Construction site: Olympic Park

Building area (ten thousand square meters): 25.8. Number of seats: 80,000 permanent seats and 1 1000 temporary seats.

Games-time functions: track and field, football

Post-game functions: international and domestic sports competitions and cultural and recreational activities.

Commencement time: 2003. 12.24

Beijing 2008 Olympic Games Opening and Closing Ceremonies!

The Bird's Nest is the main stadium of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The giant stadium designed by Herzog, De Mellon, Plic Prize winner in 200 1 year and architect Li Xinggang from China is like a "bird's nest" that breeds life, and more like a cradle, which breeds human hope for the future. The designer did not do any unnecessary treatment to the National Stadium, but frankly exposed the structure, thus naturally forming the appearance of the building.

Design concept of "Bird's Nest"

The National Stadium is located on the gentle slope in the central area of the Olympic Park. The design of the stadium is like a container. The undulating appearance of the highland relieves the sense of volume of the building and gives it a dramatic and shocking appearance. The image of the national stadium is perfect and pure, and the appearance is the structure of the building. The facade and structure have reached a perfect unity. The components of the structure support each other to form a reticulated frame, just like a bird's nest woven with branches. The space effect of the stadium is original, simple and elegant. It set up a unique historical landmark building for the 2008 Olympic Games. The stadium is like a huge container. No matter from a distance or from a close distance, it will leave a unique and indelible impression. It completely meets the functional and technical requirements of the national stadium, which is different from the long-span structure and digital screen design methods of general stadium buildings. The space effect of the stadium is original, simple and elegant. From here, people can browse the whole area, including the stairs leading to the stands. Gymnasium is an indoor urban space with restaurants and shops, just like a commercial street corridor or square, attracting people to linger.

Basic situation of "Bird's Nest"

The stadium shell adopts air cushion film, which can be used as filler to make the roof completely waterproof, and the sunlight can penetrate through the transparent roof to meet the growth needs of indoor lawns. During the competition, the stands can be varied to meet the requirements of different audiences in different periods. During the Olympic Games, there were 20,000 temporary seats on the top of the stadium, and everyone could see the whole stadium clearly. Through the reasonable division and design of streamline area, the problems of entrance, exit and people flow are perfectly solved.

"Bird's Nest" Scheme Collection

-global solicitation scheme, expert evaluation, public solicitation of social opinions and creation of great architectural works.

On June 25th, 2002, authorized by the Beijing Municipal People's Government and the Organizing Committee of the 29th Olympic Games, the Beijing Municipal Planning Commission collected the conceptual design scheme of the main stadium of the 2008 Olympic Games-China National Stadium.

The National Stadium is the first Beijing Olympic venue facility to enter the architectural design process. According to the introduction of Beijing Municipal Planning Commission, the national stadium architectural concept design competition is divided into two stages: the first stage is pre-qualification; The second stage is the official competition. By June 20th, 2002, 165438+ Competition Office had received valid prequalification documents from 44 famous design companies. After strict pre-qualification, 14 design companies were finally determined to enter the formal scheme competition, from China, the United States, France, Italy, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada and Switzerland.

The Olympic Games not only attracted the greatest athletes in the world to create the best results, but also attracted the greatest architects in the world to create the greatest works. Many of the world's most powerful design teams and talented designers, including the winner of the Plic Award, the highest prize in world architectural design, participated in the competition. On March 8, 2003, 13 well-known architectural design companies and design consortia from all over the world finally participated in the competition, and delivered their grand ideas for China National Stadium to Beijing. 13 design scheme includes 2 domestic schemes, 8 overseas schemes and 3 Chinese-foreign cooperation schemes.

In the subsequent scheme evaluation, the evaluation committee composed of three authoritative figures, including Guan Guan, academician of China Academy of Engineering, Koolhaas, Dutch architect, etc. 13, made strict evaluation, repeated comparison and careful screening of the entries. After two rounds of secret ballot, three excellent schemes were finally selected. They are the "Bird's Nest" scheme designed by the Swiss Herzog and De Mellon design companies and the consortium of China Architectural Design and Research Institute, the "Floating Roof" scheme independently designed by Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute of China, and the "Sky Stadium" scheme jointly designed by Japanese company Sato Comprehensive Plan and China Tsinghua University Architectural Design and Research Institute.

