1. Annotations on Confucius' ancient texts. Experts enter.

1. Confucius said: "When the year is cold, you will know that the pines and cypresses will wither."

Here we are. When the weather is cold, you can see that the pines and cypresses are the last to wither.

2. Zi Qin asked Yu Zigong: "Master, when it comes to establishing a state, you must hear about its politics and ask for it to be reconciled? Or should it be reconciled?"

Zigong said: "The master is gentle, kind, respectful, and frugal, and he gives in to get it. What does the master want, and what are the differences?"

Zi Qin asked Zigong: "Confucius arrived at these princes. The country will definitely hear the kings coming to ask about political affairs. Did Confucius make a request to them? Or did they make a request to Confucius? "Zigong replied: "Confucius has five qualities: gentleness, kindness, courtesy, frugality, and surrender. Because of his virtue, he won the respect of the kings and asked him about government affairs. Is Confucius's request different from other people's requests? "

3. Confucius said: " Seeing good is like falling short, seeing bad is like exploring the soup. I have seen his person, and I have heard his words. He lives in seclusion to pursue his ambition, and practices righteousness to achieve his path. I have heard his words, but I have not seen his person."

Confucius said: "When I see a kind act, I worry about not being able to achieve it; when I see an unkind act, I run away from it as if I were putting my hand into boiling water. I have seen such people, and I also I have heard such words. I have lived in seclusion to preserve my ambitions and carry out my opinions according to righteousness. I have heard such words, but I have never seen such a person.

4. Zi Said: "Crazy but not straight, Dong but unwilling. What is the meaning of the word "Crazy" in ""?

"Crazy": wild

5. Confucius said: "If a gentleman is not serious, he will not be powerful; if he is learned, he will not be solid. The main thing is loyalty." "If you don't have friends who are worse than yourself, don't be afraid to correct your mistakes."

A gentleman has no dignity without dignity. Even if he studies, what he has learned will not be consolidated. Loyalty and integrity must be the main thing. It is better not to make friends. One's own friends. Don't be afraid of correcting mistakes.

6. Zizhang said: "It is different from what I have heard: A gentleman respects the virtuous and tolerates others, praises the good but is humble. My great virtuousness is with others." Why not? If I am not virtuous, people will reject me. How can I reject others? "

A gentleman respects virtuous people and tolerates ordinary people; he rewards good people and sympathizes with those with poor abilities. If I am good, who can't tolerate me? If I am not good, others will refuse to be kind to me. How can I talk about rejecting others if I make friends with you?

7. Master said: "If you fail to learn, you are afraid of losing it."

Learning is like chasing something, and I am always afraid. If you can't catch up, you will be afraid of being thrown away when you catch up.

8. The Master said: "Those who speak without being lazy will also respond!" "

Confucius said: "The only person who listens to me without slacking off is Yan Hui.

9. When Zi entered the Ancestral Temple, he asked about everything. Or he said: "Who is it?" "Does the son of a man from Zou know the etiquette? When he enters the Taimiao, he asks about everything." When Confucius asked, he said, "It's the etiquette."

When Confucius entered the Taimiao, he always asked some questions. Someone said: "Who said Confucius knew 'propriety'? Every time he entered the temple, he always asked questions." Confucius heard about this and said, "This kind of behavior is 'propriety'! ” 2. Sources of stories about Confucius in classical Chinese and translated into modern texts

Confucius / traveled east, saw / two children / arguing / and asked / why.

Yi'er said: "I think that when the sun begins to rise, people are near, but when the sun is in the middle of the day, people are far away."

Yi'er thinks that when the sun begins to rise, people are far away. And / the middle of the day / is near.

One son said: "When the sun rises, it is as big as a car hood, and when it is in the middle of the day, it is like a dish (yú). Isn't this why the ones far away are small and the ones close up are big?"

Yi'er said: "At the beginning of the day, it is cool in Cang (cāng), and in the middle of the day, it is like exploring the soup. Isn't this because the ones near are hot and the ones far away are cool?"

Yi'er said: p>

Confucius/cannot/determine.

The two children laughed and said: "Which (shú) do you/(rǔ) know more (zhì)?"

