Pu Yusheng

The view that Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong are teachers and students comes from Wang Daosheng's Epitaph of Huai 'an Shi Naian in Ming Dynasty and Hu Yinglin's Fang Shan in Shao Shi in Qing Dynasty.

Pen cluster. Wang Daosheng said: "Mr. Wang's works include Zhiyu, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties, Biography of Sansui Pingyao, and Heroes in Jianghu.

Guest biography. Every manuscript is proofread by his master, especially Luo Guanzhong. "Hu Yinglin is about the creation of the water margin.

In Origin, it is said that "Song He called to catch a thief, and he knew the reason of his 180 people, which was retouched into this series. Robben, his favorite pupil, did the same.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms is extremely simple. "

Although due to lack of historical materials, Luo Guanzhong grew up in Shi Naian in his twenties and thirties, both because of the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties and because of the salt people in Baima Farm in northern Jiangsu.

Shicheng Uprising, Shi Naian, as a fellow countryman, once participated in Zhang Shicheng Uprising, and Luo Guanzhong, who was "aspiring to be king", also participated in the rise of Zhang Shicheng.

Righteousness means remonstrating against Zhang Shicheng and King Woo.

According to the introduction of the sequel to the ghost book, Luo Guanzhong's Yuefu argot is extremely fresh, which shows that most of the poems in Water Margin are mixed by Luo Guanzhong.

Because of this, Luo Guanzhong, as an editor, revised the Water Margin, so it is normal that some plots are similar to the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Therefore, Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong may have a teacher-student relationship.

Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong.

Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong were both famous novelists in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty.

Shi Naian (about 1296—— about 1370) was born in Baijuchang, Xinghua (now Jiangsu). He is the author of Water Margin.

Luo Guanzhong (about1330-about 1400), originally from Dongyuan (now Dongping, Shandong), is the author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Outlaws of the Marsh and Romance of the Three Kingdoms are masterpieces of China's ancient literature, which have great influence on people. Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong contributed to the prosperity and development of novel creation.

Although poor, I like learning.

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there was a family named Shi near Taihu Lake. The family makes a living by ferrying people across the river. Although Shi Jia is poor, his son Shi Naian is ambitious.

Every day, Shi Naian sends his father to a boat by the lake. He always walks through a school and hears Lang Lang's reading. He enviously said to his father:

"Dad, let me study, too."

Father shook his head awkwardly and said nothing. Later, his father saw that he wanted to study too much, so he borrowed money to let him go to school.

Shi Naian studies hard and has a good memory. Many classics and history books he has read can be memorized. When the teacher asks questions, he can answer them.

Once, an old man in the neighborhood passed away. According to the rules at that time, a well-written person was asked to write a eulogy (an article commemorating the dead) to express his condolences. So someone invited Li Xiucai. But after waiting for a long time, Li Xiucai didn't come. Neighbors worry, suggested:

"People often say that the son of a historian is a scholar. Why not ask him to try? "

Shi Naian is called. No sooner had he finished writing the eulogy than Li Xiucai entered the door. People showed the article to Li Xiucai.

"This article is written smoothly, but it is a bit naive. I don't know which genius wrote it? " Li Xiucai asked.

They said, pointing to Shi Naian:

"That's the boy in front of you."

Li Xiucai surprised to stare big eyes, praised:

"It is rare to have such a talent at a young age."

Fight righteousness and save lives.

When Shi Naian grew up, he read many miscellaneous books circulated among the people, especially stories about the rise and fall of dynasties and wars. He admires the heroes described in the book who are loyal, self-sacrificing, helpful and skilled in martial arts. He also learned to be a hero, often wielding knives, guns and clubs, practicing martial arts and defending the wronged.

Once, a farmer was bullied by a villain and went to the local leader to judge. Unexpectedly, he was not tried, but beaten up. The farmer was cornered and planned to commit suicide by jumping into the sea. Shi Naian happened to pass by and stopped to ask:

"Why are you working so hard?"

The farmer told the story in detail. Listen to the farmer, Shi Naian said angrily:

"Don't want to die, go to the government to judge."