On this basis, the jury selected the "Bird's Nest" scheme by an overwhelming majority and recommended the implementation scheme. When discussing the "Bird's Nest" scheme, * * * 8 votes were in favor, 2 votes against and 2 abstentions, and 1 vote was invalid. It is rare for a scheme to gain so much knowledge in an international architectural competition.

In order to solicit public opinions, the organizers of the competition also exhibited all the 13 design schemes at the Beijing International Convention Center. The exhibition lasted for 6 days and attracted more than 6,000 votes from the audience. Among them, the "Bird's Nest" scheme recommended by Chinese and foreign judges won 3506 votes, the "floating roof" won 3472 votes and the "Sky Stadium" won 3454 votes, ranking the top three. "Bird's Nest" ranked first, which showed the recognition of the audience and the judges to a considerable extent.

After careful study by the decision-making departments, the "Bird's Nest" was finally determined as the final implementation plan of the main stadium of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games-China National Stadium.

The external structure of "Bird's Nest"

Basic materials

The external structure of "Bird's Nest" is mainly composed of huge portal steel frame, with 24 truss columns, 20 truss columns and 2 lower columns have been hoisted. The top of the National Stadium is saddle-shaped, with a major axis of 332.3 meters and a minor axis of 296.4 meters. The height of the highest point is 68.5 meters and the height of the lowest point is 42.8 meters. ..

Change of design scheme

Under the premise of keeping the architectural style of "Bird's Nest" unchanged, the new design scheme has greatly adjusted and optimized the structural layout, building cross-section form and material utilization rate. The openable roof in the original design scheme was cancelled, the opening of the roof was increased, and the steel consumption was greatly reduced by optimizing the steel structure. The long-span roof is supported on 24 truss columns with an interval of 37.96 meters. The main trusses are radially arranged around the opening in the middle of the roof, and 22 main trusses are straight or nearly straight. In order to avoid too complicated joints, a few main trusses are truncated near the inner ring. A large number of steel structures are box-shaped members welded by steel plates, and the cross-arranged main trusses, together with the substructure of the roof and facade, form a special architectural shape of "Bird's Nest". The main stand adopts reinforced concrete frame-shear wall structure system, which is completely separated from long-span steel structure.

Application of Q460 steel

Speaking of Q460 steel, most people may not understand it. The structural design of "Bird's Nest" is strange and novel, and the steel structure Q460 built this time has many unique features: Q460 is a low-alloy high-strength steel, which will only undergo plastic deformation when the stress intensity reaches 460 MPa, which is greater than that of ordinary steel, so it is very difficult to produce. This is the first time that Q460 steel has been used in building structures in China. The thickness of the steel plate used this time is 1 10 mm, which is unique in the past. In the national standard, the maximum thickness of Q460 is only100 mm. In the past, this kind of steel was generally imported from Luxembourg, South Korea and Japan. In order to provide a "suitable" Q460 for the Bird's Nest, from September 2004, the researchers of Henan Wuyang Special Steel began to tackle scientific and technological problems for more than half a year, and the trial production was finally successful three times. Nowadays, mass production of Q460 steel for "Bird's Nest" has begun. In 2008, 400 tons of domestic Q460 steel with independent innovation and intellectual property rights will support the "Bird's Nest".

special construction

In addition, the hoisting of the main truss in the inner ring of the roof and the installation of the substructure of the facade have been fully launched. The thickness of steel used in the "Bird's Nest" steel structure can reach 1 1 cm, which has never been produced in China. In addition, a translucent film will be pasted on the outer surface of the grid structure at the top of the "Bird's Nest". After using this film, the light in the stadium is not direct, but diffuse, making the light softer. Diffused light can also solve the maintenance problem of the stadium lawn, and also has the function of shielding the seat from wind and rain. Sliding openable roof is an important part of stadium structure. After closing, the stadium will become an indoor arena. Just like the lid of a container, whether the roof is closed or open, it is a basic part of a building. Except for some specific structural needs, the structure of the openable roof is basically a net structure, which becomes a waterproof shell after adding inflatable cushions.

