Notes on the title or background of a book.
Zheng Xuan said: "Those people named Xue Ji learn the meaning of teaching by remembering it." That is how scholars learn and teachers teach. Song Ru spoke highly of this article. Cheng Yi said: "Besides The Doctrine of the Mean and The University, The Book of Rites is the latest." Contemporary scholars believe that Xue Ji is the work of Meng Si School at the end of the Warring States Period, and it is the first time to make a comprehensive and systematic summary of education and teaching in the pre-Qin period in China. Xue Ji is not only the earliest educational and teaching treatise in ancient China, but also the earliest educational and teaching treatise in the world. Xue Ji's writing is concise and vivid. Starting from the two clues of teaching and learning, this paper discusses the teaching principles, methods, conditions for being a model, the necessity of respecting teachers and attaching importance to teaching, learning methods, the relationship between teaching and learning, and the basic laws of mutual learning and learning, which can be used for reference.
original text
Worrying about the constitution [1] and seeking goodness are enough to smell [2] and not enough to move the public; It is wise and far away, enough to move the public, not enough to turn the people. If a gentleman wants to turn people into customs, he must learn it! Jade is not cut, not a tool; People don't learn or know. He is a citizen of the ancient king, and teaching is the first. "Duiming" [3] said: "The final book of reading [4] is learning". That's what it means!
To annotate ...
[1] Thinking about the Constitution: Thinking and the Constitution are synonyms, both of which mean consideration.
[2] Tapirs: connected with "small".
[3] Redemption of life: that is, telling life, the title of Shangshu. On the contrary, it is homophonic with "Yue".
[4] Canon: Often.
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Rulers can gain a small reputation by issuing laws and soliciting people with good moral character, but they can't arouse the hearing of the masses; Getting close to the wise and those who are alienated from themselves can arouse the hearing of the masses, but it can't play a role in educating the people. If a gentleman wants to educate the people and form good customs, he must re-establish schools and re-teach! Jade is not a tool; People can't understand without learning. Therefore, in order to establish the country and govern the people, ancient kings must first establish schools and teach. In the chapter "Shangshu Duiming Names", it is said that "we should always give priority to learning and teaching", which is the truth!
original text
Although there are delicacies, I don't know the use of food; Although there is supreme Tao, Buddhism does not know its goodness. It is to learn and then know the deficiency, and to teach and then know the difficulty. You can introspect if you don't know enough, and you can be self-reliant if you are sleepy. So teaching and learning are also beneficial. "Duiming" says: "Learn [five] and a half". That's what it means!
To annotate ...
[5] Learning: Do "learning".
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Although the food is delicious, you don't know its delicacy until you eat it; Although the truth is profound and perfect, you won't understand its benefits without studying it. Therefore, only by studying can we know our own shortcomings, and only by teaching can we feel confused. Knowing your own shortcomings in learning, you can in turn be strict with yourself; If you feel confused, you can study tirelessly. Therefore, teaching and learning complement each other. The chapter "Redemption of Life" says: "Teaching and learning are two sides of the same thing", which is the truth!
original text
Ancient teachers had learning at home, the clumsiness of the party [6], the order of art [7], and state-owned learning. Admission the following year, middle-aged exam. Different from the classic year; Three-year-old professional music group; Be a teacher for five years; Seven years of study and making friends is a small achievement. I have known the class very well for nine years and stood firm and did not object. This is a great achievement. Husband is enough to change the customs, and those who are near will persuade him, and those who are far away will be pregnant. This is also the way of university. Ji said: "Moth [8] is a sub-skill [9]." That's what it means!
To annotate ...
[6] Party: 500 households are one party. This party school is called Dong.
[7] Operation: Pass "Sui". Twelve thousand five hundred is enough. The school of Sui Dynasty is called Xu.
[8] moth: the same as "ant".
[9] Surgery: learning.
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In ancient times, schools were set up to educate students. Every 25 "Lu" schools are called "Shu", every "Party" has its own school called "East", every "Skill" has its own school called "Xu", and universities are established in the country of emperors or princes. The school enrolls students every year and tests students every other year. In the first year, students' basic reading ability, such as sentence breaking and chapter division, is investigated, and in the third year. The fifth year examines students' ability to learn extensively and get close to teachers. In the seventh year, the students' ability to discuss academic right and wrong and identify friends was investigated. This stage of learning is called "Cheng Xiao". In the ninth year, students can draw inferences from others and have a strong belief that they will not violate the teacher's teaching. Reaching the learning standard at this stage is called "Dacheng". Only in this way can we educate the people, change the customs, and the people around us can be completely convinced, and people far away will also submit to him. This is the purpose of teaching and educating people in universities. The ancient book says, "people who study should follow the spirit of small ants holding soil and making mounds, and study tirelessly, from small success to great success." That's the truth!
original text
At the beginning of teaching in the university, Pigou [10] offered food to show his respect. Xiao Ya [1 1] is the third, and the official is the beginning. Sun [12] has a successful career. Early summer [13] two things, accept its prestige. If you don't look at your studies, you swim in ambition. Watch the time to talk and keep your heart. The young people listened and asked, but they couldn't wait to learn. These seven are the major links of teaching. "Ji" said: "Where to learn, officials should do things first, and scholars should be ambitious first". That's what it means!