So, Shi Naian took the farmer home, wrote a letter of complaint for him, and told him to complain to the government department. The scoundrel was afraid that Shi Naian would make a mountain out of a molehill, so he asked someone to intercede. Shi Naian asked him to pay the farmers a sum of money to end all this. For this reason, the villain's son hated Shi Naian's guts. One day, he took a bunch of thugs to ambush on the side of the road. As soon as Shi Naian came, he swarmed and stood in his way. The villain's son said angrily:

"You make us lose face. I'll give you a taste of meddling. "

Say that finish, a wave of his hand, the gang around Shi Naian hands on. Shi Naian is fearless. He blocked with his left hand and kicked with his right foot. Quick and powerful. After several rounds, he hit them on the head and ran away.

Resign from office

Shi Naian is not only willing to help the villagers, but also filial to his parents. Father was ill, and he and his wife stayed by the bed, delivering water and medicine, and stayed up all night. In this way, when it was time to take the imperial examination, local officials recommended Shi Naian as a scholar with good moral character.

Shi Naian passed the exam and was sent to Qiantang (now Zhejiang) as a local official. Originally, he wanted to do a few good things for the people seriously. However, at that time, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty stipulated that the Han people who were officials must be supervised by a Mongolian or Semu (referring to the people of all ethnic groups in the western regions and Xixia people). In fact, they hold real power. Therefore, in yamen all over the country, Dalu Huachi (official name. Mongolian means the position of oppressor, sanction and seal. What Shi Naian wants to do after he takes office, he must first get the consent of the great scholar Huachi. Anyone who goes against the wishes of the great scholar Huachi will be punished.

On one occasion, a Mongolian who followed Lu Huachi complained that several Han Chinese beat him and demanded that they be sentenced to death. Shi Naian asked the Han people that the Mongols had done so many bad things that everyone could not bear to hit him. Shi Naian asked the Mongols again:

"Are they telling the truth?"

The Mongols nodded their heads.

"Then how can I sentence them to death?" Shi Naian said.

So, Shi Naian released these Han people. After Lu Huachi knew this, he called him and reprimanded him loudly, asking him to re-file.

On weekdays, Shi Naian was fed up with the anger of Lu Huachi. Now he is so arrogant and unreasonable. He just resigned from his post and left Qiantang.

Biography of the thief

Shi Naian returned to Suzhou, opened a library and made a living by teaching.

Suzhou is an ancient cultural city, and there are many bookstores in the city. Storytellers tell stories that make the past serve the present and are colorful. People who listen with relish are sometimes sad and sometimes happy. Shi Naian often goes to bookstores and sits with vendors and citizens to listen to books. He likes listening to the heroic stories in the Water Margin best. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the uprising of Song Jiang and others in Liangshan was later edited by folk artists and widely circulated. At that time, Li Kui jy, Yan Qing, Song Wu and others often performed on the stage.

On one occasion, in a bookstore, Shi Naian found many handwritten scripts (the original scripts used by storytellers in the Song and Yuan Dynasties), and there was a book called Thirty-six Praises of Sung River, which completely recorded the names and nicknames of thirty-six people, including Sung River. Shi Naian paid for the book as soon as he got the treasure. From then on, he had an idea to compile a complete book about Liangshan heroes. So he collected materials everywhere and began to write.

Some friends know, anxiously said to him:

"The heroes you wrote were all called' thieves' by the government and became famous, but it was a risky thing."

Shi Naian firmly answer:

"I just want to write these' thieves', redress grievances for the people and kill corrupt officials. Of course, in order to reduce trouble, I won't mention a word today. "

In order to concentrate on writing a book, Shi Naian closed the school auditorium and asked people to draw 36 portraits according to the 36 hymns of Sung River. He hangs these portraits in his room, observes them carefully every day, ponders them carefully, and imagines how these characters will act and speak. Sometimes, he will "talk" with the characters in the painting, and people can often hear him ask himself and answer himself.

When he was tired of writing, Shi Naian went to restaurants and teahouses to sit for a while, drank a glass of wine or a bowl of tea, listened to people chatting in different places, or went to the theater to see a play. He memorized people's legends, actors' looks and performances, and then changed these characters into books.

