He spent a lot of time in seclusion in his life. He lived in seclusion before he was eighteen. In 729 AD, he lived in seclusion in Qi Shang, and later moved to Songshan Mountain for seclusion, and he retired as an official until 734 AD, when the official granted him the right to collect the remains; In 741-745, he lived in seclusion in Zhongnanshan; By 748 AD, he bought Wangchuan Villa in Lantian, Song Zhiwen, and lived a life of being an official and a hermit until 756 AD when he was detained by An Lushan. [1] According to his poems, he had a monastic mind around the age of forty. [2] In his later years, he mainly lived in the city, and often exchanged experiences in practicing Buddhism with more than a dozen monks. When I came back from the DPRK, I burned incense and sat alone, concentrating on meditation.
In seclusion, he often climbs mountains, worships temples, seeks Taoism and asks Zen, and he really wants to live in seclusion in the mountains. Sometimes, along the narrow path, it climbs up in a zigzag way, and the Qifeng refers to the sky and the rocks on the head are crumbling; Waterfalls spring roar like thunder, spewing out; Walking with Zen masters in the mountains, you will meet monkeys picking chestnuts, and when you go home, you will have a face-to-face meeting with cranes nesting in pine trees. The small bridge we walked over will be built on the fallen tree, and the fence of the residence will be tied up with vines hanging from the tree. When I got home, I meditated as soon as the Shimen was closed. When I opened the Shimen next time, the grass outside the door grew deep again! [3] Sometimes you climb to a very high mountain, behind the deep bamboo forest is a cave where you live, and at night, when everything is silent, you hear the flowing water of a distant mountain spring; Seen from below, this place is already high in clouds, but now I'm sleeping on my pillow here, which really makes people feel that it's not enough to stay temporarily, but I want to stay here forever from now on. [4] Sometimes when you swim to some mountain temples, tigers will get along well with people, and monkeys can learn to meditate and meditate. At this time, it really makes people feel that the Buddha country is in front of them and the world has become distant and ethereal, and they feel ashamed of their official life and hope to study Buddhism here for life. [5]
In addition to the above reasons, the pain and suffering of life, illness and death are also a kind of inspiration and promotion. Sometimes, sitting alone in the middle of the night and meditating, thinking that the temples are turning white and no longer turning green, there is nothing to do, even if there are two thousand gold, it is inevitable that sadness will come from it, and finally I realize that there is hope only by learning the Tao and jumping out of reincarnation. [6] Sometimes when I look back, I seem to be a young man with a red face not long ago. Now my teeth are bad and my color is declining, and my white hair climbs up at once; Not only that, but also the past injuries experienced in one's life come to mind together. Apart from diligent practice in Buddhism, where can this double suffering of body and mind be relieved? [7]
With a firm mind and diligent cultivation, looking back at the world, we have a different world view: life is nothing more than clinging to love and hate, and complaining because of conscious poverty, because of greed; People are fascinated, but they miss this poor and sick world, and they never tire of life and death and The six great divisions in the wheel of karma, but they don't know that the reason why people come to the world is to move their minds. [8] People can't get rid of these upside-down delusions like poisonous dragons. Only by practicing meditation can these delusions be subdued. [9] After seeing through these principles, monks naturally settle down and enjoy themselves. [1] And with the improvement of mind, it is different from ordinary people's bitter optimism, and it is often happy because of learning something in silence, which gradually distances it from ordinary people. [11]
In his own poems, Wang Wei also talked about some specific things of cultivation: he likes to read biographies of eminent monks, and sometimes he looks at the methods of cultivation; He carved the head of his cane into the shape of a turtledove and used the turtle shell to pad under the foot of the bed. When you have nothing to do, you burn incense and meditate under the north window. [12] When they lived in seclusion in the mountains, a group of them came to recite Zen together, and they had different fun with one person. [13] When he lived in seclusion in Songshan, he also had the experience of seclusion and cultivation. [14]
doing evil is like sharpening a stone. If you don't see its damage, you will lose money every day; Cultivating goodness is like spring garden grass, but it grows day by day without seeing its length. Unconsciously, over time, Wang Wei has achieved a very high level of "no eyes, no mind". [15] It is natural to have some functions when you are high, but he doesn't value it himself. He explained his great achievements in poetry and painting only lightly: I have been an expert in poetry and painting for many generations, but I was a painter in the previous life. Because these old habits have not been changed, I have been discovered by the world in this life. [16] It is not surprising that after practicing for 2 or 2 years, it has this fatalism function; His explanation is not only reasonable, but also very consistent with the laws of modern western reincarnation research.
