China is a country of etiquette and is very particular about titles. The main titles include honorific titles and modest titles. Others include self-titles, nicknames, contemptuous titles, proper titles, generational titles, customary titles, etc. 1. Honorific title Honorific title, also called honorific title, is a title that expresses respect for the other party in conversation. The words used to express honorific title are called honorific words. There are three situations according to the part of speech of honorific words: (1) It is a pronoun directly used to express honorific title, usually Commonly used monosyllabic words include "Ru, Er, Zi, Er, Gong, Jun", etc., which can be translated as "you". (2) Use nouns to replace words to address each other. These words are all two-syllable words. This kind of title has three forms: the general honorific is "Sir, my son", etc.; the other party can also be represented by the place where the other party is or the people under his command, and the commonly used ones are "Your Majesty, Your Majesty, Your Excellency, Deacon, Left and Right", etc.; Those who address each other respectfully by their official positions, such as "king, doctor, general, son", etc., can also be translated as "you". Your Majesty refers specifically to the monarch and the emperor, and does not need to be translated, and the official status does not need to be translated. (3) Yes. Use adjectives to describe the behavior of people related to the other party. These words are usually two-syllable words. The first one is an adjective and the second one is a noun related to the person. Common ones are: respect: respect the house, respect the brother, respect the driver, respect the wife ; Xian: good brother, good wife Ren: dear brother, benevolent brother: noble body (meaning of greeting), noble surname, noble Geng; Gao: high friend, high relative, high neighbor, high opinion; Da: great gift, great work, great honor and so on. Words generally do not need to be translated. These honorifics have changed with the development of society, and the above two cases are basically no longer used; and the third type is still commonly used. These titles not only respect each other, but also have a sense of intimacy. , the language atmosphere is also very harmonious. 2. Modesty refers to self-proclaimed modesty. The word used to express modesty is called Qianci. It can be understood and mastered in two ways. One is to use certain nouns to replace words. "I". It can be divided into the following four categories: One is to use one's surname or first name to express modesty. "Su Zi and his guests were boating under Red Cliff." ("Chibi Fu") uses surname; "The more Father Ji heard about your mourning, "On the seventh day." ("Twelve Lang Wen") use names. The second category is to use "minister, servant, so-and-so, villain" to call themselves to express their apology. "The servant encountered this disaster in spoken language." "("Report to Ren An") "A certain person has been familiar with military literature since he was a child. "("Lost Street Pavilion") The third category is that women often use "concubine, maidservant, slave, slaveservant" to express their apology. "They are both forced, so are you and your concubines. "("The Peacock Flies Southeast") The four categories are commonly used by monarchs: "Idiot (a person with little gain), Bubo (a bad person), Gu (a lonely person)" to express humility. Idiots are dedicated to the country. "Carry on." ("Mencius: King Hui of Liang, Part 1") These modest titles can all be translated as "I". The other is to use certain words to refer to people related to you. These words are all two-syllable compound words and the previous word modifies the following word. Judging from the part of speech of the modifier, it can be divided into three situations. First, it is modified with adjectives to show humility. Common ones are: Yu: Yu brother, Yu younger brother (both of these words mean "I"), Yu Jian, Yu Yi (both "Yu" can be translated as "I"). of"). We: our country, our city ("we" is equivalent to "my"). Jian: humble body, humble body, humble breath (calling one’s son in front of the king and emperor), humble wife (calling one’s wife). ["Bitch" is equivalent to "my"] Xiao: daughter, child, trumpet. Wei: humble minister, humility: humble position. The second is to modify it with verbs and express humility by behavior. The common ones are: steal: to steal thoughts, steal thoughts, and steal hearings. ("Stealing" can be translated as privately) Fu: Fu Wei (lying on the ground and thinking. Used when expressing thoughts to superiors or juniors to elders), Fu Wen. ("Fu heard that the Holy Dynasty governed the world with filial piety." "Chen Qing Biao") The third is to use nouns to modify it to show humility. To call your elder brother humbly in front of others, use "家". "Father, Lord, Lord, Yan" can all be used to refer to your father; "Mum, Ci" refers to your mother; "Brother" refers to yourself. brother. When addressing relatives who are younger or lower in seniority than yourself in front of others, use "She". "She's brother" means your younger brother, and "She's nephew" means your nephew. "家" and "家" can both be translated as "my". These modest names have changed greatly with the development of society. The first situation is basically no longer used, and some of the second situation is still used. 3. Other titles: Self-proclaimed is the name used for oneself in front of others. The emperor calls himself "the humble man", the old calls himself "the old man", the young calls himself "the younger brother" in front of the elders, the monk calls himself "the poor Taoist and the poor monk", and the ordinary people call themselves "the humble". Modesty refers to self-titles. Addressing others refers to addressing others.