To annotate ...
[10] Leather clothing means wearing leather clothing. Leather clothing is the sacrificial clothing of scholars.
Xiaoya: Xiaoya. At night, preach "small". Three: It refers to the flowers in The Book of Songs Xiaoya.
[12] sun: preach "training" and be obedient.
[13] Xia: Tong "Qiuci", whose real name is Qiuci. You can be a pointer to punish students. Chu: Vitex negundo.
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At the beginning of university, emperors or officials wore formal dresses and offered sacrifices to sages to show their respect for teachers. Students should recite three poems of Luming Literature, Mu Si and Huang Zhehua, which describe the harmony between monarch and minister in the Book of Songs, so that they will feel like an official when they enter school. Let the students take out their school supplies according to the drums and let them take their studies seriously; At the same time, display the ruler and maintain a clean and serious order; When students enter school in spring, the tutor will not assess them without summer vacation, so that students have enough time to study according to their own wishes. In the process of learning, teachers should observe first, don't tell them anything in advance, and let them think hard; Older students should consult their teachers, and younger students should pay attention, not interrupt, because learning should be gradual and not overstepping. These seven points are the outline of teaching order. The ancient book says: "In teaching activities, teachers should first do their duty, and scholars should first make up their minds", which is the truth!
original text
Teaching in a university is also necessary. When teaching [14], you should have a proper career and live on campus when you retire. If you don't learn to practice [15], you can't set the string; If you don't learn Bo Yi [16], you can't learn poetry; You won't be polite unless you learn miscellaneous clothes. If you don't like your art, you can't enjoy learning. Therefore, a gentleman is learning, hiding and practicing, and traveling at rest. My husband is born, so I learn from him and kiss his teacher. I like my friend and believe in his way. So although I am separated from my teacher [17], I have no objection. "Saving Life" said that "respecting Sun Wuzhimin, practice is coming", that's what it means!
To annotate ...
[14] Time: refers to arranging courses in chronological order.
[15] Cao Mian: Zheng's "juggling" is to practice fingering with some unorthodox tunes.
[16] Yi: Metaphor.
[17] Auxiliary: friend.
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The educational activities of universities are carried out on time and have their own formal courses; There is also homework during recess. If you don't learn miscellaneous music after class, you can't play the piano well in class; If you don't learn temperament after class, you can't learn poetry well in class; If you don't learn the knowledge of sweeping the floor after class, you won't learn good manners in class. It can be seen that it is impossible to be happy with what you have learned without learning all kinds of acrobatics. Therefore, if a gentleman treats learning and is accepted in the classroom, he must learn a lesson; Rest at home and learn all kinds of acrobatics. Only in this way can we study with peace of mind, be close to teachers, be willing to make friends with the masses, and be sure that what we have learned will not run counter to what we have learned, even if we leave the guidance of teachers. The article "Redemption of Life" says that "only when you concentrate on humility and respect and always study quickly can you achieve something in your studies", that is!
original text
Nowadays, teachers groan that they occupy [18], full of information [19], and talk about [20] with numbers, thus ignoring their own safety, making people unwilling to be sincere, teaching people not to try their best, giving people what they want is also contradictory, and asking for it is also Buddha [2 1]. The husband is natural, so he hides [22] from learning and suffers from his teacher, suffering from its difficulties and not knowing its benefits. Although it is the end of the matter, it must go quickly and teach it without punishment.
To annotate ...
[18] Zhan: Children's barnyard grass, bamboo slips. Bi: Bamboo slips.
[19] News: Call "Su" and tell him.
[20] There is also: through "painting", pursuing.
[2 1] Buddha: Pass the "trick" and violate the crime.
[22] Hiding: disgust.
