Su Shi, following Su Weidao, a minister in the early Tang Dynasty, was born in Meishan, Yumeiren, on December 19th (1037 65438+ October 8th) in Jingshou three years. Su Shi's grandfather is Su Xu, the word Zhongxian, and his grandmother is Shi.
Su Shi's father, Su Xun, is what Saint Amethyst called "Su Laoquan". Su Xun worked hard, although it was late. Su Shi's name "Stone" originally meant the handrail in front of the car, which means it is indispensable to help the needy.
Su Shi was open-minded, frank and sincere, and won the Taoist style. Good friends, good food, created a lot of food, good tea, and elegant mountain travel.
2. Exam in Beijing
In the first year of Jiayou (1056), Su Shi left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time to take the imperial examination. Su Xun took Su Shi, 2 1 year-old, and Su Zhe, 0/9-year-old, down the river from the remote area of West Shu, and went to Beijing to take the exam in the second year of Jiayou (1057).
At that time, the examiner was Ouyang Xiu, a literary master, and the junior examiner was Mei, an old poet. The two men were determined to innovate in poetry, and Su Shi's fresh and free writing shocked them all at once.
The title of the strategy is "the theory of rewarding loyalty with punishment" Su Shi's "Rewarding Loyalty with Punishment" won the appreciation of the examiner Ouyang Xiu, but Ouyang Xiu mistakenly thought it was written by disciple Ceng Gong, so in order to avoid suspicion, he had to come second.
Su Shi wrote in his article: "Hao Tao is a scholar and can kill people. Said to kill the third, Yao said to kill the third. " Both Ou and Mei admire his writing, but they don't know the source of these words. Su Shi thanked him and asked him. Su Shi replied, "How do you know the source!"
After hearing this, Ouyang Xiu could not help admiring Su Shi's heroism and daring to innovate, and foresaw Su Shi's future: "This man can be said to be good at reading and using books, and his articles will be unique in the world in the future."
3. The famous capital
With Ouyang Xiu's repeated praise, Su Shi became famous for a while. Every time he publishes a new book, it will spread all over Beijing immediately. Just as the father and son became famous in Beijing and were about to show their talents, the bad news of Su Shi's mother's death suddenly came.
The two brothers went home with their father to attend the funeral. Jiayou returned to Beijing after the mourning period expired in October of the fourth year. In the sixth year of Jiayou (106 1 year), Su Shi took the secondary education examination in China, which is usually called the "three-year Beijing Examination", got the third class of "the first in a hundred years", was awarded the judge of Dali, and signed the book.
Four years later, he also went to the court to smell the drums. In the second year of Zhiping, Su Xun died of illness, and Su Shi and Su Zhe returned to their hometowns with coffins, and they kept their filial piety for three years. Three years later, Su Shi returned to North Korea, and Wang Anshi's political reform, which shook the ruling and opposition parties, began.
Many of Su Shi's teachers and friends, including Ouyang Xiu, who admired him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing because they opposed the new law and disagreed with the political views of the new prime minister Wang Anshi. The old rain in the ruling and opposition parties faded away, and what Su Shi saw in his eyes was no longer the "peaceful and prosperous times" he saw at the age of twenty.
Please leave Beijing by yourself.
In the fourth year of Xining (107 1), Su Shi wrote about the disadvantages of the new law. Wang Anshi was very angry and asked Xie Jing to tell Su Shi's fault in front of the emperor. Su Shi then requested to work in Beijing: from the fourth year of Xining to the seventh year of Xining (1074), and was sent to Hangzhou as a general judge.
In the autumn of Xining seven years, he was transferred to Mizhou (Zhucheng, Shandong Province). From April of the tenth year of Xining (1077) to March of Yuanfeng (1079), he was known as Xuzhou, and Yuanfeng was transferred to Huzhou in April. Get rid of the old and innovate, and make great achievements because of the convenience of the law.
