1. What are the classical Chinese translation techniques for the college entrance examination?

There are ten commonly used techniques for the college entrance examination of classical Chinese:

1. Stay:

< p> Proper nouns, country names, era names, place names, names of people, names of things, professional titles, utensils, etc. can be recorded without translation. For example: Chen Sheng established himself as a general and Wu Guang became a captain. ("Chen She's Family") General and Captain are both official names, and they are recorded without translation.

2. Delete:

Delete words that do not need to be translated. For example, in "On the War of Cao GUI", "Husband fights with courage." The "husband" here is a word for pronouncement and should be deleted during translation. "Wolf": "The meat has been used up, but the two wolves are driving together as before." The "zhi" here plays the role of supplementing the syllable, has no real meaning, and should be deleted.

3. Supplement:

The omitted components should be supplied during translation. For example, "Two Children Debate the Sun": "At the beginning of the day, it is as big as the hood of a car, and at the middle of the day, it is as big as a bowl." When translating, add the adjective predicate "small" before "Rupanyu".

4. Replacement:

Ancient words should be replaced with modern words when translating. For example, "Guan Tide": "Every year, Jing Yin goes out to Zhejiang Pavilion to inspect the navy." The "year" here should be replaced by "year".

5. Tone:

During translation, the word order of some sentences (predicate preposition, attributive postposition, object preposition, preposition-object structure postposition, etc.) needs to be adjusted. For example, in "The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain": "What a great disservice to you!" can be adjusted to the form of "What a disservice to you!"

6. Choose:

Choose the appropriate word meaning translation. It is common for a word to have multiple meanings in classical Chinese, so choosing the appropriate word meaning for translation has become a difficulty in classical Chinese translation. For example, in "Chu Shi Biao": "Three Gu ministers were in the thatched cottage." The word "Gu" here is a polysemous word with many interpretations: look back, look, inquire, visit, cherish, care about, consider, which are used in this sentence. "Visit" is most appropriate.

7. Translation:

Translate content words, function words, conjugated words and false characters. For example, "He Zhou Ji": "Shi Qing Zhi Zhi." The "糁" here is a noun conjugated into a verb, and must be translated when translating.

8. Meaning:

Free translation. Metaphors, metonymy and other meanings in classical Chinese texts may not be understood through literal translation, so free translation should be used. For example, "Hongmen Banquet": "Autumn never dares to get close." Literal translation: Even the hair of wild beasts in autumn does not dare to get close. Translation: Don't dare to possess even the smallest thing.

9. Condensation:

Some sentences in classical Chinese are deliberately written in complicated style in order to enhance their momentum. They can be condensed during translation.

10. Expansion:

First, expand monosyllabic words in classical Chinese into synonymous bisyllabic or polysyllabic words; second, translate some concise and meaningful sentences. When doing so, the content needs to be expanded to express the meaning clearly. 2. The last paragraph of the classical Chinese translation of the Hunan College Entrance Examination Paper in 2013 could not be found, so we copied the original text from each other

Original text:

I was ordered to collect the similarities and differences of the Three Kingdoms to note the annals of Chen Shou. . The narration of the longevity book is impressive, and there are many things to review and correct. A garden to visit sincerely, a glorious history in modern times. However, the problem lies in omissions and omissions from time to time. I have been ordered to find out the details, and I will keep you informed. Search for old news and find out what's left behind. Although the Three Kingdoms are not far away in the past, they are related to the Han and Jin Dynasties. The beginning and end have been involved for hundreds of years. The notes are all wrong, and they always make mistakes. If the longevity is not recorded and the matters are recorded, then nothing can be done to make up for the gaps. Some may say the same thing but have some misunderstandings, or some may have different origins and cannot be judged, so they are all copied to prepare for any further rumors. If it is obvious that something is wrong and the statement does not make sense, then the violation will be corrected to punish the mistake. Whether the current affairs should be considered as a small loss of longevity is quite foolish. I have been writing the collection since then, and it has been expired for several months. I have just finished writing and proofreading, so I would like to seal it and submit it.

