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Q&A of the 2022 National Cyber Security Knowledge Competition for College Students
China college students organized the "2022 National College Students' Cyber Security Knowledge Competition" online, and popularized the knowledge of cyber security by answering questions online. The following is my Q&A on the 2022 National Cyber Security Knowledge Competition for College Students. I hope you like them.

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Examination Questions and Answers of the 2022 National Cyber Security Knowledge Competition for College Students 1

1, May 2008 1, officially implemented in China-,the opening of government websites is considered as an important measure to promote government reform. (2)

A. Summary of deepening government reform

B, government information disclosure regulations

C, the government's functional reform

D, strengthen the disclosure of government information

2, the network "plagiarism" disputes frequently reflect (a)

First, the Internet industry lacks innovation vitality

B, the lack of Internet integrity

C, Internet market behavior needs to be standardized

D, the lag of Internet legislation

3. The common manifestations of cyber crime are illegal invasion, destruction of computer information system, online gambling, online theft and (b).

First, the criminal motives of online fraud

B. Cybercrime and Internet pornography

C, online pornography, high IQ

D, criminal motive, high IQ

4. The technical characteristics of network security are controllability, availability, integrity, confidentiality and (d).

A. Diversity

B, complexity

C, operability

Undeniability

5. In the Internet environment, the formation of online public opinion becomes more complicated, but it generally follows model (c).

First, news information-the formation of public opinion

B, public opinion-news reports

C. Creating topics-topics continue to exist-forming online public opinion-developing online public opinion-calming online public opinion.

D, generate topics-form online public opinion-online public opinion subsided.

6. The following statement about the principle of reciprocity is incorrect (c).

A, the principle of reciprocity is one of the main principles of network morality.

B, network information exchange and network services are two-way.

C, the network subject only undertakes obligations.

D, the principle of reciprocity is essentially to give the network subject equality and justice.

7,201212 the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) passed (1) on February 28th, marking a new chapter in the legislation of network information protection.

A. decision on strengthening network information protection

B. Interim Measures for the Administration of Online Games

C. Measures for the Administration of Payment Services of Non-financial Institutions

D. Internet information management methods

8, the broad sense of network information security refers to (a)

A. Encrypt information by using cryptographic technology to prevent information leakage and protect information from unauthorized users.

B, ensure that data is not illegally modified during transmission and storage.

C. adopt the generation and inspection technology of integrity identification to intercept and tamper with data.

D. Keep state secrets, or illegally disclose confidential information to unauthorized personnel without the permission of the information owner.

9, the most critical and weakest link in the field of information security is (D).

A. Technology

B. strategy

C, management system

D, people

10, network security generally means that the hardware and software of the network system and its (c) are protected from being destroyed, changed or leaked by accidents or malicious reasons, the system runs continuously and reliably, and the network service is uninterrupted.

A, the file in the system

B, pictures in the system

C, data in the system

D, video in the system

1 1, where the perpetrator intentionally creates and publishes harmful, false, outdated and useless bad information is called (a).

I. Information pollution

B, network garbage

C, online rumors

D, false information

12, autonomy, self-discipline, (c) and pluralism are all characteristics of network morality.

I. Unity

B. Identity

C, openness

D, complexity

13 and (b) are the principles of network social governance in China.

First, the division of responsibilities, grasp the * * * tube.

B, active defense and comprehensive prevention

C, focusing on management and development.

D, protect the rights and interests of citizens and maintain social stability.

14, information security has experienced three stages of development, which of the following does not belong to these three stages of development? (4)

First, the communication guarantee stage

B, data encryption stage

C, information security stage

D, safety stage

15. Hackers use IP addresses to attack: (a)

A.IP spoofing

B.[ Communication] Decryption

C, stealing passwords

D, sending viruses

16, "Strengthen self-protection awareness and don't date netizens at will", which means (b)

You can't make friends online.

Constantly improve their ability of discrimination and perception in the network.

C, the network has no security.

Q&A of 2022 National Cyber Security Knowledge Competition for College Students II

1. Implementation date of the Cyber Security Law of the People's Republic of China (2065438+June 2007 1)

2. This Law is formulated in order to ensure network security, safeguard the sovereignty of cyberspace and national security, protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and other organizations, and promote the healthy development of economic and social informatization. (social public interest)

3. The Network Security Law stipulates that network operators should formulate _ _ _ _ _ to deal with security risks such as system vulnerabilities, computer viruses, network attacks and network intrusions in a timely manner. (Emergency Plan for Network Security Accidents)

4. The state supports the cooperation of network operators in network security information (collection, analysis and reporting of emergency treatment).