Translation:

Confucius went eastward While on a study tour, I saw two children arguing and asked them why they were arguing.

A child said: "I think the sun is close to people when it first rises, and it is far away from people at noon."

Another child thinks that the sun is close to people when it first rises. When it is noon, it is far away from people, but when it is noon, it is close to people.

A child said: "When the sun first rises, it is as big as a car hood. At noon, it is as big as a plate. Isn't this how small it is when it is far away and how big it is when it is close?"

Another child said: "It's very cool when the sun first comes out, but at noon it's as hot as putting your hand in hot water. Isn't this how hot it is when you are close and cool when you are far away?"

Confucius could not Decide who is right and who is wrong.

The two children smiled and said: "Who said you are knowledgeable?"

Source: "Lie Zi. Tang Wen" 3. Classical Chinese essays about Confucius

Only "The Analects of Confucius"! Original text 1·1 Confucius said (1): "Learning (2) and practicing (3) from time to time, don't you also say (4)? Isn't it a pleasure to have friends (5) come from afar (6)? People don't know ( 7), but not jealous (8), not also a gentleman (9)? "Notes (1) Zi: In ancient China, it was an honorific title for a man of status and knowledge, and sometimes it was also called a man in general.

The words "Confucius said" in "The Analects of Confucius" all refer to Confucius. (2) Learning: The "learning" mentioned by Confucius here mainly refers to the study of traditional cultural classics such as rituals, music, poetry, and calligraphy of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

(3) Shi Xi: In the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, the word "Shi" was used as an adverb, meaning "at a certain time" or "at the appropriate time". However, Zhu Xi explained "Shi" as "Shi Chang" in "Collected Commentary on the Analects of Confucius".

"Xi" refers to practicing etiquette and music; reviewing poems and books. It also means review, practice, and practice.

(4) Say: Yin yuè, Tongyue, meaning happy and happy. (5) You Peng: One book is "You Peng".

An old note said, "A fellow student is called a friend", that is, people who study under the same teacher are called friends, that is, people who share the same goals. (6) Le: It is different from speaking.

An old note says that joy is found within, while happiness is found outside. (7) People don’t know: This sentence is incomplete and does not say what people don’t know.

Missing object. Generally speaking, knowing means understanding.

People don’t know, which means that others don’t understand themselves. (8) 愠: Sound yùn, anger, resentment.

(9) Gentleman: The gentleman in the Analects of Confucius sometimes refers to a virtuous person, and sometimes refers to a person with status. This refers to Confucius’s ideal of a person with a noble personality.

Translation Confucius said: "Isn't it very pleasant to have learned and review and practice often? Isn't it very pleasant to have like-minded people coming from afar? I don't resent people who don't understand me. , Isn't he a virtuous gentleman?" Original text 1·2 Youzi (1) said: "He is also filial to his younger brother (2), but he likes to offend his superiors (3), which is rare (4); he does not like to offend his superiors. , but those who like to cause chaos are not there (5). A gentleman is based on his roots (6), and the Tao is born (7).

What is the basis of being a filial brother (8)? (1) Youzi: Confucius's student, with the surname You and the given name Ruo, was 13 years younger than Confucius, one said he was 33 years younger. The latter theory is more credible.

In the book "The Analects of Confucius", the students of Confucius recorded are generally called "Zi", and only Zeng Shen and Youruo are called "Zi". Therefore, many people believe that the Analects was written by Zeng Shen and Youruo.

(2) Filial piety: filial piety, the correct attitude of children towards their parents in the slave society; brother, the pronunciation and meaning of "Ti" (sound tì) are the same, that is, the correct attitude of younger brothers towards their elders. Filial piety and brotherhood are two basic moral norms especially advocated by Confucius and Confucianism.

An old note says: Doing good things to parents is called filial piety, and doing good things to elders is called brother. (3) Guoshang: commit, offend, commit a crime.

Shang refers to the person in a superior position. (4) Fresh: The sound is xiǎn, meaning less.

The word "fresh" in the Analects of Confucius is used in this way. (5) What is not yet is: This is the inverted sentence pattern of "what is not yet".