Translation:

I previously accepted His Majesty's edict, which ordered me to collect various historical materials from the Three Kingdoms period to annotate Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms". Chen Shou's book weighs the importance appropriately. , most of the historical facts are precise and correct. It is really like a garden suitable for sightseeing and viewing. It is a rare history book in modern times. However, the shortcoming of this book is that it is too brief and there are often omissions. It is my duty to seek the details of history and to strive for completeness. Go back in history to search for past experiences, and cite historical events and anecdotes. Although the period I experienced during my investigation of the Three Kingdoms era was not that long ago, its history involves the Han and Jin Dynasties.

The difference in time from the beginning to the end is one hundred years. The historical materials recorded and annotated during this period are complicated and often contradictory. For those historical materials that Chen Shou did not record but should have recorded, I selected them all to make up for his omissions. Or even though they are talking about the same thing, the words are different from each other, or there are different opinions about what happened, and if there are doubts and cannot be judged, I will record them in the book to preserve the different opinions. If the error is very obvious and the words are inconsistent with common sense, correct the error to warn against absurdity. There are doubts about whether the current events he recorded are appropriate or not, and there are minor mistakes made by Chen Shou. I will analyze them according to my own opinion. It has been nearly a month since I finished editing this book. The writing and proofreading have just been completed, and they have been respectfully sealed and presented to His Majesty. 3. Translation of Chinese Classics

Selected from "Zuo Zhuan·Yin Gong Year" Original text Translation In the early days, Duke Wu of Zheng married Yu Shen, named Wu Jiang.

He gave birth to Duke Zhuang and Uncle Duan. Zhuang Gong was born in Wansheng, which frightened the Jiang family, so he was named Wansheng, and he was evil.

I love Uncle Duan and want to establish him. I urgently ask Duke Wu, and he agrees.

Once upon a time, Duke Wu of Zheng married a wife named Wu Jiang in the State of Shen. She gave birth to Duke Zhuang and Uncle Duan. When Zhuang Gong was born, his feet came out first. Wu Jiang was frightened, so he named him "Weisheng" and hated him.

Wu Jiang favored Uncle Duan and wanted to make Uncle Duan the crown prince. He requested Duke Wu many times, but Duke Wu refused. When Duke Zhuang ascended the throne, he asked for control.

The duke said: "Zhi is also a Yan town. When Uncle Guo dies, Tuo Yi will only obey his orders." He invited the capital and envoys lived there, and he was called the uncle of the capital.

When Duke Zhuang came to the throne, Wu Jiang asked Uncle Duan to be enfeoffed to Zhiyi. Zhuang Gong said: "Zhiyi is a dangerous place. Uncle Guo died there in the past. If it is granted to other cities, I can do as you say."

Wu Jiang then requested to be granted the title of Jingyi. , Duke Zhuang agreed, let him live there, and called him uncle in the capital. Ji Zhong said: "If the capital has more than a hundred pheasants, it will be a harm to the country.

The system of the previous kings: Most of them are no more than one of the three countries, one of the five in the middle, and one of the nine in the small. If the capital is not controlled today, it is not a system. The general is unbearable."

The Duke said, "If Jiang wants to do something, how can he prevent it?" He said to him, "Why do you hate it? It's better to take care of it early. If you don't let it grow, it will be difficult to control it." Ye. The vines still cannot be removed. How about your beloved brother? "The Duke said: "If you do too much injustice, you will be killed."

The doctor said: "If the capital is divided. If it exceeds 300 square feet, it will be a disaster to the country. The system of the former kings stipulates that the largest city in the country cannot exceed one-third of the capital, the medium-sized city cannot exceed one-fifth of it, and the small city cannot exceed nine.

Now, the city wall in Jingyi is out of compliance with the regulations, which may be detrimental to you." Zhuang Gong said: "Jiang wants this, how can I avoid this. What about the scourge?" Ji Zhong replied: "How can Jiang be satisfied? It's better to deal with it as soon as possible, and don't let the scourge grow and spread. Once it grows and spreads, it will be difficult to deal with it.

