To annotate ...
(1) Zi: In ancient China, it was a title of respect for people with status and knowledge, sometimes called men. "Confucius" in The Analects of Confucius refers to Confucius.
(2) Learning: The "learning" mentioned by Confucius here mainly refers to learning the traditional cultural classics such as rites, music, poems and books of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
(3) Time habit: During the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, the word "time" was used as an adverb, meaning "at a certain time" or "at an appropriate time". However, Zhu interpreted "time" as "constant" in his book The Analects of Confucius. "Xi" refers to exercises, rituals and music; Comment on poetry and books. It also means review, internship and practice.
(4) Say: the sound of yuè means joy, joy and joy.
(5) Have friends: There is a book called Friends and Friends. The old note said, "friends of the same school", that is, friends studying under the same teacher, that is, like-minded people.
(6) Music: different from talking. The old note said that joy is in the heart and joy is outside.
(7) People don't know: This sentence is incomplete, and there is nothing that people don't know. Missing object. Generally speaking, knowing is understanding. People don't know, that is, others don't know themselves.
(8) Yan: Anger, resentment.
(9) Gentleman: The gentleman in The Analects of Confucius sometimes refers to a virtuous person and sometimes refers to a person. This refers to Confucius' ideal person with noble personality.
translate
Confucius said, "isn't it pleasant to review exercises often after learning?" Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? I'm not disgusted or angry that people don't understand me. Isn't he also a virtuous gentleman? "
Comment and analysis
Zhu, a famous scholar in the Song Dynasty, spoke highly of this chapter, saying that it was "the door of enlightenment and the foundation of virtue accumulation". These three sentences in this chapter are familiar to everyone. The traditional explanation is: often review exercises after learning, are you unhappy, and so on. Three sentences, one meaning, and there is no coherence before and after the sentence. However, some people think that this explanation is not in line with the original intention, pointing out that "learning" here does not refer to learning, but to theories or propositions; "Time" can't be interpreted as always, but the meaning of the times or society. "Learning" is not reviewing, but applying, which means adopting. And these three sentences are not isolated, but coherent. These three sentences mean: if your own theory is adopted by society, you will be very happy; To say the least, if it is not adopted by the society, but many friends agree with my theory, I am also willing to come here to discuss the problem; To say the least, even if society doesn't adopt it and people don't understand me, I don't resent it. Isn't this a gentleman? (See Qilu Academic Journal, No.6, 1986) This explanation can be justified, and there is also some truth for readers to refer to when understanding the contents of this chapter.
In addition, in the explanation of the sentence "people don't know, but don't worry", some people think that there is no object behind "people don't know", so what does people don't know? At that time, because Confucius had a specific environment to speak, he didn't need to say what he knew, and others could understand it, but it left a mystery to future generations. Some people say this sentence is a continuation of the previous one. A friend from afar asked me for advice. I told him, but he still didn't understand, but I didn't resent it. In this way, the explanation that "people don't know" means "people don't know what I'm talking about" seems far-fetched.
In a word, this chapter puts forward that learning is a kind of fun, so that people don't know and don't worry about it, which embodies Confucius' thought of learning tirelessly, teaching tirelessly, paying attention to self-cultivation and being strict with self-discipline. These thoughts can be seen in many places in The Analects of Confucius, which is helpful to understand the contents of the first chapter.
original text
1.2 Youzi (1) said: "He is also filial to his younger brother (2), but he is easy to offend (3) and has a thick skin (4); It is not easy to make mistakes, but it is easy to make a mess, and it is not there (5). Gentleman's Business Book (6) is based on Tao (7). Filial piety is also the foundation of a person and (8)? "
To annotate ...
(1) Youzi: Confucius' student, surnamed You, whose name is Ruo, is 13 years younger than Confucius and 33 years younger. The latter is more credible. In the Analects of Confucius, the recorded Confucius students are generally called "Zi", but only Zeng Shen and You Ruo are called "Zi". So many people think that The Analects of Confucius was written by Zeng Shen and You Ruo.