5. Wutai Poetry Case
In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Su Shi was 43 years old and transferred to Huzhou. After taking office, he wrote a letter to the emperor "Huzhou thanks for the watch", which is a routine. Su Shi is a poet.
Pens often carry feelings. Even if it is red tape, I can't forget to add a little personal color, saying that I am "stupid and untimely, and newcomers are hard to catch up with" and "old age can make trouble or raise a king". These words were caught by the new party.
Call him "foolish and arrogant", call him "resentful", "falsely occupy", "have ulterior motives", satirize the court, be reckless and rude, and be disloyal to the emperor. Such a big crime can be said to deserve to die.
They picked out sentences that they thought implied sarcasm from a large number of Su Shi's poems, and for a time there was an anti-Soviet voice in the court. On July 28th this year, Su Shi was arrested by Yushitai officials only three months after he took office and escorted to Beijing. Dozens of people are involved.
This is the famous "Wutai Poetry Case" in the Northern Song Dynasty (Wutai, the Jade Terrace, is called Wutai because there are cypresses planted on it and crows inhabit it all the year round). The great blow of Wutai poetry case became a turning point in his life.
The new party wants to kill Su Shi. The ruling and opposition parties also launched rescue activities at the same time. Not only many elders with the same political views as Su Shi wrote articles in succession, but even some reformists also advised Zongshen not to kill Su Shi.
Wang Anshi retired to Jinling at that time, and also wrote: "How about killing talents with saints?" With everyone's efforts, this poem case was finalized by Wang Anshi in one sentence, and Su Shi was given a lighter sentence and relegated to Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei) as the deputy ambassador of the Youth League.
Placed in the state and supervised by local officials. Su Shi was imprisoned 103 days and was on the verge of beheading several times. Thanks to the national policy of not killing scholar-officials in Zhao Kuangyin during the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi was spared.
6. Being demoted to Huangzhou
After he was released from prison, Su Shi was demoted to be Ying Yong's assistant in Huangzhou (now Huanggang City, Hubei Province) (equivalent to the vice captain of modern civil self-defense forces). This position is rather humble and has no real power. At this time, Su Shi has been disheartened after this campaign.
After Su Shi took office, he was unhappy. I have visited Chibi Mountain outside Huangzhou for many times, and I have written famous articles such as Red Cliff Fu, Post Red Cliff Fu and Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia.
In order to pin his thoughts and feelings in exile. Yu led his family to reclaim a sloping land in the east of the city and farm to supplement their livelihood. It was at this time that he got the nickname "Dongpo lay man".
Step 7 make a comeback
1084 (the seventh year of Yuanfeng), Su Shi left Huangzhou and was sent to Ruzhou. Due to the long distance and tiring journey, Su Shi's children died unfortunately. Ruzhou is a long way away, the travel expenses have been exhausted, and the pain of losing a child is added.
Su Shi wrote to the imperial court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, and to live in Changzhou first, and then he was approved. When he was ready to return to Changzhou, Zongshen passed away. Changzhou area is criss-crossed with water networks and beautiful scenery.
Living in Changzhou, he has no worries about hunger and cold, and he can enjoy the beautiful scenery. Moreover, he is far away from the political disputes in Beijing and can get along with his family and many friends day and night. So Su Dongpo finally chose Changzhou as his final destination.
1085, Song Zhezong ascended the throne, and Empress Dowager Cixi came to the court to listen to politics in the name of young philosopher. Sima Guang was reactivated and the new party headed by Wang Anshi was suppressed. Su Shi returned to the post of assistant minister of the DPRK and went to Dengzhou (Penglai).
Four months later, the doctor was recalled to North Korea. Mr. Scheeren was promoted to Mr. Scheeren in the previous dynasty, and was promoted to Mr. Scheeren in Zhongshu three months later, and was soon promoted to the imperial edict of Hanlin Bachelor, and was awarded a tribute by the Ministry of Rites.