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Meng Haoran was born in a traditional scholarly family, "with a strong Confucian family background", and read ". And Meng Haoran's accomplishments in "Ci Fu" are very high [9]. Before the age of 4, he had been living in seclusion in Jiannan Garden near Yanshan Mountain in Xiangyang. Later, he went to Beijing to take the exam, and after visiting wuyue, he retired again and devoted himself to the life of cultivation. He spent his whole life in seclusion, except for a few years as an official under the account of his friend Zhang Jiuling in his later years. He especially likes mountains and rivers. Visiting mountains and rivers and cultivating his temperament are the basic contents of his life: living in the open forest around him, he can't hear the noise in the city. Catch a fish by the mountain stream in the north, open the window in the south and listen to the "firewood singing" when the woodcutter is firewood. Write down the ideas in the seclusion center and discuss them with friends who are good at meditation; On the mountain with white clouds floating, the hermit is self-satisfied, climbs high and looks far, and his mood gradually becomes empty with the flying geese. He especially worships Tao Yuanming and thinks that Tao Yuanming's seclusion is an elegant garden life; Diligent fishing, self-sufficiency, drinking for fun, full of fun. There are no laymen to disturb, which cultivates the noble character of ancient experts and elegant people. In addition, he has been reading and practicing swords like an ancient hermit, and books and swords have been with him for decades. He also occasionally grows a little vegetables and cultivates a little bamboo garden, but the main purpose is to cultivate his noble temperament [1].
Meng Haoran took an exam in Beijing at the age of 4 and gave a meeting with a group of poets. His two poems, "weiyun is a light river man, and the raindrops are sparse, and the phoenix tree" made the house full, and the title of the poem was broadcast far and wide. At that time, Zhang Jiuling, the prime minister, Wang Wei and other Beijing officials who loved poetry all came to make friends with him. Han Chaozong, the county magistrate, first publicized his talent to other senior officials, and then made an appointment with him to take him to recommend it to those people. On the appointed day, Meng Haoran and a group of friends drank and talked about poetry, which was very harmonious. Someone reminded him that you had an appointment with Han Gong, so I'm afraid you can't neglect others by not keeping the appointment. He said unhappily, I've already drunk, and I'm happy physically and mentally, so I don't care about other things. A great opportunity to seek an official position was lost, and he did not regret it afterwards. The degree of his "love for fame" was really amazing [1].
This incident not only shows his laissez-faire personality, but also implies his self-confidence: I feel that I don't need to be recommended by others, and I can rise to the top with my real skills. However, as soon as the results of the Jinshi examination were announced, he unexpectedly fell off the list. This blow is particularly heavy for him, because he once "studied for 3 years, closed the door to Jianghan Yin" [11], learned a lot of talent, and was promoted and praised by great poets and officials such as Wang Wei and Zhang Jiuling, and has already gained a good reputation in the capital. This is really a "high lift, painful fall." He wanted to write a letter to the emperor when he was depressed, but he hesitated and wandered around, full of complaints and didn't know who to send it to. In this complicated mood, he wrote a poem "on returning at the year's end to zhongnan mountain": "I petition no more at the north palace-gate, Nanshan is a secluded place. I had no reason why I decided to abandon my own views, and my old age and many sick friends were out of practice. The frequency of white hair is people day by day, the spring comes to force the old age to die. Therefore I lie awake and ponder, the window is empty on a moonlit night. " On the surface, he blames himself in a series of poems, but in his bones, he blames others at different levels: "What books do you want from the emperor? Go back to your broken house as soon as possible;" You don't have any talent, of course, the wise emperor will abandon you; With all your problems, your friends are alienated from you. It's a dead end. I have white hair on my head, and I am eager to be an official. Even the beautiful spring pushes people to old age and death! This melancholy that can't be dismissed makes people unable to sleep at night, but the breeze and the bright moon just enter through the window, bringing the emptiness of the courtyard and the silent night to the already empty heart! "
it is said that Meng Haoran was invited to the internal department by Wang Wei and happened to meet the arrival of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Xuanzong asked Meng Haoran for poems, and Meng Haoran read the first on returning at the year's end to zhongnan mountain. After hearing this, Xuanzong said angrily, "You don't want to be an official, but I didn't abandon you. Why do you accuse me?" [12] It seems that Xuanzong still heard his full of complaints and complaints from his graceful sentences, and thought that he was "falsely" himself, so he was unhappy. Needless to say, one of the best opportunities for promotion, which may be appreciated and directly promoted by the emperor, has been lost again.
this heavy blow became the starting point of a major turning point in his thoughts, which, like a blow to the head, pushed him into a state of mind determined to retire for a long time. He decided to leave Beijing, visit Jiangnan first and then go home to live in seclusion. When he left Beijing, he left a poem for his good friend Wang Wei, describing his own personal experience of the cold world and human feelings with painful language, resentful feelings and bitter tears, lamenting that there were too few bosom friends and expressing his determination to resolutely retire [13].