More subtly, the "Bird's Nest" slightly raised the outdoor terrain of the whole stadium, and placed many ancillary facilities under the terrain, which not only avoided the huge investment consumed by underground excavation, but also landed slowly at the edge of the outdoor square, and built 2,000 open-air seats in the warm-up venue according to the situation, which was organically integrated with the surrounding environment and saved investment again.

The Symbolic Meaning of "Bird's Nest"

Many people who have seen the design model of the "Bird's Nest" describe it as a warm bird's nest made of a stadium with a capacity of 65,438+10,000 people and a branch-like steel net! The "nest" used to nurture and take care of life places human hopes for the future.

The components of the whole stadium structure support each other to form a grid-like frame, which looks like a bird's nest woven with branches. Its gray mineral-like steel mesh is covered with transparent film material, which includes a reddish bowl-shaped stadium stand. Here, the hollow-out technology, ceramic lines, the red brilliance and enthusiasm in China traditional culture are perfectly integrated with the most advanced modern steel structure design.

The whole building is connected by a huge net structure, and there are no columns inside. The grandstand is a complete bowl shape, without any shelter, like a huge container, which brings incredible drama and unparalleled shock to the stadium. This even and continuous ring will also give the audience the best view, stimulate their excitement and inspire athletes to sprint faster, higher and stronger. Here, people are truly given a central position.

Experts' evaluation of "Bird's Nest"

Guan Guan, chairman of the judging committee and academician of China Academy of Engineering, commented that this building has no redundant treatment, and everything has an image because of its function, and the architectural form and structural details are naturally unified.

The jury and many other architectural experts agreed that the "Bird's Nest" will not only set up a unique historic landmark for the 2008 Olympic Games, but also be of pioneering significance in the history of world architectural development, and will provide historical testimony for the development of China and the world architecture in the 2nd/kloc-0th century.

The "Bird's Nest" was rated as the "most powerful" project under construction in the world by The Times.

Resource saving of "Bird's Nest"

It is not easy to design and build the "Bird's Nest", and it is even more difficult to make the "Bird's Nest" full of vigor and vitality in the future. According to reports, the concept of thrifty hosting the Olympic Games and sustainable development has been running through the design of the "Bird's Nest" at the beginning and in the process of deepening the design. On the premise of meeting the Olympic functions, the balance between permanent facilities and temporary facilities should be fully considered. According to the requirements, the Bird's Nest has 654.38+million seats, of which 80,000 are permanent and the other 20,000 are temporarily added during the Olympic Games.

On this basis, the function of the "Bird's Nest" is combined with the future orientation of the surrounding areas and even the long-term development planning of the whole city. According to the established planning scheme, the central area of the Olympic Park where the "Bird's Nest" is located will become a civic activity center integrating sports competitions, conferences and exhibitions, culture and entertainment, business and leisure shopping. As the main stadium of Beijing Olympic Games, the "Bird's Nest" will become one of the landmark buildings in Beijing, and it will also become a hot spot for people to visit and travel for a long time. At the same time, in the design and construction of the "Bird's Nest", great efforts have been made in the versatility of the site and space to improve the utilization efficiency of the site. In addition to undertaking the opening and closing ceremonies and sports competitions, it will also meet the needs of fitness, business, exhibitions and performances, laying a solid foundation for the successful implementation of "post-Olympic development".

As the main stadium of Beijing Olympic Games, the National Stadium will adopt solar photovoltaic power generation system. Green Olympics, high-tech Olympics and people's Olympics are the three major themes of Beijing Olympic Games. Suntech's solar photovoltaic power generation system is located in the Bird's Nest, which integrates clean and environmentally friendly solar power generation with the National Stadium. It is not only an excellent embodiment of the three themes of the Beijing Olympic Games, but also plays a positive role in promoting the use of green energy, effectively controlling and reducing air pollution in Beijing and surrounding areas, and advocating a green lifestyle. At present, the technology of solar photovoltaic power generation system is at the advanced level in the world. The solar power generation system is independently developed by Wuxi Suntech Solar Power Co., Ltd. and exclusively provided to the National Stadium. It is installed on the main channel of the National Stadium 12, with a total investment of RMB10,000,000 and a total capacity of 130 kW, which will be a good supplement to the power supply of the National Stadium.