There is a rule in the syntax of ancient Chinese. If the object of a negative sentence is a pronoun, it is usually placed before the verb. (6) Wuben: Wuben, concentration and dedication.

Basic, fundamental. (7) Tao: In ancient Chinese thought, Tao has many meanings.

The Tao here refers to the benevolence advocated by Confucius, that is, the entire moral ideological system with benevolence as the core and its embodiment in real life. To put it simply, it is the basic principle of governing a country and being a human being.

(8) The foundation of benevolence: benevolence is the highest category of Confucius’ philosophical thought and is also the code of ethics. Being the foundation of benevolence means taking filial piety and brotherhood as the foundation of benevolence.

There is another explanation that believes that the ancient word "benevolence" is the word "human", which is the foundation of benevolence and the foundation of being a human being. Translation Youzi said: "There are very few people who are filial to their parents, obedient to their elders, but like to offend the rulers above.

There are no people who don't like to offend the rulers above, but like to rebel. . When a gentleman devotes himself to fundamental matters, the principles of governing a country and being a man are established.

This is the foundation of benevolence." Original text 1.3 Confucius said: Clever words make people look (1), fresh (2) benevolent. "Annotations (1) Clever words and colors: Zhu Xi's note: "Be good at your words, be good at your colors, and decorate them externally, so as to speak to others. "

Qiao and Ling both mean beautiful. But here it should be interpreted as pretending to be pleasant.

(2) Xian: means less. Translation Confucius said: " People who talk sweetly and pretend to be pleasant have very little benevolence. "

Original text 1·4 Zengzi (1) said: "I examine (2) my body three times in a day. Are you being unfaithful to others (3)? Are you friends with friends who don’t believe in (4)? Are you not used to it? "Notes (1) Zengzi: Zengzi's surname was Zeng Shen (pronounced shēn) and his courtesy name was Ziyu. He was born in 505 BC. He was a native of the state of Lu. He was a descendant of the nobles of the state of Zuo who were destroyed by the state of Lu.

Zeng Shen was a favorite disciple of Confucius and was famous for his filial piety. It is said that he wrote the "Book of Filial Piety"

(2) Three Provinces: Province (pronounced xǐng), there are several interpretations of Three Provinces: 1. It is three inspections; the second is inspection from three aspects; the third is multiple inspections.

In fact, in ancient times, numbers were added before action verbs to indicate the frequency of actions, so it does not need to be regarded as three times. 3) Loyalty: The old note says: To do one’s best is to be loyal.

This refers to doing one’s best to others. (4) Faith: The old note says: A believer is sincere. > Honesty is called trust. It requires people to keep trust with each other according to the provisions of etiquette to adjust the relationship between people.

(5) Chuan Bu Xi: Chuan, the old note said: "It is said by the teacher. The legend. The teacher imparted it to him.

Xi, the same as the word "xi" in "learning and practicing", refers to review, practice, practice, etc. Translation: Zengzi said: "I reflect on myself many times every day. Have I done my best in doing things for others? Have I been honest and trustworthy in my interactions with friends? Have I reviewed the studies the teacher taught me?" Original text 1 ·5 The Master said: "The way (1) builds a country of thousands of chariots (2), respects service (3), is economical and loves people (4), and makes the people live in good time (5)."

Note (1): One book is called "guide", which is used as a verb. Here is the meaning of governance.

(2) The Kingdom of Thousand Chariots: Cheng, pronounced in shèng, means vehicle. This refers to the basic units of the ancient army.

Each military vehicle with four horses has 3 soldiers on board, 72 infantry under the vehicle, and 25 support personnel, totaling 100 people. The country of a thousand chariots refers to a country with 1,000 chariots, that is, a vassal state.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, wars were frequent, so the strength of a country was calculated by the number of vehicles. In the time of Confucius, the country of thousands of chariots was no longer a big country.