Join the rebels

In Shi Naian's hometown, it is also said that he participated in the peasant uprising against the Yuan Dynasty. On one occasion, Shi Naian's cousin Bian quietly came to him and said:

"I've come to say goodbye to you. I don't know when I can see you today! "

"What, you're leaving?" Shi Naian asked.

"No, I want to join the rebels in Zhang Shicheng."

"ah? You want to rebel! " Shi Naian couldn't help exclaiming, "You are a martial artist!"

It turned out that at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the government was corrupt and farmers everywhere rose up against the rulers. Salt people in Baiju Town revolted under the leadership of Zhang Shicheng. Seeing that the Yuan Dynasty was hopeless, Bian joined the Rebel Army. He came here to say goodbye and to persuade Shi Naian to attend. He said:

"People all over the world are dissatisfied with the government. Can this court last long? Cousin still hesitates? "

Although Shi Naian is writing a story about the peasant uprising in Liangshan, he never thought that he would take the road of resistance. He was also frustrated when he remembered that he was an official. He felt that Bian was right and nodded and said:

"Well, the world is too dark. I'm going to Liangshan."

Soon, he joined the Rebel Army with Bian in Zhang Shicheng and became a strategist. The insurgents have won battle after battle, and their momentum is increasing day by day. However, Zhang Shicheng was short-sighted and incompetent, and later surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty. Shi Naian was very disappointed. He left Zhang Shicheng's team and returned to his hometown. Soon, the uprising army led by Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the Yuan Dynasty.

Shi Naian personally participated in the peasant uprising, which was of great help to him in writing stories reflecting Liangshan heroes.

Write "Water Margin"

At the beginning, when Shi Naian started a school, a Shaanxi businessman sent his son Luo Guanzhong to teach him. Shi Naian saw that Luo Guanzhong was not tacky and studious, so he accepted him as an apprentice. Luo Guanzhong also likes history and literature, and has the same hobby as Shi Naian. When Shi Naian wrote the heroic story of Liangshan, every time he wrote a story (a chapter of the novel), he had to scrutinize and revise it carefully with Luo Guanzhong. A few years later, Shi Naian finally wrote this novel, named "The Water Margin of Loyalty", referred to as "The Water Margin".

The Water Margin is the first novel with the theme of peasant uprising in the history of China. It eulogized 108 uprising heroes, and everyone had a nickname, such as "Hu Songjiang", "Zhi Duo Yong", "Leopard Head Lin Chong", "Thunderbolt Fire Qin Ming", "Flower Monk Lu", "Lang Li Bai Tiao Zhang Shun" and so on.

The stories in the book are very touching, especially the heroes such as Lin Chong, Lu and jy, which are even more admirable. There are also stories such as outwitting the birth class and beating Zhu Village, which are also particularly wonderful.

The Water Margin is widely circulated among the people, providing experience for later novels, dramas and folk literary creation, and becoming one of the best representatives of China's classical novels.

Make friends in Hangzhou

Luo Guanzhong loved folk art since he was a child. He likes watching plays and telling stories. His ancestral home is Shanxi, but he has always lived in Hangzhou.

Luo Guanzhong is introverted and doesn't like to associate with people. But once he has good friends, he is sincere to people. When I first arrived in Hangzhou, he was a stranger and always went in and out of the theater and bookstore alone.

There, Luo Guanzhong found a well-dressed, handsome and much younger man. Whenever he appeared, the literati reached out to him and greeted him.

It was a long time before Luo Guanzhong knew that this man's name was Jia. The legend he wrote (the drama script mainly singing Nanqu in Ming and Qing Dynasties) is detailed and delicate in syntax, and most people are not as good as him. Therefore, the literati respected him and regarded him as a leader.

Jia also found that Luo Guanzhong was always alone, which made him look different. On this day, they met on the road and chatted.

"Your name, please?" Luo Guanzhong said politely.

"The younger brother is a' cloud water'."