(2) Filial piety: filial piety is the correct attitude of children towards their parents during the slave society; Brother, the pronunciaTion and meaning are the same as "ti", which is the correct attitude of brother to brother. Filial piety and younger brother are two basic moral norms specially advocated by Confucius and Confucianism. The old note says: parents are filial when they do good, and brothers are brothers when they do good.
(3) Attack: attack, attack, attack. Up, refers to the person in the upper position.
(4) fresh: sound Xi m: n, less meaning. This is how the word "fresh" is used in The Analects of Confucius.
(5) Nothing is also: This is the inverted sentence type of "Nothing is also". There is a rule in the syntax of ancient Chinese. If the object of a negative sentence is a pronoun, it usually comes before the verb.
(6) Service: service, dedication and commitment. Ben is not at all.
(7) Tao: In China's ancient thoughts, Tao has many meanings. The Tao here refers to the benevolence advocated by Confucius, that is, the whole moral thought system with benevolence as the core and its embodiment in real life. Simply put, it is the basic principle of governing the country and being a man.
(8) Benevolence: Benevolence is the highest category of Confucius' philosophy and a moral principle. Being the foundation of benevolence is the foundation of filial piety. Another explanation is that the word "benevolence" in ancient times is the word "human", and the foundation of benevolence is the basis of being a man.
translate
A son said, "People seldom show filial piety to their parents, obey their brothers and like to offend the upper rulers." . I don't like to offend the upper rulers, but there are no people who like to rebel. When a gentleman is committed to the fundamental things, the way of governing the country and being a man is established. Filial piety is the essence of benevolence! "
Comment and analysis
Some people think that people can be filial to their parents and brothers at home, so they can serve the country faithfully outside, with filial piety as the premise and filial piety as the purpose. Confucianism believes that filial piety at home, there will be no "offence and insurrection" within the rulers; If filial piety is extended to the working people, the people will absolutely obey, not rebel, thus maintaining the stability of the country and society.
Filial piety mentioned here is the foundation of benevolence, which is very important for readers to understand Confucius' philosophy and ethical thought with benevolence as the core. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou Emperor adopted the eldest son inheritance system, and the other concubines were enfeoffed as princes, and so were the subsequent princes. The political structure of the whole society, from emperors to princes to doctors, is based on the feudal patriarchal blood relationship, and the theory of filial piety and filial piety reflects the moral requirements of the patriarchal society at that time.
Filial piety is directly related to social stability. Confucius saw this, so all his thoughts were based on it. He explained that filial piety is the fundamental truth of benevolence from the point that filial piety will not happen. Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, feudal rulers and scholars of all dynasties have inherited Confucius' theory of filial piety and advocated "ruling the world with filial piety". The Han Dynasty is an obvious example. They regarded moral education as an important means to implement feudal rule, and imprisoned the common people in the shackles of Confucian orthodoxy and ethics, which had a great influence on the common people's moral concepts and behaviors, and also had a far-reaching impact on the whole traditional culture of China. The theory of filial piety serves feudal rule and patriarchal clan system. We should have a clear understanding, analysis and judgment, abandon feudal toxin, inherit its reasonable content, and give full play to the due role of morality in social stability.
original text
1.3 Confucius said: clever words make color (1), fresh (2) benevolence. "
To annotate ...
(1) Clever words make colors: Zhu Note: "Good words, good colors, make the outside look good, and speak people's words." Both Joe and Ling refer to beautiful women. But this should be interpreted as pretending to be happy.
(2) Fresh: the meaning of less.
translate
Confucius said: "If you speak well and pretend to be likable, such people will have no kindness."
