One: horizontal conception, that is, cross-sectional conception method. Using this conception method, it is proved that the structure is horizontal juxtaposition. There are mainly the following three forms.
1) juxtaposition of different sides, not including juxtaposition. For example, the environment, including natural environment and social environment. If "ink" is interpreted as bad environment, we can discuss the topic of "black" or "not necessarily black" from two aspects: natural environment and social environment. ?
There is a training question in the first volume of the Chinese textbook for senior high school. The topic provides three materials, and it is required to summarize a topic and write a discussion paper. The first "near Zhu Zhechi, near Mexico is black" can be used as a point of view; Second, "oranges are born in Huainan, oranges are born in Huaibei ..." "Water and soil are different", focusing on the natural environment; The third idiom story of "and while one man guards it is full of fun" focuses on the social environment. It can be seen that this problem is based on horizontal thinking and horizontal conception training. ?
The following is a passage from Anhui examinee "A Black Ink Side":
Modern scientific research also shows that it is acquired factors that play a decisive role in talent growth. Among them, the influence of acquired environment is very important. Isn't Fang Zhongyong a typical example?
We know that man is the product of the environment. Without such an environment as the earth, there would be no human beings, let alone human subjective initiative. From this perspective, sometimes people are really powerless to the environment. ?
Maybe some comrades will say, have you seen the pine trees on the cliff? Didn't they grow up in such a bad environment? Oh, yes, but after all, no towering trees or dense forests can grow on the cliff. ?
……?
Under the condition that our social environment has not been fundamentally improved today, instead of arbitrarily exaggerating the role of subjective initiative for those innocent middle school students who are just young, it is better to give them some preventive precautions to minimize the harm that society may cause to their immature hearts. ?
……
The above fragments are discussed from the perspective of environment-natural environment-social environment. ?
2) The juxtaposition of points and surfaces is inclusive. For example, the fragment of Zhejiang examinee's answer sheet:
In the case that none of us have become "saints" and all have shortcomings of one kind or another, I think we should stay away from "Mohism" and avoid being influenced by it. We can often see some reports about how some people have degenerated from outstanding young people and even party member cadres into sinners. Aside from his personal thoughts, I think the material lure from the outside world, the pursuit of enjoyment and the wooing of criminals are all important factors for him to get into the water. It can be seen that under the attack of various bad habits, it is easy to lead to a person's transformation. ?
……?
Teenagers are immature and easily influenced by all kinds of wrong ideas. Therefore, we should always warn everyone that "those who are close to Mexico are black", pay attention to the surrounding environment and stay away from all kinds of bad atmosphere. ?
-First, "everyone", listing "outstanding young people and even party member cadres", and then emphasizing "teenagers": it is proved from the surface that "all people close to Mexico are black". ?
3) Positive and negative juxtaposition. "Those who are close to ink are black", that is, horizontal positive and negative juxtaposition. The following is a fragment of Shandong examinee's answer sheet: it is precisely because of the truth that "those who are close to Mexico are black" that when making friends, we are often willing to associate with enterprising and virtuous people and stay away from those low-quality villains. Didn't Meng Mu move three times just to give Mencius a good environment and associate with good people? I remember a classmate in primary school, who was usually very progressive in thought, but after entering junior high school, he got mixed up with some hooligans and idled around all day. As a result, he was caught committing a crime. Isn't this a typical black man who approaches the ink?
-this is a parallel argument from the good and bad aspects of making friends, that is, positive and negative. ?
Second: positive and negative combination, vertical and horizontal combination, dialectical thinking.
Vertical and horizontal combination can often prove the argument more effectively. The following is a passage from a class I volume in Beijing:
In ancient China, there was a story of "Three Major Movements in Meng Mu". Mencius used to live next to artists, so he couldn't stop listening to them. When Mencius moved to the butcher's house, he often went to kill pigs. Mencius didn't concentrate on reading until he moved to the school hall. So he became a great thinker. Although this story has the meaning of belittling the working people, it is clear that everyone close to Mexico will be black. Confucius' "you must choose your neighbor when you live, and you must be an official when you walk" also illustrates this truth. "Ink" is pervasive, and those who approach ink are black. The arrest of four brothers and sisters in Guangzhou at the same time also illustrates this point. It is precisely because the two brothers get along with each other day and night that this tragic drama happened. As Mr. Lu Xun said: "The children of farmers have long known about plowing, the children of soldiers have learned to dance swords and guns, and the children of scholars have learned to write and splash ink." What you learn is that you are exposed to more things. ?
This analysis is not so good, but the argument structure is clear. The overall layout is vertical, from ancient times to the present. But not exactly in chronological order: Mencius, Confucius, today's four brothers in Guangzhou, Lu Xun, the chronological order is reversed. In fact, this is vertical and horizontal, ancient: examples, famous sayings; Today; Examples and famous sayings. Longitudinal: ancient-present; Horizontal: Examples-famous sayings.