Su Shi saw the emerging forces desperately suppressing the figures of Wang Anshi Group and abolishing the new law. He thought that they were just birds of a feather with the so-called "Wang Dang" and once again offered advice and suggestions to the emperor.
He attacked the corruption exposed after the old Party came to power, which aroused strong opposition from conservative forces and was falsely accused and framed. So far, Su Shi can neither tolerate the new party nor forgive the old party, so he once again asked for a transfer.
8. Building Su Causeway
In the fourth year of Yuan You (1089), Su Shi got a bachelor's degree in Longtuge and got to know Hangzhou. Because the West Lake has not been dredged for a long time, it has been silted up for more than half. "The long-term weeds in Taiping Lake and Pinghu Lake have seriously affected agricultural production."
In the second year of Su Shi's arrival in Hangzhou, he dredged the West Lake, mobilized more than 200,000 migrant workers, expelled farmland, restored the old scenery, and erected three towers (now reflecting the moon in three ponds) in the deepest part of the lake as a symbol.
He collected the dredged silt and built a long dike running through the West Lake, which was connected by six bridges for pedestrians. Later referred to as "Su Gong Di" or "Su Causeway".
In the early morning of spring, Su Causeway is one of the top ten scenic spots in the West Lake, "Dawn in Su Causeway". Willow leaves are covered with gauze, sparkling and birds are singing. "Dongpo built Su Causeway everywhere", and Su Shi built three long dikes in his life.
When Su Shi was demoted to Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui), he also dredged the West Lake and built a levee in Yingzhou. In the year of Shao Shengyuan (1094), Su Shi was demoted as the deputy envoy of the Far Ning Army and placed in Huizhou (now Huiyang, Guangdong).
Nearly 60-year-old Su Shi galloped day and night, all the way into the relegation center, and was warmly welcomed by Lingnan people. Su Shi took out the gold given by the emperor and donated it to dredge the West Lake and build a long embankment.
To this end, "the father and the old get together and the pot is empty. If you can't drink it for three days, you will kill all the chickens in the village. " People are celebrating. Now, this Su Causeway is at the entrance of Huizhou West Lake, like a green belt, which passes through the middle of the lake and divides the lake into two parts, Pinghu on the right and Hu Feng on the left.
9. Living in Danzhou
Su Shi lived happily in Hangzhou and compared himself to Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. But in the sixth year of Yuan You (109 1), he was recalled to North Korea. But soon because of political differences.
Yuan You was transferred to Yingzhou in August of six years, Yangzhou in February of seven years (1092) and Dingzhou in September of eight years (1093).
Yuan You's Empress Dowager died in the eighth year, and Zhezong came to power, and the new party came to power again. In June of the first year of Shaosheng (1094), he was once again demoted to Huiyang (now Huizhou City, Guangdong Province).
Born four years less (1097), Su Shi, who was 62 years old at that time, was sent to Danzhou, Hainan Island (now Dan County, Hainan), a desolate place. It is said that in the Song Dynasty, banishing Hainan was only a lighter punishment than copying others.
He regards Danzhou as his second hometown. "I'm from Daner, and I live in Xishu." He runs a school here, introduces the style of study, and makes many people travel thousands of miles to Danzhou to learn from Su Shi.
In the Song Dynasty 100 years, no one in Hainan ever entered the imperial examination. However, soon after Su Shi returned to the north, Jiang Tangzuo here paid tribute to his hometown. People have always regarded Su Shi as the pioneer and seeder of Danzhou culture and have deep respect for him.
Dongpo Village, Dongpo Well, Dongpo Field, Dongpo Road, Dongpo Bridge, Dongpo Hat, etc. What has been circulated in Danzhou so far has expressed people's memory, and even the language has a kind of "Dongpo dialect".