Comment and analysis
As pointed out in the previous chapter, the core of Confucius and Confucianism is benevolence, and one of the manifestations of benevolence is filial piety and kindness. This is a positive explanation of what benevolence is. In this chapter, the antithesis of Confucius' benevolence is rhetoric and rhetoric. Confucianism advocates simplicity and opposes exaggeration; We advocate that you should be careful what you say and do it well first. We are opposed to doing what we say, just saying and not doing it, and staying in words. This shows that Confucius and Confucianism pay attention to people's practical actions, especially emphasizing that people should be consistent in words and deeds, and avoid empty talk and duplicity. This down-to-earth attitude and simple spirit have long influenced China people and become the essence of China's traditional ideology and culture.
original text
1.4 Ceng Zi (1) said, "I am in three Japanese provinces, and ② is my body. Cheating for others (3)? Make friends without trust (4)? Can't you learn? "
To annotate ...
(1): Zeng Zi was born in 505 BC, and his surname was Zeng (pronounced shēn). He was born in the state of Lu, and he is a descendant of the nobles in the mountain country who were destroyed by the state of Lu. Zeng Shen is a proud pupil of Confucius and is famous for his dutiful son. It is said that he wrote the Book of Filial Piety.
(2) Three provinces: province, inspection xǐng inspection. There are several explanations in the three provinces: first, three inspections; The second is to check from three aspects; The third is to check many times. In fact, in ancient times, adding numbers before verbs with actions meant that there were many actions, which did not have to be recognized as three times.
(3) loyalty: the old note said: loyalty. We should do our best here.
(4) letter: the old note says: the believer is sincere. Believe in honesty. People are required to keep faith with each other according to etiquette rules to adjust the relationship between people.
(5) Pass on without learning: Pass on, and the old note says, "Master Pass on. The teacher taught himself Learning, like the word "learning while learning", refers to review, practice, exercise and so on.
translate
Ceng Zi said, "I have to reflect on myself many times every day. Do I try my best to do things for others? Is it honest and trustworthy to associate with friends? Have you reviewed what the teacher taught you? "
Comment and analysis
Confucianism attaches great importance to personal moral cultivation in order to shape ideal personality. Introspection mentioned in this chapter is the basic method of self-cultivation.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, social changes were very drastic, which was reflected in the field of consciousness, that is, people's thoughts and beliefs began to shake, and traditional ideas seemed to be in crisis in people's minds. Therefore, Zeng Shen put forward the cultivation method of "introspection and internal pursuit", and constantly checked his words and deeds to make himself a perfect ideal personality. The Analects of Confucius talked about introspection many times, asking Confucius disciples to consciously reflect on themselves, make self-criticism, strengthen personal ideological cultivation and moral cultivation, and correct all kinds of mistakes in personal words and deeds. This introspective way of moral cultivation is still worth learning today, because it especially emphasizes the consciousness of self-cultivation.
In this chapter, Ceng Zi also put forward the categories of "loyalty" and "faithfulness". Loyalty is characterized by a word "do your best", do your best until death do us part. As later Confucianism said, "Do your best to serve the country with loyalty". "Infidelity for others refers to all people, not to the monarch. It means helping everyone, including the monarch. Therefore, "loyalty" was a universal moral category in the pre-Qin period, which was not only used in the relationship between monarch and minister. As for the word "loyalty" gradually evolved into "loyalty to the monarch" after the Han Dynasty, which is not only related to the loyalty of Confucianism, but also has important differences. "Trust" has two meanings, one is trust and the other is credit. Its content is honesty, which is used to deal with the relationship between superiors and subordinates and friends. Letters are especially related to speech, which means telling the truth and keeping promises. This is the cornerstone of a person's life.
original text
Confucius said, "Tao (1) is a thousand times that of the country (2). As far as respect (3) is concerned, saving money and loving others (4) makes people timely (5). "
To annotate ...
(1) Tao: A book is a "guide" and a verb. This means governance.
(2) the country of a thousand riders: riding, with the sound of shèng, means car. This refers to the basic units of the ancient army. Every time you ride in a four-horse chariot, there are 3 military personnel, 72 people beside the chariot and 25 logistics personnel, totaling 100. A thousand chariots country refers to a country with 1000 chariots, that is, a vassal state. Wars were frequent in the Spring and Autumn Period, so the strength of a country was calculated by the number of vehicles. In the era of Confucius, the country of a thousand riders was no longer a big country.