5. Whoever, in violation of Article 27 of the Network Security Law, engages in activities endangering network security, or provides programs and tools specially used for engaging in activities endangering network security, or provides technical support, advertising promotion, payment and settlement for others engaging in activities endangering network security, which does not constitute a crime, shall be confiscated by the public security organ, detained for less than _ _ _ days, and may also be fined for less than _ _ _ _. (50,000 yuan and 500,000 yuan for five days)

6. Anyone who violates the provisions of the third paragraph of Article 22 and Articles 41 to 43 of this Law and infringes on the legally protected personal information right shall be ordered by the relevant competent department to make corrections, and may be punished by a single punishment or a warning according to the circumstances, confiscate the illegal income and impose a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (Ten times a million yuan, ten thousand yuan, one hundred thousand yuan)

7. Whoever, in violation of the provisions of Article 44 of this Law, steals or illegally obtains, illegally sells or illegally provides personal information to others, which does not constitute a crime, shall be confiscated by the public security organ and fined from _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

8. Network operators shall provide technical support and assistance to public security organs.

9. The state is responsible for coordinating network security and related supervision and management. (Network Information Department)

10. Operators who purchase key information infrastructure that may affect _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ network products and services shall pass the national security review organized by the national network information department in conjunction with relevant departments in the State Council. (National security)

1 1. Operators of critical information infrastructure shall inspect and evaluate the security and possible risks of their networks by themselves or by entrusting network security service agencies. (at least once a year)

12. If a network operator violates the provisions of Article 47 of this Law, fails to stop transmitting information prohibited by laws and administrative regulations, takes measures such as elimination and keeps relevant records, the relevant competent department shall order it to make corrections, give it a warning and confiscate its illegal income; Refuses to correct or if the circumstances are serious, it shall be fined _ _ _ _ _ _ _, and may be ordered to suspend business, suspend business for rectification, close the website, revoke the relevant business license or revoke the business license, and impose a fine of not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan on the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel. (100000 yuan but less than 500000 yuan)

13. If a network operator violates the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 24 of this Law by not requiring users to provide true identity information or providing related services to users who do not provide true identity information, the relevant competent department shall order it to make corrections; Refuses to correct or if the circumstances are serious, a fine of _ _ _ _ _ _ shall be imposed. The relevant competent department may order it to suspend business, suspend business for rectification, close the website, revoke the relevant business license or revoke its business license, and impose a fine of not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan on the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel. (100000 yuan but less than 500000 yuan)

14. The following statement about "network information security" is _ _ _ _ _. (Network operators shall keep the user information they collect strictly confidential, and network operators shall not disclose, tamper with or destroy the personal information they collect)

15, the construction of key information infrastructure should ensure that it has the performance of supporting the stable and continuous operation of the business, and ensure the safety technical measures _ _ _ _. (Synchronous planning, synchronous construction and synchronous use)

16. The state takes measures to protect critical information infrastructure from attack, invasion, interference and destruction, because _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

17. In case of emergencies or production safety accidents caused by network security incidents, it shall be handled in accordance with _ _ _ _ and other relevant laws and administrative regulations. (Emergency Response Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) and Safety Production Law of People's Republic of China (PRC))

18. The emergency plan for network security incidents should classify network security incidents according to the factors such as _ _ _ _ _ _ _ after the incident. (degree of harm and scope of influence)

19. Network operators should formulate emergency plans for network security incidents and deal with security risks such as _ _ _ _ in a timely manner; In the event of an incident that endangers network security, immediately start the emergency plan, take corresponding remedial measures, and report to the relevant competent authorities as required. (Computer virus, network attack, network intrusion, system vulnerability)

20, the state promotes the construction of social network security service system, encourage relevant enterprises and institutions to carry out network security services such as _ _ _. (Certification, risk assessment, testing)

2 1. Any individual or organization has the right to report acts endangering network security to _ _ _ and other departments. (Internet communication, telecommunications, public security)

22. We should fix the loopholes in the computer operating system and software in time, because (a loophole is a defect in the computer system or software system, which can be exploited by viruses and malicious software).

23. There are huge security risks in wireless networks. For example, in public places, hackers provide a free Wi-Fi access point with the same name as the business to attract netizens to access it. Without knowing it, netizens may face the theft of personal sensitive information and even cause direct economic losses. This method is called (Wi-Fi fishing trap).