(3) Jingshi: The word Jing is generally used to express things. 4. Excerpts from Classical Chinese (Collected Sayings of Confucius) Complete Translation of Confucius on Water

Confucius on Water Zigong asked: "A gentleman must look at the big water when he sees it, why?" Confucius said: "He who talks about water , Qizi is more than a virtue. He is selfless and seems to be a virtue; he who is born is like benevolence; his flow is humble, and his sentences are all based on his reason, which seems to be meaningful; the shallow ones are popular, and the deep ones are unpredictable, like wisdom; he goes there The valley of a hundred ren is not doubtful, it seems to be brave; it is weak and slightly reaching, it seems to be observing; it is not willing to accept evil, it is like a package; it is unclear to enter, and it is fresh and clean to come out, it seems to be good; it must be flat when it is measured, it seems to be right; It is full and does not seek generalizations, it is like a degree; its twists and turns must be eastward, like a meaning. Therefore, when a gentleman sees a big water, he must look at it." Notes: ①According to "Collected Confucius" quoted from "Shuoyuan·Miscellaneous Comments", the title is Added by the editor. ② Zigong: A student of Confucius, with the compound surname Duanmu, given name Ci, and courtesy name Zigong, a native of Wei. ③ Yu: to give. ④ Humble: low. This refers to the downward direction of water. ⑤ All sentences are based on this reason: Refers to the curves, squares and circles of water and other characteristics that follow the shape of objects. ⑥ Mianweiweida: curves, softness and subtleties. ⑦ Rang: Dictionary, extended to defense. ⑧ Shanhua: good at educating and transforming. ⑨ General: ancient quantity The wooden board used to scrape the dendrobium trees when rice is used. It is used as a verb here, and it is extended to scrape and flatten. (10) Bidong: It must flow eastward into the sea. Translation: Zigong asked: "A gentleman must be careful when he sees a flood. Look, what's the reason?" Confucius said: "Water, can it inspire a gentleman to use it as a metaphor for his own moral cultivation? It spreads all over the world and gives to all things without partiality, just like the morality of a gentleman; wherever it goes, all things grow. It is like the benevolence of a gentleman; the nature of water is downward, taking shape with things, just like the high righteousness of a gentleman; the shallow parts flow endlessly, and the deep depths are unpredictable, just like the wisdom of a gentleman; rushing into the abyss without hesitation is like a gentleman's handling of matters. Decisiveness and perseverance; seeping into every detail and understanding every detail, just like a gentleman's discernment; suffering a bad reputation, silently refusing to defend, like a gentleman's open-minded mind that tolerates everything; even under mud and sand, it is still a clear water in the end, just like a gentleman's ability to transform things; pretending to be good at transforming things. When entering a measuring vessel, it must be kept level, just like a gentleman who stands upright; when it is full, he stops and does not want to do more than he wants, just like a gentleman who pays attention to propriety and handles things in a measured way; no matter what the twists and turns, he must flow eastward into the sea. It is like the unwavering faith and will of a gentleman. Therefore, when a gentleman sees the water, he must observe it carefully (because this is undoubtedly observing himself!)."

5. The story of Confucius "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" should be written in both vernacular and classical Chinese, and the story is required. Zhong Gong

-- Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you. This allusion comes from "The Analects of Confucius· "Yan Yuan": "Zhong Gong asked about benevolence, and Confucius said: When you go out, you are like seeing a distinguished guest, and you treat the people as if you are receiving a great sacrifice. Do not do to others what you do not want to do to yourself. Have no resentment in the country, and have no resentment at home." This is what Confucius said about benevolence. "Wei Linggong": "Zi Gong asked: Is there anything you can say that can be implemented throughout your life? The Master said: Forgiveness. Do not do to others what you do not want to do to yourself." This also means forgiveness. Its meaning is roughly: Don’t ask others to accept things you don’t like; don’t ask others to do things you don’t want to do. This is a concrete embodiment of Confucius’ thought of benevolence: “Don’t do to others what you don’t want others to do to you.” This saying comes from "The Analects of Confucius - Yan Yuan Chapter" is one of Confucius's classic sayings and the essence of Confucian culture. China's "The Analects of Confucius" is like the Western "Bible", which is a summary and guidance of a nation or a regional culture. The Analects of Confucius is divided into twenty chapters, of which the "Yan Yuan Chapter" mainly tells Confucius's explanation of "benevolence" and "forgiveness". "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" means: Don't do to others what you don't want. Do not impose on others. Confucius emphasized that people should treat others with forgiveness and should promote the way of "forgiveness". Only in this way can it be the expression of benevolence. The way of "forgiveness" is the negative expression of "benevolence", and its positive expression is "If you want to establish yourself, you should establish others; if you want to achieve yourself, you should reach others." The benevolence explained by Confucius centers on "loving others", and the behavior of loving others certainly includes the aspect of forgiving and treating others. "The Analects" mentioned: Confucius The only way to treat others is to be loyal and forgiving. What this sentence reveals is an important principle in dealing with interpersonal relationships. What Confucius said means that people should treat others with their own behavior as a reference. People should have a broad mind and treat others well. Never be narrow-minded, but be magnanimous and forgiving to others. If you force others to do what you don’t want, it will not only destroy the relationship with others, but also make things deadlocked and out of control. The relationship between people This principle should indeed be adhered to in communication. This is a reflection of respecting others and treating others equally. In addition to paying attention to one's own existence in life, one must also pay attention to the existence of others. People are equal and must not do what you do not want others to do. Apply to others. The "people" understood above is in a broad sense and refers to the public. However, the definition of "people" in the era when "The Analects" was born usually refers to the narrow sense, that is, people above the scholar level, and "people". " is a relative term. "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" is preceded by "When going out, it's like seeing a distinguished guest, and treating the people as if they are receiving a great sacrifice." This is narrated in the same sentence. It is obvious that here The "people" refers to the exploited class, the working people. In today's language, "people" in the narrow sense refers to slave owners, that is, the exploiting class, and "people" refers to slaves, that is, the exploited class, so this sentence Of course, it can be understood that the interpersonal principle of "Do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you" applies to the exploiting class, but the relationship between the exploiting class and the exploited class may not be the same. This understanding is not nonsense, nor It is not completely impossible. However, as we all know, Confucius is a person who strongly advocates "benevolence". The "human" here should refer to the broad sense. What Confucius said is not a universal theorem. If If everything is based on this principle, many things will get stuck in the middle and it will be difficult to move forward. If two people confront each other with guns, their lives are at stake. A is righteous and B is evil. At this time, if A abides by "Don't do to you what you don't want others to do to you, do not do to you." The principle of "people" is not tragic! Of course A doesn't want to be killed, so why not kill B who doesn't want to be killed? Any truth or law is only suitable under certain conditions and circumstances. "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" is the essence of Confucianism and a deep-rooted creed of the Chinese nation. However, in reality many people cannot Adhere to the creed of "Do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you", everything should be centered on personal interests, only take into account one's own feelings, and ignore the feelings of others. No matter whether it is dealing with interpersonal relationships or political relations, we should not do anything to others. Hesitantly recognize the importance of the time-honored principle of human relations: "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you."

6. Translation of Confucius’ stories

■Perfect: extremely good, without flaws.

When Confucius was in Qi, he had the opportunity to appreciate what he considered the most beautiful music [[Shao ]]. Said it was "perfect and beautiful!" Then he was deeply moved and kept thinking about it for many days. Meat had no taste anymore. March did not know the taste of meat. It was originally used to describe Confucius's obsession with music. situation. It is really strange that later generations used it to describe poverty.

■eloquent talk: talking leisurely

In the hierarchy of the Zhou Dynasty, Confucius' status was equivalent to that of a subordinate official. Confucius was a man who strived to comply with Zhou etiquette in every move he made. He spoke human language when he saw people, and told ghosts when he saw ghosts. In his hometown, he seemed gentle and respectful, as if he could not speak; in court occasions, he was good at speaking. Talking is just a little cautious; in the court, when the monarch is not around, he talks to officials at the same level, talking eloquently and confidently; when talking to superiors, he is pleasant; when the monarch comes, he is respectful but uneasy, and very cautious.

■Not giving up day and night: It means that time keeps passing.

Confucius had a strong sense of time. He once sighed to the river: "The passing of people is like this, and they don't give up day and night." "It means: Time is gone and will never come back!" Just like the river flowing day and night!

Time is like running water, you must cherish it. The reason why Confucius is famous in history is because he understood: time is wealth!

Don't bargain; don't panic if you drop something. People have their own personalities and won't pick it up and keep it as their own.

■Enter the hall: It means that you have reached a certain level or that you have received special guidance from the teacher.

Zi Lu, a disciple of Confucius, was a brave man. One day he played the harp at Confucius' house. The sound of the harp contained murderous intent, which violated Confucius' taboo - benevolence. Naturally, Confucius didn't like it, and it was inconvenient for him to get angry. He was dissatisfied and said: "Zilu's skill in playing the harp has reached the hall, but he has not yet entered the inner room. Why does he want to play the harp in my house? It's boring!" When Confucius's disciples heard that the old master was dissatisfied with Zilu, they immediately changed their attitude towards him. Zilu's views and attitude made him despise him more and more.

Two revelations: It is better to be more content in other people's homes;

For the boss, you must know how to do what he wants. yes!

It is unacceptable to irresponsibly spread unfounded rumors on the road.

There are many similar things that are passed around in a serious manner. In fact, these rumors are full of loopholes. As long as you think carefully and check them out, you can see the lies contained in them. However, many people believe them to be true and enjoy them endlessly.

Are we ourselves too fragile and gullible, or is it too easy to incite emotions on the Internet? Be alert!

■Be so angry that you forget to eat: describe someone who studies hard and works hard.

Yin from a certain county in the state of Chu asked a disciple of Confucius, asking him to talk about his views on Confucius. The disciple was dull and cautious. When Confucius learned about it, he was very unhappy and complained: "Why don't you say: My teacher is a good scholar who is so angry that he forgets to eat, and he is happy and forgets to worry!" The disciple immediately understood when he heard it and said ashamedly: "Teacher, I was confused. Now I finally understand. If someone asks me again in the future, I will answer according to the teacher's instructions." Confucius felt comfortable and smiled happily and said: "Okay , OK, OK."

As the saying goes, the fragrance of wine does not fear the depth of the alley, but Confucius knew how to blow at the right time. He is really a model for us to learn from!

■Blowing drums and attacking: describing people who denounce crimes.

Ran Qiu, a disciple of Confucius, was working in the court and was preparing to try out new laws. He asked Confucius for advice. Confucius happened to be on the conservative side. On the other hand, Confucius was extremely angry and scolded Ran Qiu. Ran Qiu repeatedly insisted on his reforms, so Confucius issued a fatwa to all his disciples: Ran Qiu is not my disciple, you all attack him together! "[[The Analects of Confucius.Advanced Chapter]]"I beg you, you are not my disciple, you can just beat the drum and attack!

Wow, there is strength in numbers. Since ancient times, numbers have always been stronger than numbers, and the strong-bullying style has long been established.

How are your social relationships? Do you have a strong background? Do you have many friends? If not, you should be careful and keep yourself clean!

He dared to look for him, but he was provoked by Thieves Zhi to curse him, which made Confucius lose his sight, his face turned pale, and he was full of shame! Come on, those people who are annoyed by Confucius have a chance to scold together with the hero:

"You damn master, you don't work but you eat well, you don't spin but you wear well, If you talk all day long, stir up trouble, confuse the kings of the world, and pretend to be filial to your parents and friendly to your brothers, in order to obtain titles and wealth, you will be the greatest thief in the world. Yao and Shun rose up and established hundreds of ministers. , the king of Shang was exiled, and King Wu of Zhou killed Shang Zhou. From then on, the strong bullied the weak in society. What you said is something I despise. It cannot preserve human nature. It is all about running around, hypocrisy and cunning. Things.

Why don’t people in the world call you Robber of Qiu, but call me Robber of Zhi! You are a heinous person, go back quickly, or I will use your liver to add food to wine. ! "

■Dong Jia Zhi Qiu: A metaphor for not knowing the famous people around you.

Confucius was famous for his hometown in Shandong. For thousands of years, almost no one knew about it. However, when he was alive, he was not so famous. [[Confucius’ family sayings]] said: Confucius’ west neighbor lived an old man , but it’s not that the neighbor is a big shot. Every time Confucius is mentioned, he will call him by his nickname and say he is my master’s hillock.