(3) Respect for things: The word respect is generally used to express personal attitude, especially to be cautious, single-minded and conscientious about what you do.
(4) Lover: In ancient times, the meaning of "person" was divided into broad sense and narrow sense. "People" in a broad sense refers to all people; "People" in a narrow sense only refers to people from all walks of life above scholar-officials. Here "person" and "person" are relative, so its usage is narrow.
(5) Make people seize the time: time refers to farming time. In ancient times, agriculture was the pillar of the people, which meant that people should cultivate and harvest according to the farming time.
translate
Confucius said: "To govern the country for a thousand years, the most urgent task is to handle state affairs seriously, keep promises, be honest and be honest, save financial expenses and care for officials so that the people will not miss the farming season."
Comment and analysis
This chapter of Confucius is mainly aimed at the rulers of the country, and it is about the basic principles of governing the country. He talked about three aspects, that is, he asked the rulers to seriously handle all aspects of state affairs and abide by credit; Save money and care about officials; To serve the people, we should pay attention not to delay the farming season. This is the basic point of governing the country and safeguarding the country.
Kang Youwei said that Confucius' theory is "love" and loves everyone. But the "lover" mentioned in this chapter does not mean this. The "people" he said are not ordinary people, but officials and people with status; "People" is the people and the object of the ruled. It can be seen that the "lover" does not love everyone, but only the people in the ruling group. The idea of "helping others and loving others, making people timely" is reasonable and embodies Confucius' social thought. But it has nothing to do with love or not. On the other hand, Confucius is here to make suggestions for the rulers to govern the country and the people.
Mr. Lu Xun once pointed out: "Confucius once planned an excellent method of governing the country, but it was all for the people, that is, the methods envisioned by the powerful people, for the people themselves, but nothing." (Confucius in Modern China: Two Views on Opposing the Court) This is a view of Confucius' general plan of governing the country from the standpoint of the people. So, it's still quite sharp.
original text
1.6 Confucius said: "Disciples (1) are filial to those who enter (2), and those who leave are young (3). They sincerely believe in (4), they love people (5), and they are kind to people (6) and have spare capacity (7), so they learned to write (8). "
To annotate ...
Disciple (1): Generally speaking, there are two meanings: one is a younger brother and the other is a son; The second refers to students. Here is a kind of "disciple"
(2) Entering: In ancient times, father and son lived in different places and studied abroad. "Book of Rites Neize": "From the order of men to the top, father and son are different palaces". Entering is entering the father's palace, that is, entering the father's house or home.
(3) Going out: as opposed to "entering", it means going out to learn from teachers. Being a younger brother means treating teachers with younger brothers, and it can also refer to people older than yourself.
(4) Sincerity: Few people call it sincerity.
(5)□: The sound fàn has the same meaning and a wide range of meanings.
(6) Benevolence: Benevolence means benevolence, and people with benevolence.
(7) spare capacity: that is, having leisure time.
(8) Text: ancient literature. There are mainly cultural knowledge such as poetry, calligraphy, ceremony and music.
translate
Confucius said: "Disciples are filial to their parents; When you are away from home, you should obey your teachers, be cautious in words and deeds, be honest and trustworthy, behave yourself, love everyone widely, and be close to benevolent people. After practicing like this, if you still have spare capacity, you will study literary knowledge again. "
Comment and analysis
Filial piety is mentioned in the second chapter of this paper, and it is mentioned again in this chapter. Confucius asked his disciples to devote themselves to filial piety, faith, love for the masses, kindness, and cultivate good moral concepts and behaviors. If they still have leisure time and spare capacity, they will use it to study ancient books and increase their cultural knowledge. This shows that Confucius' education is centered on moral education, focusing on cultivating students' moral cultivation, and the study of book knowledge is second.
