject and subordinate, cause and effect. Why do women cry? It's the anger of officials who make them cry. Below, the poet no longer writes the official's call, but writes the woman's cry with all his strength, while the official calls himself to see. Listening to a woman's speech connects the preceding with the following. That's what the poet is listening to, and that's what the old woman is crying to answer the angry cry of the county official. The 13 poems that wrote the content of the speech changed their rhymes many times, showing many turns, suggesting that the county officials shouted and forced questions many times. These thirteen poems were not said by the old woman in one breath, and the county officials were by no means there to listen. As a matter of fact, there is no need for a woman to cry when an official is angry! Not only at the beginning of the event, but also until the end of the event. It was the first turning point from the three men guarding Yecheng to the death of the deceased. As readers can imagine, this is the first time for county officials to force questions and complain. Before this, the poet had written a sentence that a county official caught people at night, and the tiger seized people. When the old woman went out to see it, she jumped in. The thief's eyes searched everywhere, but she couldn't find a man and closed her eyes. Then he roared:

Where have all the men in your family gone? Hand it over! The old woman sobbed and said, all three sons have gone to guard Yecheng as soldiers. One son just sent a letter saying that the other two sons have died! When crying, the county official may not believe it, but also take out a letter to the county official to read.

in a word, those who survive drag out an ignoble existence, and the dead are long gone! The situation is sympathetic enough, and she hopes to win the sympathy of the county officials and show leniency. Only to find the county collectors and break into a furious rage: