Jie Xuan, courtesy name Ziyi. The date of birth and death is unknown. He was born in the early Qing Dynasty. According to records: Jiexuan "had little negative energy, liked to talk about military affairs, and was generous and self-responsible. He thought deeply in isolation and got the key points. He wrote the "Book of War" and "Book of War", both of which were unprecedented in ancient times. He learned from Wu When Bing saw it, he was surprised and said: "This is a different person and a different book." "The Art of War" is also known as "The Book of War in One Hundred Characters", "The Art of War in One Hundred Particles" and "The Art of War's Round Machine". Jiexuan once launched an army to resist the Qing Dynasty. After the failure, he lived in seclusion in the mountains and died of depression. "Bing Jing Bai Yu" is divided into three parts: "Wisdom", "Dharma" and "Skills". It summarizes all aspects of military issues into one hundred words, with explanations and discussions under each word, and has a high level of military significance. academic value. Jie Xuan's Yongjian thoughts are scattered in various chapters of "Bing Jing Hundred Characters", and are now discussed in detail.

(1) "Pre-deployment and stacking up preparations"--Jie Xuan gets straight to the point at the beginning of the book: "In combat, we must seize the opportunity and build momentum, and after accurately identifying and judging the enemy's situation, Only by fighting with them can we be sure of victory...We must infer the enemy's changes from our own changes, and then determine our own changes from the enemy's changes, and be able to control the situation and transform it in a direction that is beneficial to oneself... In short, being prepared in advance and planning multiple alternative plans must be based on thoroughness and caution, and only by being able to use countermeasures skillfully can you be considered cunning. "What we are talking about here is "knowing the enemy" and "judging the enemy." , "engage the enemy", "control the enemy", and thus "defeat the enemy" is a complete systematic process. Particular emphasis should be placed on "pre-planning and overlaying", that is, preparing in advance and planning multiple alternative plans. This idea of ??Yongjian is a major breakthrough and development. It has brought Yongjian to a new level of effective organization, careful planning, and scientific management. Jiexuan is aware of the variability and complexity of usage, so it attaches great importance to "pre-planning" and uses corresponding preset plans to deal with various emergencies quickly, timely and optionally. This kind of "pre-arrangement and stacking" thinking requires bold imaginative thinking and rich user experience, taking into account possible causes, consequences, interests and drawbacks in all aspects as much as possible, so that user decision-makers can have greater confidence. Thinking space, options and more ways to deal with and solve problems. Decision makers can not only choose a corresponding preset plan based on specific events, but also learn from other plans to formulate an optimal action plan. The idea of ??using time to reveal information has great reference and practical value and is actually the forerunner of modern intelligence science.

(2) "Words are the edge of the sword"-Jie Xuan compares language to the "edge of the sword". He said: "Most of the methods used are very bizarre: some spread bluff rumors to assist in the implementation of the strategy; some temporarily use lies to cover up the upcoming actions; some frame people in the enemy camp, causing the enemy to suspicion within the enemy; some pretend to be humble to deceive the enemy into losing their vigilance; some deliberately leak false information to deceive the enemy, or deliberately tell lies to deceive the enemy; some use alarmism to frighten and frighten the enemy; Some pretend to be stupid, pretend to be deceived, pretend to be angry, pretend to be happy, thereby paralyzing the enemy; some pretend to talk arrogantly, deliberately talk in sleep, talk nonsense, or pretend to be ghosts and gods, using eyes, shapes, gestures, stamping feet, giggling, etc. Go without saying, to deceive the enemy. "Jie Xuan summed up this: "Use words to adapt to the situation," that is, use language according to the opportunity and be flexible.

Language, expression, tone and behavior were included in the political strategy. Li Quan of the Tang Dynasty had already been involved in it, while Jie Xuan made great innovations and developments. To deceive the enemy with rumors, lies, irony, scare words, arrogance, and even nonsense and sleep talk can be described as "talking with words"; to deceive the enemy with sadness, dementia, fake anger, fake joy, belief in God, eyes, postures, and silly smiles, It can also be described as "fake and ignorant". The role of this highly artistic masterpiece is just as Jie Xuan said: "Those who are good at speaking can win and drive the fine knights."

(3) "Be careful at all times" - be cautious and highly cautious. Sensitivity and alertness are essential qualities for a spy. Jiexuan said: "It is always dangerous on the battlefield, so you must be cautious at all times. Once you are in the army, you must always feel as if the enemy is spying... When encountering mountains and forests, you must be careful. You should also be alert to the enemy's ambush in the dark. "

(4) "Four Knowledges of Integrity" - Jie Xuan has a detailed discussion of the methods of "knowing the enemy's situation". He said: " The most subtle thing is to detect the enemy's situation. Using your own subjective thoughts to guess and infer is far less accurate than using four methods to find out the enemy's reality. The first is to use people who have personal relationships with the enemy; Send out spies; the third is to organize reconnaissance; the fourth is to use rural guides.