In running a school, Confucius put the cultivation of students' moral concepts in the first place, and cultural learning was only the second. In fact, any class in history, whether it is the slave owner class, the landlord class or the bourgeoisie, education serves its politics, paying special attention to students' moral conduct and political performance, and putting "morality" before "knowledge", which is the need of the class. They just want to train all kinds of talents to meet the requirements of their own class.
original text
1.7 Xia Zi (1) said: "Xian Xian (2) changed color; Parents can do their best; Things, can cause its body 4; Make friends and keep your word. Although I have not studied, I will call it learning. "
To annotate ...
Xia Zi: A student of Confucius, surnamed Bu, a famous businessman, was 44 years younger than Confucius and was born in 507 BC. After the death of Confucius, he publicized Confucius' thoughts in Wei State.
(2) Dedication: The first word "Dedication" is used as a verb to show respect. Being virtuous means respecting virtuous people.
(3) Yi: There are two explanations; First, the meaning of change, this sentence is to respect the virtuous and change the lust; The second is the meaning of contempt, that is, valuing morality over women.
(4) For the body: it means "giving" and "doing my best". This means giving your life to the monarch.
translate
Xia Zi said: "A person can attach importance to virtue, instead of a woman serving her parents and doing her best;" Serving the monarch can give his life; Communicate with friends, speak honestly and keep your word. Such a person, although he says he hasn't studied, I must say he has. "
Comment and analysis
There was a sentence in the last chapter, "study literature if you have spare capacity." . What Xia Zi said in this chapter is actually a further development of the previous chapter. Xia Zi believes that whether a person has knowledge mainly depends on his cultural knowledge, but on whether he can practice traditional morality, such as filial piety, loyalty and faithfulness. As long as the latter points are achieved, even if he says that he has never studied, he is already a person with moral cultivation. Therefore, by reading and analyzing this chapter in combination with the previous chapter, we can see the basic characteristics of Confucius' education focusing on virtue.
original text
1.8 Confucius said: "A gentleman (1) is not arrogant if he is not heavy (2); Learning is not solid (3). Lord's loyalty (4). People without friends are not as good as themselves; Don't be afraid to change (8) after (7). "
To annotate ...
(1) Mr.: This word runs through this paragraph, so there should be a broken sentence here.
(2) weight: solemn and self-sustaining.
(3) Learning is not solid: There are two explanations: one is doing it solidly, which is connected with the above sentence. Without dignity, there is no majesty, and what you have learned is not solid; The second is a solid understanding, that is, people can learn without solid knowledge and experience.
(4) loyalty: loyalty is the mainstay.
(5) Nothing: pass it on, meaning "don't".
(6) Not as good as yourself: generally interpreted as not as good as yourself. Another explanation says: "people who are not as good as themselves are not like themselves." The same is true of the so-called' different ways and no common cause'. " Interpret "such as" as "similar". The latter explanation is more in line with Confucius' original intention.
(7) miss too much, negligence.
(8) fear: sound Dan, fear, fear.
translate
Confucius said, "A gentleman has no dignity without dignity; Learning can make people not blocked; Give priority to faithfulness and don't make friends with people who are different from you; If you make a mistake, don't be afraid to correct it. "
Comment and analysis
In this chapter, Confucius put forward the moral qualities that a gentleman should possess, which mainly include solemnity, earnest study, careful friendship and getting by. As a gentleman with ideal personality, he should give people a solemn, generous, dignified and deep image from the outside, which makes people feel stable, reliable and trustworthy. He attaches importance to learning, is not self-enclosed, is good at making friends, and will correct his mistakes. The four principles mentioned above are quite important. As a noble gentleman, the correct attitude is to treat mistakes and mistakes without fear. It can be said that this thought shines with the brilliance of truth and embodies the perfect moral character of Confucius' ideal, which is of great significance for learning and understanding Confucius' thought.
original text
1.9 Ceng Zi said: "Be cautious to the end (1), pursue far (2), and people's virtue is more important than thickness."
To annotate ...
(1) Be cautious to the end: death is the end. This refers to the death of parents. The old note said: He who is careful to the end will be sad.