7. Classical Chinese: Confucius on making friends. If you want the answer to this classical Chinese, you can explain it.

Original text 1. Confucius said: "Three friends will benefit you, and you will lose three friends ①. Friends are straightforward, friends are forgiving ②, and you have many friends. Hearing, benefit. Friendship will be ③, friendly and soft ④, friends will be sycophant ⑤, and it will be harmed." "The Analects of Confucius? Ji's Chapter" Notes ① Harm: damage. ② Forgiveness: faithfulness. ③ Benefit: flattery. ④ Kindness Rou: Compliment to the face, slander behind the back. ⑤Flattery: Sweet words. Translation: Confucius said: "There are three kinds of beneficial friends, and there are three kinds of harmful friends. Make friends with upright people, make friends with honest people, and make friends with well-informed people." It is beneficial to make friends with people who flatter you. It is harmful to make friends with people who flatter you and slander them. It is harmful to make friends with people who flatter you. "You cannot interpret life without friends," What a joy it is to have friends from far away! "The joy of making friends and learning. "The Lord is loyal and trustworthy, and no friend is as good as oneself." Don't make friends with people who are not loyal and trustworthy. The joy of making friends and the prudence in choosing friends are all mentioned by Confucius. Repeated warnings. This chapter also warns us that "three friends are beneficial and three are harmful." There are three kinds of friends who are helpful and three kinds of friends who are harmful. Upright friends can help you achieve benevolence, and upright people can speak out and give honest advice. "Assist with friends." "Benevolence", forgiveness, honesty. Honest friends are your support. Those who are forgiving can be loyal and not deceived. "Trust makes people do whatever they want." Friends who are well-informed can help you gain knowledge and wisdom by discussing knowledge. Those who are well-informed can understand politics. The key is to "make friends through literature". 8. The story of Confucius, preferably in ancient Chinese and in translation

There is a story about Confucius. This story is as old as Laozi. Confucius was traveling and passing by a village, he saw an old man, a very old man. An old man, he fetched water from the well to irrigate the fields. It was very hard work, and the sun was so bright. Confucius thought that this man might not have heard that there are mechanical devices that can fetch water now - you can use cows or horses instead It is easier for people to fetch water - so Confucius went over and said to the old man: "Have you heard of the machines now? It is very easy to fetch water from the well with them, and if you do twelve hours of work, they can It can be done in half an hour. You can let a horse do it. Why do you have to expend so much effort? You are an old man." He must be ninety years old. The man said: "You always work with your hands. It's good, because whenever a cunning machine is used, a cunning mind appears. In fact, only cunning minds use cunning machines. Aren't you trying to corrupt me? I'm an old man, let me. I will die as innocent as when I was born. It is good to work with your hands. One will remain humble." Confucius returned to his disciples. The disciples asked, "What are you talking about with that old man?" Confucius said: "He seemed to be a disciple of Lao Tzu. He gave me a hard knock, and his argument seemed to be correct." When you work with your hands, there is no shadow of the mind, and one remains humble. , simple, natural. When you work with cunning machines, the mind gets involved. Those who work with their minds are called heads: heads of clerks, heads of teachers - they are called heads. Don't be a head. Even if you do Being a staff member is already bad enough, let alone being the head staff member... That's it. Being a teacher is bad enough, let alone being the head teacher... You have to try to become a "hand". "Hand" is criticized because They are not cunning and competitive enough; they seem primitive. Try working with your hands more and you will find that the shadow appears less and less. It shows that Confucius was a person who accepted criticism and suggestions from others with an open mind. Confucius's story Zilu Confucius once asked: "When you hear that an idea is very good, should you implement it immediately?" Confucius said: "There are fathers and brothers who are more experienced and experienced than you. You should ask them for advice first. Where can you implement it immediately?" Do it?" But Ran You also asked Confucius: "I heard that an idea is very good, should I implement it immediately?" Confucius replied: "Of course I should implement it immediately." Gong Xihua saw the same question and gave a different answer. , couldn't figure it out, so he asked Confucius. Confucius said: "Ran Qiu is timid when things happen, so we should encourage him to be brave; Zhong You is rash when things happen, so we should tell him to be cautious."