He visited many places of interest in the south of the Yangtze River (wuyue), especially secluded places. Discontent and frustration due to the backwardness of high talents have found the best comfort in the historical sites of these hermit sages; On the other hand, the memory and admiration for the hermit sages strengthened his yearning and determination for seclusion. At the beginning, the fierce contradictions and conflicts are still difficult to let go, and my heart is full of confusion, I can't see the future, and I am lost. But when I think of the hermit sages, especially the hermit Shang Chang ("Shangzi") in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the monk Hui Yuan ("Yuangong") in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, they are born masters whom I have always admired and loved, so I can't help but confide my heart to the hermits and monks: I will come to enjoy the seclusion with you sooner or later! When the boat was moored in Xunyang and looked at Lushan Mountain from afar, when the bell of "Yuangong" who was living in "Donglin Jingshe" came in the dusk, he recalled Yuangong's deeds and raised his admiration and memory for the monks. He also admired Pang Degong, a famous hermit at the end of the Han Dynasty, who lived in seclusion with his family in Lumen, lamenting that "the hidden trace is still there today, and the high wind is far away"; In his view, seclusion is the best way to wash away "dust worries" [14].
However, for many recluses, seclusion is not the end of getting rid of the hubbub, but just the starting point of jumping out of the world of mortals: once you hide in the mountains, stay away from the hubbub, and the influence of ordinary people's society becomes less and less, the great attraction of cultivation may further turn the recluse into a practitioner. The first manifestation of this change is often the gradual loss of interest in "things outside the body" such as fame and fortune in the world, which Meng Haoran himself experienced: I just want to live a self-sufficient farmer's life now; As long as there is wine to drink, who wants fame and fortune in the world! I would rather play with the water gull and associate with Jiang Yan, and be a free "crazy song" and "upright Confucianism" than do those shameful things that flatter the powerful and follow the trend [15].
mankind has never stopped pursuing a better realm. The thoughts of world-weariness and death are the most natural steps leading to cultivation and "returning to the original". Meng Haoran began to praise the cultivation and practitioners: "The' proud officials' like Zhuangzi are by no means ordinary people, and the celebrities and celebrities in the world should be the' Tao flow' of those cultivation circles"; "Who doesn't admire those immortals who are enlightened?" Moreover, he has made many friends in the field of practice, and always talks about them with a tone of worship: "My friend, who lives in Lumen Mountain, has a white feather fan in his hand and blue sandals on his feet, and often swims by the water's edge of the mountain stream"; When I accompanied Li Shiyu to visit Master Cong Zen, "I saw that no one had ever been in the stone room, but there was a tiger sleeping on the rope bed of the Zen master." "Taizi is a friend who practices monasticism in Tiantai Mountain. He lives near' Chicheng' and eats gas every day, not eating fireworks. " "I once went to Tiantai Mountain to visit him personally and learned that he often met immortals at sunrise when crows crowed. Although he lives in Chicheng, he is free and easy to roam among the white clouds and lonely people. Even the plants such as raspberries and mosses where he lives are different from those in the world, and the waterfall is the landmark of his isolation from the world. I really want to swim in that realm forever! " [16]
Meng Haoran spent all his life in seclusion before the age of 4, reading and practicing sword, and his mind was idle, without any psychological and emotional pressure. When I was forty years old, I went to Beijing to take the exam. First, I was praised by everyone, and then I suddenly fell down, one after another. This kind of psychological and emotional ups and downs will inevitably lead to physical disorders. Moreover, according to traditional Chinese medicine, the six diseases are easy to go, and the seven diseases are difficult to treat. It can be seen from his poems that he seems to be a particularly sick person [17]. Anyone who is sick, especially those who are sick or seriously ill, has a strong desire to get rid of illness when he first enters the Tao. Meng Haoran's performance in this respect is also obvious. He once mentioned going to the cave to explore the "stone marrow" and collecting wild honey on the cliff. "Stone marrow" is a kind of Dan medicine that Taoist disciples liked at that time. It is said that taking advanced "stone marrow" may make people soar immediately. Wild honey can not only strengthen the body, but also be the base of many Dan medicines (containing a lot of "royal jelly"). He also mentioned the matter of picking "Zhi Cao" more than once. "Zhi Cao" is commonly known as "Ganoderma lucidum", including fungus Ganoderma lucidum and grass Ganoderma lucidum. Fungal ganoderma lucidum plays a great role in adjusting the balance of body functions, while grass ganoderma lucidum is said to make people live forever or even come back to life. From this point of view, he probably picked Ganoderma lucidum, otherwise his body would have no disease. In addition, he also mentioned that he hoped to learn the method of "alchemy liquid" from a Taoist priest [18].
Meng Haoran has many friends of Taoism and Buddhism, so the thoughts of Buddhism and Taoism have great influence on him. His enlightenment, like many others, is a process of gradually improving his understanding of cultivation. From the Taoist point of view, at first, he only had the desire to "get rid of troubles" and learn "the way to live forever", which is also the most easily seen magic of cultivation at this level of ordinary people; He also talked about cultivating "heroism" and using the theory of "five elements" to avoid the valley, and then "cultivating tranquility", sitting alone during the day and meditating, so as to understand the truth of cultivation; Finally, he talked about "mystery" and "forgetting the heart". He once wanted to be a feather man. Until his later years, when Wang Changling visited him, he also mentioned that he liked to read Taoist books such as "Immortals" and "Classic of Mountains and Seas" [19].
However, in his own poems, he described in great detail the influence of "Zhan Zen Master" on his entry into Buddhist practice: I have heard of "no physiology" since I was a child, so I have always wanted to.