For example, the woman accompanying the bride is called "bridesmaid", and the aristocratic woman is called "lady". "Madam" was called the wife of princes in ancient times, and later it was used to refer to the wives of ordinary people. Old men are called "old husband", and young men are called "lao zhang". "Lang Jun". Honorific titles are all other titles. Derogatory titles are to call others in a contemptuous tone, such as "Shuzi, Xiaozi, Nvliu." Proper titles are certain conventional titles. For example, the person who chops wood is called "woodcutter", the boatman is called "zhouzi", and the outstanding figures of the country are called "guoshi". The pronoun is to borrow another title to replace the original title. For example, "heroine" is used to refer to a woman, "liyuan" is used to refer to a theater troupe, and "actor" is used to refer to a comedian. Pronunciation is a rhetorical metonymy. Idiom is to call someone by a conventional and customary title. For example, "Laozi and Zhuangzi" refers to Laozi (Li Er) and Zhuangzi (Zhuangzhou) and their theories, and "Jiaohandaoshou" refers to Mengjiao and Jiadao. Titles for people of different ages: A newborn is called a baby, and a person who is under one year old is called a swaddling boy. 2 to 3 years old are called children. A girl is called a 7-year-old girl when she is 7 years old. A 7-year-old boy is called Shaonian. Children under 10 years old are called yellow mouth. The age of 13 to 15 is called the age of dancing spoon. The years between 15 and 20 are called the years of the dancing elephant. A girl is called the golden hairpin year when she is 12 years old. A girl is called her cardamom age when she is 13 years old. When a girl is 15 years old, she is called a girl with hairpins. The age of 16 is called the age of jade; the age of 20 is called the age of peach and plum. The age of 24 is said to be in the prime of life; when a woman gets married, her vote is counted? The year of plum blossom. A man in his 20s is called a weak crown. 30 years old is called the age of establishment. The age of 40 is called the age of no doubt. The age of 50 is called the age of destiny. The age of 60 is called the age of sixty or the age of ears. The age of 70 is called the age of seventy. The age of 80 is called the year of the Zang Dynasty. 80 to 90 years old? Years of age, years of age. Happy 100th year. In addition, there are also people who call childhood as zongjiao or chuipiao, teenagers as bundled hair, women who are about to get married are called zai nian or zaizi, old age is called haoshou or white head, and long-lived old people are called yellow hair, etc. Social terms and terms of friendship: When meeting for the first time, say "Jiu Yang"; when waiting for guests, use "Kingwai"; when receiving a letter from the other party, use "Huishu"; when asking for help, use "Excuse me"; when asking someone to do something, use "Please"; when asking for advice, use "Enlightenment". ; Use "gaojian" to praise someone's opinion; use "forgiveness" to ask for forgiveness; use "longevity" to ask about the age of an elderly person; use "visit" when guests come; use "farewell" to say goodbye to someone; use "visit" to see others; do not send others away Use "stay"; use "excuse me" to trouble others; use "borrow light" to ask for convenience; use "ask for advice" to ask for advice; use "visit" to welcome purchases; use "long no see" if we haven't seen you for a long time; use "loss compensation" to leave in the middle. ; Use the word "axizheng" when presenting works as gifts. Polite titles among relatives and friends: parents are called Gaotang, Chunxuan, parents, and knees. Parents are simply called my father, who is strict; my mother, who is loving. After the death of his father, he said: "Xianfu, Xianyan, Xiankao". After the death of the mother, she was called: late mother, first kind, and first heir. Brothers and sisters call themselves brother, brother, sister, or sister. The brothers are called Kunzhong and Sizu. Husband and wife are called husband and wife, spouse, and partner. The names of deceased peers are: deceased brother, deceased brother, deceased sister, deceased wife. Other people's parents call them: Your