"Is this taken from Du Fu's poem" The heart of water is indisputable, and the clouds care "? "

"Yes," Jia Zhongming nodded happily. "This is the same as Mr. Wang calling himself a' prodigal son' and taking his depravity."

The more they talk, the more speculative they are. Two people are like-minded and knowledgeable. Luo Guanzhong is glad to have made such a friend. They often go back and forth and are brothers. Luo Guanzhong was much older than Jia, and they became "strangers".

Later, Luo Guanzhong left Hangzhou. It is said that he took part in the struggle against the rule of the Yuan Dynasty.

Determined to write Romance of the Three Kingdoms

The peasant uprising led by Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew the Yuan Dynasty and established the Ming Dynasty. Seeing the stability of the country, Luo Guanzhong left the noisy city with his family, avoided relatives and friends, and found a desolate and secluded place to live.

When his friends found out, they all said he was eccentric and different. In fact, Luo Guanzhong did this to concentrate on writing a book. In his new residence, he buried himself in writing all day and wrote several novels.

One day, Luo Guanzhong cheerfully told a friend the story of the Three Kingdoms, such as Liu, Guan and Zhang Taoyuan's three sworn relationships, Dong Zhuo's rebellion and Battle of Red Cliffs, which was very vivid and beautiful. My friend suddenly interrupted him and asked:

"Why, it seems that you are going to write a book about the Three Kingdoms again?"

"yes. Wei, Shu and Wu, with constant wars and talented people, are good materials for writing books. "

"Chen shou has written the reflection, Pei Songzhi also has comments. Why write again? "

"They are based on real people, and the content is simple and not lively and interesting enough. On the basis of them, I want to write the story of the Three Kingdoms into a romantic novel, which is adulterated in truth and true in falsehood, so that all men, women and children in the world love to hear and read. "

Stories about the Three Kingdoms began to spread as early as the later period of the Three Kingdoms, and were even more widely spread in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. By the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the story of the Three Kingdoms had been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and many themes of the Three Kingdoms appeared in the zaju and poetry Sanqu written by people in the Yuan Dynasty.

Listen to Luo Guanzhong want to write a novel about the romance of the Three Kingdoms, friends happily say:

"This thing can't be completed in a year or so, and it needs a lot of work."

"yes. This novel is written from the Yellow Scarf Uprising in the late Eastern Han Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty's unification of the Three Kingdoms. It has to be written for nearly a hundred years, and there must be hundreds of words in it. This really takes some time. " Luo Guanzhong said boldly.

Immortal masterpiece

From then on, Luo Guanzhong began to write. In addition to being familiar with historical books such as The History of the Three Kingdoms, he also collected opera scripts and storytellers' manuscripts describing the stories of the Three Kingdoms. On the basis of inheriting predecessors' achievements, Luo Guanzhong re-artistically treated the stories of the Three Kingdoms. The main characters in the book, such as Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Sun Quan and Zhuge Liang, are all real people in history. The basic events described in the book, such as the Yellow turban insurrectionary uprising, the battle of Guandu, and three visits to the thatched cottage, have also happened in history. However, Luo Guanzhong is not completely limited by the true story. He gave full play to his rich imagination and invented many vivid and interesting storylines. For example, Wang Situ skillfully uses a series of tricks, Wu Guotai Buddhist Temple meets the groom, Huang Gai is punished for offering a secret trick, Zhuge Liang sacrifices the wind at the Seven Star Altar, Guan Yunchang releases Cao Cao, and Empty City Plan. Luo Guanzhong named this novel "Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms" for short. After this book was published, people scrambled to copy it and spread it quickly.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms is one of China's most accomplished and influential historical novels. It successfully describes all kinds of military and political struggles, large and small. These descriptions are varied and have their own characteristics. There are more than 400 characters in the book. Among them, Zhuge Liang's wisdom, Cao Cao's treachery and Guan Yu's loyalty are the most impressive. Even hundreds of years later, people are still tired of reading.

Besides Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Luo Guanzhong also wrote books such as Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties, Romance of the History of Tang and Five Dynasties, and created dramas such as Zhao Taizu's Dragon and Tiger Club. These works are all about history, but they are not as successful as The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

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