The construction process of bird's nest

It has been four years since the birth and construction of the National Stadium, which is known as the "Bird's Nest". During this period, it experienced many hot spots, such as making plans, choosing addresses, provoking criticism and stopping construction. But none of this will affect the single steel structure project in the world to become a landmark building in Beijing. On March 3rd, 2002, KLOC-0, the planning and design scheme of the National Stadium was publicly solicited for the whole world. On July 2, 2002, 89 planning and design schemes were received. On June 5438+ 10, 2002, BOCOG announced the pre-qualification documents and solicitation letter of intent for Olympic projects to the world. At the beginning of the following year, five qualified applicants were identified for the National Stadium project, and entered the second stage of project legal person bidding. In April, 2003, the "Bird's Nest" project, designed by Herzog and De Mellon, Arup Engineering Consulting Company and the design consortium of China Architectural Design and Research Institute, was finally selected. On February 24th, 2003, 65438+ 9: 05 am, the "Bird's Nest" broke ground. In July 2004, in order to further realize the "thrifty Olympics", the construction of the "Bird's Nest" was temporarily suspended. On February 28th, 2004, 65438, after careful design and re-evaluation by experts, the National Stadium project officially resumed work, and the project entered a period of rapid advancement. On June 5438+ 10 last year, the concrete structure of the inner stand was completed, and on June 5438+065438+ 10/0, 55, 2005, the national stadium was capped ahead of schedule. The main task this year is to complete the external steel structure, and the decoration project will be started in 2007. It is estimated that the whole project will be completed by the end of 2007.

The ignition scheme for the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games was initially determined to be integrated with the "Bird's Nest".

It is learned from BOCOG that the ignition scheme for the opening ceremony of Beijing Olympic Games has been preliminarily determined, and the opening ceremony site will be integrated with the "Bird's Nest".

Zhang Yimou, the general director of the opening and closing ceremonies of the Beijing Olympic Games, said that for an Olympic Games, a successful opening ceremony means that the Olympic Games are half successful. For an Olympic opening ceremony, a successful lighting ceremony means that the opening ceremony is half done. Zhang Yimou revealed that the ignition scheme for the opening ceremony has been preliminarily determined. As a top secret, only 10 people know at present. It is reported that the design of the ignition ceremony was proposed by the creative team and needs to be reported to the superior for approval. At present, it has been reported to the International Olympic Committee for approval.

Zhang Yimou said that the opening ceremony of the 2004 Athens Olympic Games was well integrated with modern science and technology. As for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, Zhang Yimou said that he would make full use of the artistic Bird's Nest Stadium, adjust measures to local conditions and make use of the possibility of venues to integrate the performances of the opening and closing ceremonies of the Beijing Olympic Games with the Bird's Nest. The Bird's Nest Stadium is like a lucky cloud on the torch, which is beautiful. This is an overall planning stadium, and you can't do whatever you want like the old stadium. We should conceive according to the characteristics of the Bird's Nest, and what we should do is "harmony between man and nature".

It is reported that the opening and closing ceremonies are divided into three parts, with 300 people. The preparations for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Beijing Olympic Games are all carried out in the opening and closing ceremonies operation center of the Beijing Olympic Games.

9 1000 spectators watch the game equally.

The 340-meter-long and 300-meter-wide "Bird's Nest" has no columns, but is surrounded by a series of radial portal steel trusses.

The "Bird's Nest" embodies humanistic care.

Bowl seat. These seats are surrounded by the folding structure of the stadium, and the upper and lower floors are staggered. No matter where the spectators sit, the line-of-sight distance from the center of the stadium is about140m.