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Nowadays, teachers simply recite the text, instill a lot, blindly catch up with the progress, regardless of the students' acceptance ability, so that they can't calm down and study. Teachers can't teach students in accordance with their aptitude, and students' talents can't be fully developed. The teaching method violates the teaching principle and the requirements put forward are not in line with the students' reality. In this way, students will hate his study, resent his teacher, suffer from the difficulty of his study and don't understand its benefits. Although he has finished his studies, it is inevitable that he will soon forget what he has learned, and the purpose of teaching will not be achieved. That's why!
original text
University law: it is forbidden to call it before it is issued [23]; When it can be called; Don't care, call Sun; Looking at each other is good, called friction. These four things are also well taught. If it is issued and then banned, it will be overwhelming [24]; If you study outside your time, you will work hard and it will be difficult to achieve anything; Miscellaneous giving without grandchildren, bad and chaotic without repair; Studying alone without friends is ignorant; Yan Peng betrayed his teacher, and Yan Bi [25] abolished his research. These six things are all taught and abandoned. A gentleman knows both teaching and being taught, and then he can be a teacher. Therefore, the teaching of a gentleman is figurative. Tao [26] and Fu Qian, Qiang [27] and Yi Fu, and Kai Yu. Tao leads to harmony, strength leads to restraint and opening leads to thinking. Harmony and easy thinking are good metaphors.
To annotate ...
[23] Yu: Prevention.
[24] Case: Contradictory.
[25] monarch: pass the "Tao" but not the Tao.
[26] Tao: Tong "guide", guide.
[27] Strong: Encourage. Strong, homophonic with "grab".
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University teaching methods: preventing students' mistakes before they happen is called prevention; Timely education is called timeliness; Education that does not exceed the talent and age characteristics of the educated is called orderly; Learning from each other's strengths is called observation. These four points are the experience of successful teaching. If you make a mistake and then block it, you will have a firm and unbreakable tendency; Let go of learning opportunities and remedy afterwards. Despite efforts, it is difficult to succeed. Teachers are disorganized, unruly, disorderly and out of control; A person who meditates without discussing with his friends will form a shallow knowledge and limited knowledge; Associating with dishonest friends is bound to violate the teacher's teaching; Engaging in some improper conversation will inevitably neglect formal study. These six points are the reasons for the failure of teaching. A gentleman can become a good teacher if he knows both the experience of successful teaching and the reasons of teaching failure. Therefore, teachers teach people, that is, to inspire and induce: to induce students without pulling; Don't intimidate and lure; Instruct students to study, not tell them the answers directly. Teachers induce students not to pull, and teachers and students are harmonious; Only by encouraging, not forcing, can students feel eager to learn; Students will study and think independently only if they are inspired rather than arranged. It can achieve harmony between teachers and students, make students feel eager to learn and think independently, which can be said to be good at inspiring and inducing.
original text
Scholars have four mistakes, and teachers must know them. People learn too much, or lose too little, or lose too easily, or stop. These four hearts are different. Know his heart, and then save his loss. Teachers should also learn to be good and save the lost. A good singer makes people follow his voice; A good teacher will make people follow their ambitions. His words are also true, but they are subtle and difficult to compare, which can be described as following the crowd.
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There are four kinds of mistakes in students' learning, and teachers must understand that the reasons for people's failure in learning are either greed, narrow knowledge, rash attitude or fear of stopping. These four points are caused by students' psychological and intellectual differences. Only by understanding the different psychological characteristics of the educated can teachers help students overcome their shortcomings. The function of education is to let the educated give full play to their advantages and overcome their disadvantages. People who can sing are not only sweet in voice, but also touching in heart, and people can't help singing along. People who can teach not only give people knowledge, but also induce students to follow him consciously. Teachers should be simple and clear, concise and perfect, with few examples, but they can explain the problem. Only in this way can students consciously follow him.
original text
A gentleman knows the difficulty of learning, the beauty and the evil, and then he can metaphor, metaphor and then he can be a teacher, a teacher and then he can be a long, long and then he can be a king. Therefore, teachers are also teachers, so learning to be a gentleman is also a reason to choose teachers. "Ji" said that "three kings and four generations [28] are only their teachers." That's what it means! The way to learn: Yan [29] is difficult to teach. Teacher Yan respected the Tao, and the Tao respected the people and respected learning. Therefore, you are not a vassal because when it is a corpse [30], it is also a vassal; When he was a teacher, he was also a servant. The gift of a college student, although written, respects the teacher.
To annotate ...
[28] Three kings and four generations: Xia, Shang and Zhou are three kings, plus Yu is four generations.
[29] Yan: Respect.
[30] Corpse: A person who sacrificed in place of the deceased when sacrificing ancestors in ancient times.