24. Trojan horse generally refers to malicious (remote control software) hidden in the user's computer.

On February 27th, 25.20 14, he presided over the first meeting of the Central Network Security and Informatization Leading Group and delivered an important speech. He emphasized that _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ are major strategic issues related to national security and development, and are related to the work and life of the broad masses of the people. (Network Security, Informatization)

26. In our daily life and work, why do we need to modify the passwords of computers, mailboxes and websites regularly? (Ensure personal data and privacy security)

27. According to the "Regulations on the Administration of Internet Service on Bulletin Boards", no one is allowed to publish obscene, pornographic, gambling, violence, terror and other illegal and harmful information on bulletin boards such as BBS, whiteboard, electronic forum, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, message board, etc. (Internet chat room)

28. According to the Cyber Security Law of the People's Republic of China, if the establishment of a website or a communication group to carry out illegal and criminal activities or the use of the Internet to publish information related to the implementation of illegal and criminal activities does not constitute a crime, the public security organ shall detain them for not more than five days and may impose a fine of not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, they shall be detained for not less than five days but not more than fifteen days, and may also be fined not less than _ _ _ _ but not more than 500,000 yuan, and the websites and distribution groups used to carry out illegal and criminal activities shall be closed. ( 50000 )

29, network operators should formulate emergency plans for network security incidents, timely disposal () and other security risks; In the event of an incident that endangers network security, immediately start the emergency plan, take corresponding remedial measures, and report to the relevant competent authorities as required. (System vulnerabilities, computer viruses, network attacks, network intrusions)

30, in order to defend against network monitoring, the most commonly used method is _ _ _ _ _ (information encryption).

3 1. Types of network attacks _ _ _ _ (physical attacks, grammatical attacks and semantic attacks)

32, based on the network of knowledge civilization, people are concerned about the main security is _ _ _ _ _ (information security).

33, network service providers and other enterprises and institutions and their staff must keep the personal electronic information of citizens collected in their business activities strictly confidential, _ _ _ _ _ _ (shall not be leaked, tampered with, damaged, sold or illegally provided to others. )

34._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

35. The State implements a licensing system for Internet information services; The filing system shall be implemented for non-operating Internet information services. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ )

36, engaged in news, publishing, education, medical care, drugs and medical devices and other Internet information services, in accordance with laws, administrative regulations and relevant provisions of the state, must be approved by the relevant competent authorities, _ _ _ (before applying for a business license or performing filing procedures, it shall be approved by the relevant competent authorities according to law).

37. If _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ If it does not constitute a crime, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be given administrative sanctions such as demotion, dismissal or even dismissal according to law. (Telecommunications regulatory agencies and other relevant competent departments and their staff)

38, making, copying, publishing and disseminating the information listed in Article 15 of the Measures for the Administration of Internet Information Services, which constitutes a crime, shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law; If it does not constitute a crime, it shall be punished by the public security organ and the state security organ in accordance with the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Public Security Administration Punishment, the Administrative Measures for the Safety Protection of Computer Information Network International Networking and other relevant laws and administrative regulations; _ _ _ _ _ _ (For commercial Internet information service providers, the issuing authority shall order them to suspend business for rectification until their business licenses are revoked, and notify the enterprise registration authority; For non-operating Internet information service providers, the filing authority shall order them to temporarily close their websites until they are closed. )

39. Internet users' public account information service providers shall implement the main responsibility of information content security management, equip with professionals and technical capabilities commensurate with the service scale, set up the positions of chief editor and other information content security leaders, and establish and improve the management system. (User registration, information audit, emergency response, security)

40. Internet news information service providers obtained according to law can edit and publish news information through users' public accounts. (Internet news information editing and publishing qualification)

4 1. Users of Internet users' public account information services shall perform their duties, abide by laws and regulations such as news information management, intellectual property protection and network security protection, and maintain the order of network communication. (Information Release and Operation Safety Management)

Interpretation of data message: (refers to information generated, sent, received or stored by electronic, optical, magnetic or similar means)

43. Interpretation of electronic signature: (refers to the data contained in the data message in electronic form and accompanied by data used to identify the signer and show that the signer approves its content).