Majesty, Your Majesty. Although brothers and sisters call each other: brother, sister. Although a person's children are called: son and daughter. The wife's father is called: father-in-law, father-in-law, Taishan. Other people's families are called: Fushang, Zunfu. The names of my own family are: Humble House, House, and Thatched Cottage. Men and women are collectively called: men are called men, and women are called women. The death of five parties in the couple means: widowed. The teacher is called: mentor, master. Students are called: disciples, students. The school said: Hanchuang, Chicken Window. Classmates: Classmates. A small collection of ancient age titles: Infant: less than one year old. Children: Two to three years old. The first and sixth years: a girl is seven years old. Beginning year: The boy is eight years old. Explanation: According to the physiological conditions, boys change their teeth when they are eight years old and girls turn seven years old. They lose their deciduous teeth and grow permanent teeth. This time is called "nian", "nian" or "nian". Total angle: a general term for childhood. The year of hanging bun: refers to children. (In ancient times, children’s hair drooped, which was extended to refer to minors.) Huangkou: under ten years old. Kindergarten: Ten years old. ("Book of Rites·Qu Lishang": "The ten years of life are called childhood and learning." Because there is no punctuation in ancient writing, people intercepted the word "Young Learning" as the name for ten years old.) The Year of the Golden Hairpin: A girl is twelve years old . Cardamom Years: The woman is thirteen years old. Zhixue: Fifteen years old. (The Analects of Confucius: Confucius said: "I am fifteen years old and determined to learn...") Hairpin: The woman is fifteen years old. ("Book of Rites·Nei Principles": "A woman's hairpin is only fifteen years old.") Jasper Year, Broken Melon Year: A woman is sixteen years old. (In the old days, literati used the word "melon" to refer to the year of twenty-eight, which means sixteen years old. It was mostly used for women.) Weak crown: twenty years old. ("Book of Rites: Qu Li 1": "Twenty means weak crown.") Peach and Plum Years: A woman is twenty years old. Flowers and Letters: The woman is twenty-four years old.

Erli: Thirty years old. Buhuo: Forty years old. Destiny: Fifty years old. (The Analects of Confucius: Confucius said: "When I was fifteen, I was determined to learn; when I was thirty, I was established; when I was forty, I was not confused; when I was fifty, I knew the destiny of heaven; when I was sixty, my ears were obedient; when I was seventy, I followed my heart's desires without exceeding the rules.") Knowledge Fei's age: fifty years old. ("Huainanzi·Yuan Dao Xun": "Boyu was fifty years old, but forty-nine years were not." It is said that there was a boyyu in the Spring and Autumn Period of Weiguo who kept reflecting on himself. When he was fifty years old, he knew that he had forty-nine years before. The mistake in the middle of the year is called "Zhifei" by later generations.) Ershun and sixty years old: sixty years old. (Since ancient times, our country has used heavenly stems and earthly branches to chronologically intertwined with each other, which can form sixty pairs of stems and branches, so it is called "Sixty Stems and Branches" or "Sixty Years of Flowers", so the age of sixty is also called the "Year of the Sixty Years".) : Seventy years old. (Du Fu's "Two Poems on Qujiang": "Drinking debts are commonplace, but rare in seventy years of life.") Old age: eighty or ninety years old. ("Book of Rites·Quli": "Eighty-nine-year-old is called an old man." Based on this explanation, people use the two words "old man" together to refer to eighty-ninety-year-olds.) Qi Yi: A person who is a hundred years old. ("Book of Rites·Quli": "One hundred years is called Qi Yi." It means that life lasts for hundreds of years, so one hundred years is called "the year of Qi Yi." Chen Hao, a man of the Yuan Dynasty, explained: "A life span of one hundred years is called "Qi Yi". period; food, daily life, and moving people all need to be nourished, so it is called "Yi")

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