Eradicate them all, let alone your beloved brother." Zhuang Gong said: "If you do more unjust things, you will surely fall. Just wait and see." Then the uncle ordered Xi Bi and Bei Bi to kill him. .

Young Master Lu said: "The country is in dire straits, what will you do as a king and general? If you want to be with me, I will ask for help; if you are not able to do so, please get rid of me. You will not live in the hearts of the people."

< p> The duke said: "There is no need to do anything, I will reach my goal." The uncle took the two as his own town, and moved to Linyan.

Zifeng said: "That's right, a good general will win many people." The duke said: "If you are unjust and disrespectful, a good general will collapse."

Not long after, Taishu Duan envoy The border towns in the west and north that originally belonged to Zheng also belonged to him. Young Master Lu said: "The state cannot allow the land to have two owners. What are you going to do now? If you are going to hand over the state of Zheng to the uncle, then I will serve him; if you don't, then please get rid of him. Don't let the people have a mentality of two tribes."

Zhuang Gong said: "There is no need to get rid of him, he will suffer disaster." Taishu changed the border towns of the two tribes to his own. The place has been extended to Linyan.

Zifeng said: "It's time to take action! The land has expanded, and he will get the support of the people." Zhuang Gong said: "He is unjust to the monarch and unkind to his brother. Even though the land has expanded, he will not be loyal to his brother." It will collapse.

"

The uncle has gathered together, repaired his armor and soldiers, equipped his soldiers and horses, and will attack Zheng. Madam will start it.

When the public heard about it, he said: "Okay! "The son of Ming was appointed to command two hundred chariots to attack the capital. The uncle in Beijing rebelled, and Duan entered Yan, and the public attacked all Yan.

In the fifth month of Xinchou, the uncle fled to the capital. Taishu Xiuzhi The people gathered at the city gate, repaired their armor and weapons, and prepared soldiers, horses and chariots to attack Zheng Guo.

When Wu Jiang planned to open the city gate to respond, he heard about Gongshu Duan's surprise attack. : “It’s time to attack! " He ordered Zi Feng to lead two hundred chariots to attack Jingyi.

The people in Jingyi betrayed Uncle Duan, and Uncle Duan fled to Yan City. Duke Zhuang pursued him to Yan. City to attack him.

On May 23, Taishu Duan fled to the country of Jiang. The book said: "Zheng Beke Duan Yu Yan. ”

Duan is not a younger brother, so he doesn’t talk about younger brothers; he is like two princes, so he is called Ke; calling him Uncle Zheng is a mockery of the lack of education; calling him Zheng Zhi. It is difficult to run away without saying anything.

"Spring and Autumn" records: "Zheng Burke Duan Yu Yan. "This means that uncle Duan did not abide by his duty as a younger brother, so he was not called Duke Zhuang's brother; the two brothers fought like two monarchs, so they used the word "gram"; they called Duke Zhuang "Uncle Zheng" " was a mockery of his lack of education to his younger brother; it was Zheng Zhuanggong's original intention to drive away Uncle Duan. It was the historian's difficulty in not writing about Uncle Duan running away automatically.

So He placed the Jiang family in Chengying and swore an oath: "Not as good as Huangquan, we will never see each other again." " Then he regretted it.

Uncle Yingkao was the envoy of Yinggu. When he heard about it, he offered it to the Duke. He gave him food and ate the meat from his body. When the Duke asked about it, he said to him: "The little man has a mother. , all have tasted the food of the villain, but have not tasted the soup of the king, please leave it behind. "

The Duke said: "You have a legacy from your mother? I am alone! Uncle Yingkao said, "May I ask what it means?" "For the sake of Gongyu, I also told him that I regretted it. He said to me, "What's wrong with you?" If the ground and the spring meet each other through a tunnel, who would say otherwise? "The public follows.

The public enters and writes: "In the big tunnel, it's so happy! " Jiang came out and wrote: "Beyond the big tunnel, the joy is also vented. "The mother and son were as good as before.