44. Qualified data messages should be regarded as meeting the requirements of the original form stipulated by laws and regulations. (1, which can effectively express the content and can be used for reference at any time; 2. It can reliably ensure that the content remains complete and unchanged from the time it is finally formed. )

45. Qualified data messages shall be deemed to meet the requirements of document preservation stipulated by laws and regulations. (1, which can effectively express the content and can be used for reference at any time; 2. The format of the data message is the same as that when it was generated, sent or received, or different, but it can accurately represent the content originally generated, sent or received; 3, able to identify the sender and receiver of the data message and the time of sending and receiving)

46. What factors should be considered when examining the authenticity of data messages as evidence? (1, the reliability of the method of generating, storing or transmitting data messages; 2. Reliability of methods for maintaining content integrity; 3. Reliability of the method for identifying the sender; 4. Other relevant factors)

47. The data message is deemed to be sent by the sender: (one of the three situations can be regarded as the sender's authorization to send1; 2, the sender's information system automatically sends; 3. Whether the results are consistent after the receiver verifies the data message according to the method approved by the sender)

48. An electronic signature is considered reliable if it meets any one of the conditions at the same time: (1. When the electronic signature production data is used for electronic signature, it belongs exclusively to the electronic signer; 2. When signing, the electronic signature production data is only controlled by the electronic signer; 3. Any changes to the electronic signature after signing can be found; 4. Any changes to the content and form of the data message after signing can be found)

49. Information that an electronic signer should provide when applying for an electronic signature certificate from an electronic certification service provider (true, complete and accurate).

50. The electronic authentication service provider shall properly keep the information related to authentication for at least years after the electronic signature authentication certificate expires. (five years)

5 1, electronic signature, which constitutes a crime, shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law; If losses are caused to others, they shall bear civil liability according to law. (Forgery, fraudulent use and misappropriation of others)

52. Definition of network: (refers to a system consisting of computers or other information terminals and related equipment that collects, stores, transmits, exchanges and processes information according to certain rules and procedures).

53. Interpretation of network security: (refers to the ability to keep the network in a stable and reliable operation state and ensure the integrity, confidentiality and availability of network data by taking necessary measures to prevent attacks, intrusions, interference, destruction and illegal use of the network and accidents).

54. Description of the network operator: (refers to the owner, manager and network service provider of the network)

55. Interpretation of network data: (refers to all kinds of electronic data collected, stored, transmitted, processed and generated through the network)

56. Interpretation of personal information: (refers to electronic or other forms of records.

Various information that can identify the personal identity of a natural person alone or in combination with other information, including but not limited to the natural person's name, date of birth, ID number, personal biometric information, address, telephone number, etc. )

57. Weibo explained: (refers to the social network service which is based on the user's attention mechanism and mainly realizes information dissemination and acquisition in the form of short words, pictures and videos. )

58. Service providers in Weibo should play an active role in promoting economic development and serving the public, carry forward socialist core values, spread advanced culture, adhere to the correct direction of public opinion, and advocate online access. (Internet access according to law, civilized Internet access and safe Internet access)

59. Microblogging service providers shall obtain relevant qualifications as stipulated by laws and regulations according to law. Those who provide Internet news information services to the public shall obtain permission according to law and provide services within the scope of permission. It is forbidden to carry out service activities without permission or beyond the scope of permission. (Internet news information service license)

60. Service providers in Weibo shall authenticate and verify the true identity information of service users in Weibo on the basis of organization code, ID number and mobile phone number. Microblogging service providers shall not provide information publishing services for users who do not provide true identity information. (backstage real name, front desk voluntary)

6 1. Weibo service providers shall record the log information of service users in Weibo for at least months. (six months)

62. Weibo service providers should establish a sound mechanism and take the initiative to take measures when they find that Weibo service users publish or spread rumors or false information. (rumor mechanism)

63, Internet information content management departments to implement administrative law enforcement, should follow.

Principles, so that the facts are clear, the evidence is conclusive, the procedure is legal, the application of laws and regulations is accurate and appropriate, and the use of law enforcement documents is standardized. (Openness, Fairness and Justice)

64. Internet information content management departments shall investigate and deal with illegal places, articles and networks involving Internet information content. (Check, collect and fix documentary evidence, material evidence, audio-visual materials and electronic data in time)

65. When conducting a case investigation, the Internet information content management department shall issue a notice to order correction and order the parties to act if the existing evidence proves that the illegal facts are established. (correction or correction within a time limit)

66. To provide Internet news information services, we should abide by the Constitution, laws and administrative regulations, adhere to the direction, adhere to the correct direction of public opinion, give play to the role of public opinion supervision, promote the formation of a positive and healthy network culture, and safeguard national interests and public interests. (Serve the people and socialism)

67, Internet news information service providers should be separated from their business operations, and shall not participate in the Internet news information editing business. (Non-public capital)

68. Internet news information service providers should improve information security management.

System with safe and controllable technical support measures. (Information release review, public information inspection, emergency response)

69. Domain name registration service shall be implemented in principle, and the corresponding implementation rules for domain name registration shall be stipulated separately.

Provisions, from its provisions. ("Apply first, register first")

70. Domain name registration service agencies shall not use any improper means to ask others to note.

Register the domain name. (fraud, coercion)

7 1, the domain name registration service institution shall announce the domain name registration service and guarantee the service.