10, the final outcome
After Hui Zong ascended the throne, Su Shi was transferred to Lianzhou for resettlement, Yong Lian for resettlement and Yongzhou for resettlement. In April of Fu Yuan's third year (1 100), he granted amnesty to the world, returned to the DPRK and returned to the North.
Yu Jianzhong died in Changzhou (now Jiangsu) on July 28th (110/August 24th). At the age of 65, he was buried in Tancheng County, Ruzhou (now jia county, Henan Province).
Su Shi left a will and buried Shangri-La in Juntai Township, Tancheng County, Ruzhou. The following year, his son Su Guo transported his father's coffin back to Tancheng County for burial. After Song Gaozong acceded to the throne, Su Shi was posthumously named as a teacher and posthumous title "Wen Zhong".
Extended data:
Su Shi's later years:
1099, 62-year-old Su Shi was demoted to Changhua Army (now Hainan Province). The old man who has experienced many vicissitudes has been living in the south of the motherland. Sadly, he is getting farther and farther away from the capital and his official position is getting lower and lower.
Su Shi, who was demoted to the Changhua Army, originally lived in the official residence, but was later tried by the court and had to move out. In order to have a rest place, Su Shi had to build a house called Guanglang Temple in the south of Danzhou.
When Su Shi lived in Guanglang Temple, he wrote a very sad poem in his later years, and the word 10 was infinitely lonely. Look:
Tired of sleeping all night, the small window is unclear.
A dog barked in an isolated village, but several people walked in the waning moon.
The aging sideburns have been white for a long time. I went to Huaikong to clean myself up.
There are winding latitudes in the deserted garden. How to realize virtual weaving?
A chill rushed into the bedroom, and moonlight filled every corner of the yard. What a sunny autumn night! The night is getting colder and the dew is getting heavier and heavier. It condenses into many small water droplets on bamboo leaves, which drip down from time to time. At this time, the moon shines in the sky, covering the little star, like a sleepy person's eyes, open and closed.
The moon has set in the west and the earth is getting dark. I only saw fireflies carrying small lanterns and shining with faint starlight. The bird living by the stream outside the bamboo forest woke up.
They are calling each other, ready to take off together to welcome a new day. This night, I was thinking about thousands of things, which one is not related to the war? Sleepless all night, I can only sigh that such a good night has passed in vain.
The title of this poem is Tired Night, which was written in the early morning of one night. Su Shi was extremely lonely in his later years. Although he often has broad-minded words, in his heart, the unspeakable pain is obvious.
In particular, the poem "A dog barks in an isolated village and a few people walk in the waning moon" describes the desolation of Su Shi's living environment at that time, so as to set off Su Shi's infinite loneliness.
Character story:
1, Dongpo bean jelly
According to legend, during the Northern Song Dynasty, when Su Dongpo, a great writer, was the judge of Fengxiang House (now Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province), he spent the summer in the East Lake of Fengxiang, and there was nothing cool to eat in the hot summer. He ordered people to grind beans (also called lentils) into powder and boil them into paste.
Put it into a stone vessel, cool it, cut it into strips, and serve it with seasonings such as salt, vinegar and pepper. Because of its cool and smooth taste, it has the effect of relieving summer heat, and later spread to Fengxiang folk. In order to commemorate him, later generations called it "Dongpo bean jelly", which has been passed down to this day.
2. Fo Yin
Su Shi is a gifted scholar and Fo Yin is a monk. They often meditate and meditate together. Fo Yin is honest and always bullied by Su Shi. Su Shi is sometimes happy to take advantage. After returning home, he likes to tell his talented sister Su Xiaomei.
One day, they meditated together again. Su Shi asked, "What do you think I look like?" Fo Yin said, "I think you are like a Buddha." Su Shi smiled and said to Fo Yin, "Do you know what I think you look like sitting there? Just like a cow dung. "
This time, Fo Yin ate YaBaKui again. Su Shi showed off in front of Su Xiaomei when he got home. Su Xiaomei laughed at his brother and said, "As far as your understanding is concerned, you'd better meditate. Do you know what meditators pay most attention to?