Duke Zhuang placed Wu Jiang in Chengying and swore: "We will never see each other again until we reach the underworld (until we are buried in the ground after death)! "After some time, Duke Zhuang regretted it again. There was a man named Uncle Kao of Ying, who was an official in charge of the territory of Ying Valley. When he heard about this, he offered tribute to Duke Zhuang.

Duke Zhuang gave Uncle Ying Kao kept the meat when he was eating.

Duke Zhuang asked him why he was doing this. "I have an old lady who tastes everything I eat." Yes, but I have never tasted the king's meat soup. Please let me take it back and give it to her. "

Duke Zhuang said: "You have an old lady to show your respect to, alas, but I don't have one! "Uncle Ying Kao said: "Excuse me, what do you mean? " Zhuang Gong told him the reason and his regrets. Uncle Yingkao replied: "What are you worried about? As long as you dig a tunnel, dig out a spring, and see from the tunnel, who will say that you have violated your oath? " Zhuang Gong followed his words.

Zhuang Gong went into the tunnel to see Wu Jiang and wrote a poem: "We meet in the big tunnel, what a harmonious life! Wu Jiang walked out of the tunnel and wrote a poem: "Seeing each other outside the tunnel, how comfortable and happy it is!" From then on, they restored their former mother-son relationship. The gentleman said: "Uncle Yingkao is a pure filial piety. He loves his mother and gives to Duke Zhuang."

"Poetry" says: 'A filial son is not. 4. College Entrance Examination Chinese

Internet search, for reference only. Classical Chinese translation skills: 1. Principle: Classical Chinese translation requires accurate expression of meaning, and must follow the principle of "literal translation as the mainstay, free translation as the supplement", and the words in the sentence means that it cannot be changed at will.

The phenomenon of omission should be supplemented, and the translation of special sentence patterns should also be adjusted according to the grammatical standards of modern Chinese to strive for smoothness. 2. Standards: Honesty, expressiveness and elegance.

Letter: It is required to accurately express the meaning of the original text without adding, omitting or distorting it. Da: It is required to be clear and fluent, with no language errors.

Elegance: It requires careful wording and sentence making, and elegant and expressive writing style. 3. Methods: add, delete, adjust, retain, and replace.

Add: Add content and keep the sentence smooth. Delete: Remove redundant and cumbersome elements to make the sentence concise.

Tone: When encountering special sentence patterns, it is necessary to adjust the position of certain grammatical components in the sentence to better comply with the grammatical standards of modern Chinese. Retain: For names of people, places, time nouns and proper nouns, the original words are generally retained.

Replace: When certain content harms the elegance of the entire sentence, replace the conflicting content. [Example] Say the meaning of the following sentence in modern Chinese.

Don’t be happy with things, don’t be sad with yourself. ________________________________________ Analysis: When translating this sentence, we should pay attention to the meaning of "things are happy" and "Ji is sad". We need to add some ingredients, and we should also pay attention to the meaning of the word "Yi".

The answer should be "Don't be happy or sad because of the quality of external objects or your own gains and losses." Classical Chinese Translation Skills Students can still do some multiple-choice questions when doing classical Chinese essays, but when it comes to translation It is difficult to grasp the topic, so is classical Chinese translation really difficult? In fact, as long as you master the method, you will definitely be able to do better.

The basic requirements for classical Chinese translation are: "faithfulness", "expression" and "elegance". These three meanings are: the meaning of the article must be accurately expressed; the translated article must be clear and smooth; and the literary talent must be good.

These questions are still very difficult for many students. How to translate classical Chinese scientifically, efficiently and accurately has become the key to students' problem-solving.

1. In recent years, the college entrance examination classical Chinese proposition method will also follow the following rules: 1. Article selection criteria-----easy to highlight. The criteria in this aspect should be based on the following aspects: In terms of aspects: (1). Judging from the vocabulary used in the article, it is mainly common words and sub-common words in classical Chinese. (2). Judging from the grammatical structure appearing in the article, the classical Chinese sentence patterns in middle school Chinese textbooks are mainly used.