Quality, provide public inquiry service of domain name registration information. (content, time limit and cost)

72. Domain name registration authorities and domain name registration service agencies shall use personal information according to law. Without the consent of the user, the user's personal information shall not be provided to others, except as otherwise provided by laws and administrative regulations. (storage, protection)

73. To provide domain name resolution services, we should abide by relevant regulations, have corresponding technologies, services and network and information security guarantee capabilities, implement network and information security guarantee measures, record and keep domain name resolution logs, maintenance logs and change records according to law, and ensure the quality of resolution services and the security of resolution systems. Involving the operation of telecommunications business, it shall obtain the business license of telecommunications business according to law. (Laws, regulations and standards)

74. Internet community explanation: (refers to the cyberspace established by Internet users through Internet sites and mobile Internet applications. For online information exchange between groups).

75. Explanation of Internet group information service providers: (refers to the platform for providing Internet group information services. The Internet group information service users mentioned in these Provisions include group promoters, managers and members. )

76, Internet group information service providers and users, should adhere to the correct orientation, carry forward the network culture, maintain a good network ecology. (Socialist core values, cultivate positive health)

77. Internet group information service providers shall take measures against Internet groups that violate laws, regulations and relevant provisions of the state, keep relevant records, and report to relevant competent departments. (Warning rectification, suspension of publishing, closing of the group)

78. Internet group information service providers shall, in accordance with regulations, keep network logs for at least months. (6)

79. Internet group information service providers should establish a blacklist management system, blacklist groups with serious violations of laws and regulations, restrict group service functions, keep relevant records, and report to relevant competent departments. (Founder, manager, member)

80. Internet group information service providers who violate laws, regulations and relevant provisions of the state shall take management measures against group promoters, managers and other users according to law, keep relevant records and report to relevant competent departments. (Reduce credit rating, suspend management authority, and cancel group building qualification)

8 1, computer virus prevention measures include (management, technology, safety awareness)

82. The biggest threat to information security is (people, especially insiders).

83. Why should the personal terminal computer name be standardized in the unit LAN? (Improve management efficiency and locate problems in time).

84, as an information system (including computers, mobile phones, etc. ) ordinary users should bear the responsibility. (Set a sufficiently complicated password (password) and change it in time)

85. The Criminal Law stipulates that anyone who, in violation of state regulations, invades computer information systems in the fields of state affairs, national defense construction and cutting-edge science and technology shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment or criminal detention. (less than three years)

86. China has established a monitoring system for online virtual communities and implemented hourly online inspections. ( 24 )

87, in violation of state regulations, for the purpose of making profits, through the information network to provide services for deleting information, or knowingly false information, through the information network to provide services for publishing information, disrupting market order, personal illegal business amount of more than 10 thousand yuan, or illegal income amount of more than 10 thousand yuan; The illegal business operation amount of the unit is more than 10,000 yuan, or the illegal income amount is more than 10,000 yuan. If the illegal business is "serious", he shall be convicted and punished for the crime of illegal business in accordance with the provisions of Item (4) of Article 225 of the Criminal Law. (five, two, fifteen, five)

88, it is forbidden to store information in the computer hard disk. (security level)

89. The transmission channels of computer viruses include. (Removable storage device, hard disk, CD-ROM, network)

90. If the network speed is slow, the possible reasons are (virus, network equipment problems, insufficient network bandwidth, too many users).

9 1, the purpose of using the "backup" program is (to make the files stored in the computer safer and avoid the loss of files caused by hard disk errors).

92, is the use of computers, networks and communications and other modern information technology means, to achieve the optimization and reorganization of government organizational structure and workflow. (e-government)

93. Broilers mentioned in cyber attacks refer to (controlled puppet computers).

94. The manifestations of cybercrime are very common. (illegal invasion, destruction of computer information system, online gambling, online theft, online fraud, online pornography).

95, network bad information, the most serious impact is. (Internet rumor).

96. Online public opinion is the first element of emergency management. (time)

97. At present, the four major media in the world refer to newspapers, radio, television and (Internet).

98. In the Internet environment, the formation of online public opinion has become more complicated, but it generally follows (topics are generated, topics continue to survive, online public opinion is formed, online public opinion develops, and online public opinion fades).

99. The perpetrator intentionally creates and publishes harmful, false, outdated and useless bad information. (information pollution).

100, the harm of bad information on the network is mainly manifested in. Endangering national security, disturbing social order, inducing criminal behavior and causing huge economic losses.

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