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A gentleman should understand the students' natural qualities according to the difficulty they feel when studying, and then inspire and induce them in various ways. Only by inspiring and inducing in many ways can you become a good teacher. Being an official can be a good teacher, and being an official can be a gentleman. Therefore, the teacher is the one who teaches the ruling power. For this reason, we must choose our teachers carefully. The ancient book says: "The selection of teachers was the primary task of ancient kings". That's the truth! In education, it is valuable to respect teachers. Only by respecting the teacher can we pay attention to what he teaches. The king of the world can respect the teacher and let the people concentrate on their studies. Therefore, there are two kinds of courtiers that the king does not treat his courtiers well: first, those who have been killed do not treat their courtiers well; The second is a teacher who doesn't treat each other as servants. According to the etiquette system, although these two people are summoned by the emperor, they can be exempted from the etiquette of appearing before the king, which is a respect for teachers and Taoism.
original text
Good scholars can learn from others and get twice the result with half the effort, so they are mediocre [3 1]. Poor scholars and diligent teachers get twice the result with half the effort, so they complain a lot. A good questioner is like attacking a tree. Change who it is first, then its program [32], and over time, talk about it. People who are not good at asking questions are the opposite. Be kind to those who ask questions, such as ringing the bell. If you tap them gently, they will ring. If you hit them hard, they will ring. Wait for them calmly and then go all out. People who are not good at answering questions are the opposite. This is the way to learn.
To annotate ...
[3 1] Yong: Credit.
[32] Procedure: The uneven part at the junction of branches of a tree.
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People who can learn can make teachers work hard to get good grades and be grateful to teachers; People who can't learn, even if the teacher is very diligent and has little effect, will still blame the teacher. People who can ask questions, like carpenters, start from the easy place first, then cut the difficult knot, ask the easy questions first, and then ask the difficult questions, so that the problems will be solved; People who can't ask questions are the opposite. People who can handle problems should answer in a targeted way, like ringing a bell, with small force, small bell, big force and big bell, and ring calmly, so that others can finish the question and then answer slowly; People who can't answer questions are just the opposite. These are about teaching methods.
original text
It's not enough to be a teacher, but also to listen to the language! If you can't ask about force, then talk about it, talk about it without knowing it, although it is possible to give up. A son who is good at smelting must learn to be a prostitute; The son of a good bow must learn to be a basket; On the contrary, the first driver is in front of the horse. Only a gentleman who abides by these three points can have an interest in learning.
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You can't be a good teacher by memorizing some fragmentary knowledge. You must have profound knowledge and be ready to answer students' questions. If the student can't ask questions, tell him that it is ok to learn from some aspects; After telling him, you still can't understand, so don't go on. If you want to learn the superb skills of your father and the son of an outstanding metallurgist, you must first learn to sew fur coats; The son of a clever bowmaker must first learn to weave a dustpan; The pony used to learn to pull a car should be put behind the car. A gentleman can do a good job in teaching if he understands that it is easy before it is difficult, from the shallow to the deep, through repeated practice and step by step.
original text
Ancient scholars were uglier than things [33], drums were not matched with five tones [34], and the five tones were not harmonious; Water does not deserve five colors [35], and five colors do not deserve chapters; Learning is not suitable for the five senses [36], and the five senses are incurable; Teachers don't deserve five clothes [37], and five clothes are not close. The gentleman said: Great virtue is not an official, the road is not a device, great faith is not kept, and the times are uneven. Observe these four things, and you will be interested in learning. The three kings' sacrifice to Sichuan is the first and last one, or the source, or the commission, which is called the service book!
To annotate ...
[33] Ugliness: Tong' Zhuo (chóu)', Qi.
[34] Five tones: Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng and Yu.
[35] Five colors: green, red, yellow, white and black.
[36] Five senses: "Under Quli" said: "The five senses of the son of heaven are called Situ, Sima, Sikong, Shi Si and Sikou", which is a general term.
[37] Five campaigns: defeat, Cui Zi, great achievements, small achievements and insensitivity. Here refers to interpersonal relationships in general.
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People who studied in ancient times were able to compare similar things and draw inferences. Drum is not equal to pentatonic, and there is no harmony without drum sound in pentatonic; Water is not the same as five colors, but five colors cannot be bright and pleasing to the eye without water; Learning is different from the five senses, but without learning and training, the five senses will not play a good role; A teacher is not the same as a relative of Wufu, but without the teacher's teaching, people can't understand the intimate relationship of Wufu. The gentleman said that a highly respected person is not limited to holding a certain official position; The laws of the universe apply not only to that one thing; A very loyal person does not need to swear before trusting him; There are four seasons in the sky, so you don't have to be uniform. You will be punctual. Knowing these four points, we can understand that we should also grasp the fundamental truth in doing things and studying. When the three ancient kings offered sacrifices to rivers, they all offered sacrifices to rivers first, and then to the sea. This is because the river is the source of water and the ocean is the destination of water. This is the problem!