From people who have personal relations with the enemy, we can learn about the enemy's strategy; from espionage secrets, we can learn about the enemy's true and false situation; from reconnaissance information, we can learn about the enemy's actions; from rural guides, we can learn The merits and dangers of the combat terrain, etc. "

Use "tong" (a person who has personal relations with the enemy), "espionage" (one's own spies), "detection" (one's own reconnaissance personnel), "xiang" (rural guide) - this" The "Four Knowledges" are to "find out" the true situation of the enemy. Obviously, these "Four Knowledges" should be carried out simultaneously and have their own emphasis. The "Four Knowledges" are the means, and "Integrity" is the goal. The "Four Knowledges" It is an ancient intelligence identification technique.

(5) "The enemy is eliminated by the enemy"-Jie Xuan divides the role of spies into two categories, one is "detecting the enemy's situation", that is, the "four". "Knowing integrity"; one type is "estrange the enemy", that is, "the one who alienates the enemy will get rid of the enemy", which is scientific and reasonable. There are 16 types of spies to alienate the enemy, namely: to alienate the living; to deceive The person who died; the person who forged letters; the person who deliberately lost documents; the person who spread rumors; the person who made up ballads to the enemy; the person who composed songs to weaken the enemy's will; the person who engaged in bribery; the person who made fake tribute gifts A person who pretends to be an official; an enemy who takes advantage of an enemy; a person who uses fellow villagers; a friend who pretends to be friends; a woman who uses beautiful women; a person who recruits with favors; a person who uses coercion and intimidation. /p>

These sixteen chapters have greatly enriched and developed Sun Tzu's specific skills. What is lacking is that Jie Xuan did not mention "operational assassination of spies", which is an inappropriate omission.

(6) "Succeed in secret"--Jie Xuan said: "Succeed in secret and fail in secret." The affairs of the three armies should not be kept secret. What one person does should not be revealed to two people; what he does tomorrow will not be revealed to today. Push it carefully and be careful not to miss it. "He added: "Beware of leaking secrets in speech; be wary of leaking secrets in appearance; beware of leaking secrets by talking in sleep... If some information can be used for certain needs, If the person using it says it, you might as well tell a general idea first to show your trust in him. The purpose of revealing these secrets is to keep them confidential. "This is an important principle of secrecy that is hidden in the open. "If it is not a secret, it is a secret." The "talk" is leaked mainly because "too much talk will lead to mistakes" and should be "kept tight-lipped"; the "appearance" is leaked mainly because " "Emotions and anger are reflected in the color" and should be "hidden"; Jie Xuan mentioned "fear of leaking in dreams". At first glance, this seems to be biased and unreasonable. However, if we look at the cases of failure in using time at home and abroad in ancient and modern times, it is true that Many spies died due to "ventilation in sleep", such as sleeping alone, lying on their stomachs, sleeping with their heads covered, and taking food in their mouths before going to bed. p>

In addition, Jiexuan also mentioned the confidentiality law for information transmission. He said: "For long-distance communication, use password codes when writing letters, even if they are not in a certain font or format, and do not use paper or bamboo slips. Even the person who conveyed the information did not know its meaning. If it falls into the hands of an enemy, it cannot be deciphered. "

(7) "Shooting" - This refers to destroying the enemy's internal affairs and diplomacy. "Seduce the enemy's cronies to secretly inform one's side; seduce the enemy's warriors to serve as one's own. "Domestic response", what we are talking about here is the internal affairs of defeating the enemy, that is, "confrontation"; "Winning the support of neighboring countries as one's own country; Winning the assistance of remote countries to attack the enemy's country", what we are talking about here is the diplomacy of defeating the enemy, that is, " To achieve these two points, it is necessary to do so. Jiexuan runs through these four hooks with the view that "the one who wins the inferior will use the world, and he has not heard of relying on his own strength alone." It can be seen that he attaches great importance to and is good at leveraging his strength to Defeat the enemy and win.

(8) "Eye-pointing Technique" - Jie Xuan said: "The enemy must have something to rely on, and it is the eyes. If a person has eyes, his limbs can move easily. "Eye" is used as a metaphor for "intelligence", so spies are also called "eyes" or "eyes and ears". In order to make the enemy "keep it alive and lose its knowledge", the "eye-drinking technique" should be used. For example, "the enemy uses counselors as his If "the enemy uses bravery as the eye", then use spies to get rid of him; if "the enemy uses confidants as the eye", then use spies to alienate him. "Losing his eye" is inevitable. Knowing how to "keep them alive" is "the key to controlling the enemy"

"The Hundred Characters of the Book of War" is a representative work of Yongjian theory in the early Qing Dynasty. Due to its influence, it was selected by the famous scholar Wei Yuan and included in the "Dynasty Classics"; Li Hongzhang also included it in "Seven Types of War" and widely published it. However, in order to collect the "hundred words", Jiexuan had The disadvantages of forced separation. In addition, Jiexuan is somewhat pretentious and lacks the demeanor of a Confucian general.

He said in "Fan Ling": "The art of war has always only been circulated without a system, the classic work "Seven Books of Martial Arts" is also fragmented... The ideas in "Seven Books of Martial Arts" are only for dealing with bad generals, and we This book is based on subduing capable generals. "This is blind arrogance and is not advisable."