What you see in your heart, what you see in your eyes. Fo Yin said that you look like a Buddha, which means that he has a Buddha in his heart; You said Fo Yin was like cow dung. Think about what's in your heart! "
Su Dongpo and Huang Tingjian live in Jinshan Temple. One day, they made bread to eat. They agreed not to tell the Fo Yin monk in the temple about the cake fight. After a while, the cake was ripe and they counted it.
First of all, present the cake to Guanyin Bodhisattva, bow down and pray frequently. Unexpectedly, Fo Yin had been hidden in God's account in advance. When they knelt down to pray, they reached out and stole two cakes.
When Su Shi finished worshipping, he got up and saw that two cakes were missing. Then he knelt down and prayed, "Guanyin Bodhisattva is amazing. She ate two cakes. Why didn't she come out to see him? " Fo Yin replied in his account: "If I had noodles, I would cook something with you. How dare I bother you? "
Su Dongpo is in Hangzhou and likes to make friends with monks in West Lake Temple. He and monk Fo Yin of Jinshan Temple are best friends. They often make jokes while drinking and reciting poems. Monks in Fo Yin are delicious. Whenever Su Dongpo treats guests at a banquet, he always comes uninvited.
One night, Su Dongpo invited Huang Tingjian to visit the West Lake, and many tables and drinks were prepared on board. When the cruise ship left the shore, Su Dongpo smiled and said to Huang Tingjian, "Fo Yin will come to every party. Tonight, let's take a boat to the lake to drink and recite poems and have fun.
He can't come under any circumstances. "Who knows, Fo Yin monk had learned that Su Dongpo was going to swim with Huang Tingjian, so when they didn't get on the boat, he hid under the cabin plate in advance.
The bright moon is in the sky, the cool breeze is refreshing, and the lotus fragrance is full of lakes. The cruise ship slowly arrived at the Three Towers of the West Lake. Su Dongpo raised his glass, smoothed his beard and said happily to Huang Tingjian, "Today, without Fo Yin, we are quiet. Let's have some wine first.
The first two sentences should be immediate, and the last two sentences should end with the word' in'. "Huang Tingjian said," OK! " Su Dongpo said first: "When the clouds open and the moon shines, what can the sky say? "? What does the sky say? "Huang Tingjian looked at the lotus full of lakes.
Then he said, "Li Anping pushed the fish away and swam out. This is a good thing! Get what you want! " At that time, Fo Yin couldn't help getting off the deck. Huang Tingjian said, he pushed open the deck and climbed out.
He said, "When the board is pushed aside, Fo Yin will come out, which is really frustrating! Hey! " Su Dongpo and Huang Tingjian were startled to see a man suddenly climb out from under the planking. When they looked carefully, it turned out to be Fo Yin, and they heard him say these four poems.
I can't help laughing. Su Dongpo took Fo Yin to sit down and said, "You hid it well, and you are right. You ate again today! " So, the three of them enjoyed the moon and swam around the lake, talking and laughing.
One night, Dongpo and his good friend Fo Yin were boating on the river. It is already late autumn, the golden wind is rustling, the water waves are sparkling, and the scenery on both sides of the strait is charming. When drinking, Fo Yin asked Dongpo for a word. Su Dongpo looked ashore and pointed with his hand, smiling without a word.
Fo Yin looked and saw a rhubarb dog wolfing down a bone on the shore. Knowing that Su Dongpo was joking, Fo Yin smiled and threw the folding fan engraved with Su Dongpo's poems into the water.
The two tacitly clapped their hands and laughed. It turned out that they made a pair of puns and dumb couplets. The first part of Dongpo's poem is: A dog is gnawing a bone (monk) by the river, and the second part of Fo Yin's poem is: The poem of flowing water Dongpo (corpse).
Baidu encyclopedia-Su Shi