(3) Judging from the genre of the article, it is mainly biographical prose. (4) Judging from the scope of the article, the connection with ancient cultural background knowledge is relatively loose, and allusions are rarely used.

(5) From the overall style of the article, it is a model classical Chinese work. 2. This year’s format is basically the same as in previous years.

3. The number of translated words is still around 40 words. 2. Analyze the settings of the text and grasp the key points of the investigation.

Every year, the college entrance examination always selects sentences that contain key words and important grammatical phenomena. 1. Cumulative important content words and important function words are common test content and are also one of the scoring points.

2. Regularity---flexible use of parts of speech, fixed structures and special sentence patterns. 3. Be familiar with the following six important translation methods: 1. Stay, any words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as proper nouns, such as country names, reign names, emperor names, titles, place names, personal names, artifacts, and book titles etc. can be retained, there is no need to make changes.

2. Yes, translate the word pairs that have developed from monosyllable to disyllabic. There are two main situations in translation: (1) Add a synonym or synonym before or after the original monosyllabic word to synthesize a bisyllabic word (the original word serves as one of the morphemes).

For example: "Liu Gong is suspicious but can't bear it. He is resentful but loves to rebel. If he doesn't leave, he will be in trouble. (Jiangsu Volume) Translation: Liu Zaizhi is suspicious but cannot be cruel. He is resentful but loves betrayal and will not leave. (He) will inevitably suffer disaster.

(2) Change it to another completely different word, such as: If I make the country unworthy, I have fulfilled my duty and cannot remember your people. .

(Jiangxi Volume) Translation: As long as no one in the country defaults on taxes, I have fulfilled my duty and can no longer consider you people. 3. There are two monosyllabic words in classical Chinese. , there happens to be a bisyllabic word in the vernacular. Such words need to be split into two monosyllabic words for translation, and the meaning of the bisyllabic word in the vernacular cannot be used.

For example: The word 'right and wrong' in the ancient proverb should be translated as: "This is not", and "equipment" should be translated as "set up defenses". 4. Add the omitted components of the sentence and the new content after using the words.

(1). The omitted part of the sentence must be filled in.

For example, there are many differences between You Xueqing, Xu, Bing, and Ji. (Shanghai) Translation: Zhong Changtong is in Qingzhou. He traveled to Xuzhou, Bingzhou and Jizhou to study, and most of those who made friends with him thought he was different.

(2) When a part of speech is used, the new content after the use must be added according to the type of use. For example: Guo Yizhi, holding the white king.

(Guangdong Volume) Translation: Guo felt very strange and took the paper to tell Wang Sheng. 5. Delete. Some function words in classical Chinese have no real meaning, or are modal particles, or indicate pauses, or are just enough syllables, or play a connecting role. They can be deleted during translation without hard translation.

For example: Gai Zhongchen sticks to justice (National Volume 1) Translation: Loyal minister sticks to morality. 6. Tune, adjust the inverted sentences in classical Chinese to make them conform to the habits of modern grammar.

For example: A locust tree is planted in front of the door, with sparse branches and leaves, and sometimes a moose feeds hungry people under it. (Hubei Volume) Translation: There is a locust tree planted in front of his house with lush branches and leaves. He often cooks porridge under the tree for the hungry people.

4. Follow the four steps to ensure accurate answers. 1. Review, before translating a sentence, you must first review the key terms and important grammatical phenomena in the classical Chinese sentence, because these are the scoring points when marking the college entrance examination, and you must think carefully to ensure the accurate position.

2. Cut, separate the classical Chinese sentences into word units one by one, and then explain them one by one using the six methods introduced above. 3. Connect, according to modern Chinese habits, connect the meanings of the words explained one by one into a semantically smooth sentence.

4. Copy and write the above sentences on the answer sheet. Pay attention to neat handwriting, clear strokes, and no typos.

If you do what I said above, you can basically get all the points in classical Chinese.