(2) Chasing far: far refers to ancestors. The old note said: pay tribute to those who chase after the distance.
translate
Ceng Zi said: "Being careful about the death of parents and remembering ancestors will naturally make people more and more honest."
Comment and analysis
Confucius didn't believe in ghosts and gods, and he said "stay away from ghosts and gods", which proved this point. Although he did not put forward the idea that there is a so-called soul after death, he attached great importance to funeral ceremonies. In the concept of Confucius, sacrifice has been alienated, not only for the dead, but as a continuation and expression of one's filial piety. Through sacrifice, you can entrust and cultivate your filial piety to your parents and ancestors. Therefore, this chapter continues to deepen the moral concept and behavior of "filial piety".
Confucianism attaches importance to the morality of filial piety, because filial piety is the basis of loyalty. A person who can't be filial to his parents can't be loyal to his country. So loyalty is the extension and externalization of filial piety. The moral concepts of loyalty and filial piety often appear in The Analects of Confucius, which shows that Confucianism attaches great importance to ethical concepts such as loyalty and filial piety and hopes to shape people into educated gentlemen with both loyalty and filial piety. This is compatible with the patriarchal clan system in the Spring and Autumn Period. As long as filial piety is achieved, then society and family can be stable.
original text
1. 10 Qin Zi (1) asked Zigong (2): Confucius (3) as for the country (4), we must learn about its politics, make peace with it, and suppress it (5). Zi Gong said, "Master is gentle, courteous and frugal, so that (6) can be obtained. What does the master want? Are there any special requirements? "
To annotate ...
(1): Chen, surname. Zheng Xuan mentioned in The Analects that he was a student of Confucius, but there was no such person in Historical Records and Biography of Zhong Ni, so Qin Zi was not a student of Confucius.
(2) Zi Gong: Duanmu Mingci, a patriot, 3 1 year younger than Confucius, a student of Confucius, was born in 520 BC. Zi Gong was eloquent, and Confucius thought he could be the prime minister of a big country. According to Records of the Historian, Zigong did business in Weiguo and became a famous businessman.
(3) Master: This is an ancient honorific title, which can be obtained by anyone who has been a doctor. Confucius was once the commander-in-chief of the state of Lu, so his students called him a "master". Later, it was used to address teachers. "Confucius" mentioned in The Analects of Confucius is what Confucius' students call him.
(4) country: refers to the vassal state that was separated at that time.
(5) Restraint: The classical Chinese conjunctions indicating choice have the meaning of "or".
(6) Gentleness, kindness, courtesy, frugality and concession: Literally, it means meekness, kindness, respect, frugality and humility. This is a compliment from Confucius' disciples.
(7) Modal particles have the meaning of "probably" or "or".
translate
Qin Zi asked Zi Gong, "When a teacher comes to a country, he always hears political events in that country. Did he want it himself, or did the monarch give it to him? " Zi Gong said: "The teacher is gentle and courteous, so he got this qualification (this qualification can also be said to be obtained), but may the method he sought be different from others'?" "
Comment and analysis
Through the dialogue between Qin Zi and Zi Gong, this chapter outlines Confucius' personality in dealing with people. The reason why Confucius was treated with courtesy and esteem by rulers of various countries lies in his moral qualities of gentleness, kindness, respect, frugality and modesty. For example, "submission" in these five moral qualities plays a very important role in the process of personality shaping. "Let" means putting yourself in front of others in terms of reputation and power, and putting yourself in front of others in terms of duties and obligations. Let it be used in diplomacy, such as state visits, is also an important condition to meet objective needs. It is precisely because of this character that Confucius was treated with courtesy by the monarchs of all countries whenever he went to a country. Confucius believes that striving for strength and success, striving for success; Praise merit and strive for fame and fortune; If you can't win, you hate others and covet fame and fortune, which is not in line with the principle of concession. It can be seen that the value of making this basic principle a social fashion lies in that, as far as human feelings are concerned, as long as people are modest and humble, they will learn from the strengths and weaknesses of others. The former can lead people to unity, intimacy and kindness; The latter is attractive and jealous. The social effects of the two are diametrically opposite.
original text
1. 1 1 Confucius said: "The father is here, so we can see his (1) ambition; Father didn't, observe his behavior; Three years (3) without changing the way of the father (4) can be described as filial piety. "
To annotate ...
(1) Qi: He refers to his son, not his father.
(2) Line: sound xìng, indicating behavior, etc.
(3) Three years: There is no need to understand the figures mentioned by the ancients too mechanically, just saying that it will take a long time, not necessarily just three years.
(4) Tao: sometimes it is a noun in the general sense. No matter good or evil, it can be called Tao. But more often, it is a masculine noun, which means good and beautiful things. This means "reasonable content".
translate
Confucius said; "When his father was alive, (because he had no right to act independently), we should observe his ambition; After his father's death, we should examine his behavior; If he does not change the reasonable part of his father for a long time, such a person can be said to have done his filial piety. "
Comment and analysis
This chapter still focuses on "filial piety" and concretizes the word "filial piety". Mr. Lu Xun once said: "As long as the mind is not blocked, everyone likes their children to be stronger, healthier, smarter, nobler and happier than themselves; Is to surpass yourself and surpass the past. If we surpass it, we must change, so our descendants should change the things of their ancestors. It is filial piety not to change one's father's ways for three years', of course, as the song says, which is the fundamental reason for withdrawing a baby. "("grave, how can we be fathers now ")
Confucius said in this chapter that a person cannot change a set of rules made by his father within three years after his father died, which is filial piety. Such filial piety actually unilaterally emphasizes the son's obedience to his father. Rusong's suicide note says that if you can't change your father's ways, even if you are fine, you can't be filial. In this way, the way of not changing from the father becomes the greatest good, otherwise it is evil. Such a judgment principle, as Lu Xun said, is distorted. History is developing, society is progressing, people's ideas, words and deeds can't always stay at the past level, "shine on you is better than blue", and future generations surpass the previous generation, which is a historical necessity.
original text
1. 12 There is a saying by Confucius: "Ritual (1) is used, (2) expensive. Before Wang Zhidao (3), Sri Lanka (4) was beautiful. Small and big, there are problems. It is not feasible to make peace without courtesy (5). "
To annotate ...
(1) Rites: During the Spring and Autumn Period, "rites" generally referred to the laws, regulations and moral norms of slave society. Confucius' "ceremony" refers to "rites of the week", etiquette and ceremonies, and also refers to people's moral norms.
(2) Harmony: harmony and coordination.
(3) Pre-Wang Zhidao: It refers to the way of governing the country of ancient emperors such as Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu and so on.
(4) s: this, this meaning. Here refers to the ceremony, also refers to and.
translate
A Confucius said, "Harmony is the most important thing in the application of courtesy. The ancient monarch's method of governing the country is precious here. However, no matter how big or small things are, it is not feasible to do them in a harmonious way. (This is because) for the sake of harmony and harmony, it is not feasible to control harmony without courtesy. "
original text
1. 13 There is a saying by Confucius: "Faith (1) means (2), and words can be answered (3); Ceremony is close to ceremony, far more than (4) shame; Because (5) he has not lost his relatives, he can also live in (6). "
To annotate ...
(1) Approaching: Approaching and conforming.
(2) Righteousness: Righteousness is an ethical category of Confucianism. It means that thoughts and behaviors meet certain standards. This standard is "courtesy".
(3) Complexity: the meaning of practice. Zhu's "Collection of Notes" said: Complex and practical words are also available. "
(4) Far: the sound yuàn, a verb, is used to keep it away, which can also be translated as avoiding.
(5) Cause: dependence, dependence. It is said that writing should focus on marriage, but there seems to be a problem from the context.
(6) Sect: subjective and reliable, generally interpreted as "respect" seems inappropriate.
translate
A son said: "keeping a promise must conform to righteousness, and it can only be implemented if it conforms to righteousness;" Respect should conform to the ceremony, so as to stay away from shame; Relying on reliable people is worthy of respect. "