Three layers of "special devices", including the sound-absorbing film material used in the lower membrane of the "Bird's Nest", the sound-absorbing material set on the steel structure members and the electroacoustic amplification system used in the stadium, make the speech intelligibility index in the "Bird's Nest" reach 0.6-this figure ensures that the audience sitting in any position can clearly hear the broadcast.

The designer of "Bird's Nest" also used fluid mechanics design to simulate the natural ventilation of 965,438+0,000 people watching the game at the same time, so that all the spectators could enjoy the same natural light and natural ventilation.

In the auditorium of the Bird's Nest, there are more than 200 wheelchair seats for the disabled. These wheelchair seats are slightly higher than ordinary seats, ensuring the same vision for the disabled and the general audience. During the Games, hearing AIDS and wireless broadcasting systems will be provided in the venue to provide personalized services for people with hearing and visual impairment.

The subtleties show humanistic care.

It is reported that the length of the athletes' passage, the wardrobe in the athletes' lounge, the ratio of male to female in the audience toilet pit, and the distribution of water diversion points in the media workshop have also become research topics of relevant departments.

"Whether it is design, construction or interior decoration, all our starting points are people-oriented, based on the feelings of athletes, based on the senses of the audience, and based on the requirements of journalists." This is a goal of all designers and builders of the "Bird's Nest".

Humanistic design

In addition to the above facilities in the "Bird's Nest", even the design of the "Bird's Nest" fully embodies the people-oriented concept. The reason why the "Bird's Nest" is not completely closed is that this design can not only make natural air circulate, but also provide shelter for spectators and athletes. (Christine)

Bird's Nest in Nature

Bird’s Nest

There are more than 8900 kinds of birds on the earth. When breeding, the number of eggs is 1, and the number of eggs is 10. The time required to hatch eggs varies from 10 days to several months. How can these eggs not roll away during hatching and be protected from natural enemies? Nest! The Bird's Nest is the safest and most reliable "home" for birds and the warmest cradle for chicks.

No matter what kind of bird it is, nesting is a very huge and arduous "project", which requires painstaking labor. Swallows, sparrows and magpies are familiar "neighbors". They often nest under the eaves of human houses and on the branches of courtyard gardens. Careful ornithologists have made accurate records. During the four or five days when a pair of grey magpies built their nests, * * * took 666 nest materials, including 253 dead branches, 0/54 green leaves, 23 grass roots, 82 cow hairs and 54 mud balls. A goldfinch's nest weighs only 53.2 grams, but there are 753 nest materials in total.

Louyan, who nests on towers, temples and other buildings, needs to grab small snails and nesting materials such as soil, grass sticks and saliva from the distant river mud beach, and then build a bowl-shaped nest bit by bit, which takes 1 week. Its close relative, Jin Siyan, has well-developed salivary glands, and can build a nest with pure saliva, which condenses and dries as soon as the wind blows, thus building a translucent small bowl-shaped nest. After this kind of bird's nest processing, it is a precious tonic-bird's nest, which has been famous all over the world since ancient times.

The hornbill, a rare bird in the world, chose a natural cave on a tall tree trunk as a nesting site to build a cage nest. Qi Xin, a couple, works together. The male bird frequently carries soil, while the female bird sits in the hole, spits out a lot of mucus from her stomach and mixes it with the mud ball, and seals the tree hole with it, leaving only a hole in front, where she can stick out her mouth. Throughout the incubation period, females are fed by males.

In order to build beautiful new houses to attract their spouses, bowerbirds living in tropical rain forests in Australia always choose secluded places with ventilation and light, sufficient forest space, food and water, and then take branches 20~30 cm long everywhere to build two dense fences on both sides of the cleaned ground, with the middle as an aisle; At the end of the corridor, there is also a "dance floor", and the whole structure is like a small and exquisite courtyard. More interestingly, it also collects colorful objects everywhere, such as flowers and colorful feathers, and displays them on dance floors and fences. Ornithologists have observed that males take away withered flowers and berries every day, replace them with flowers and fruits, and decorate the "small courtyard" with colorful colors.

There are many bird's nests built in very hidden places and disguised. Claudia is a talented disguise teacher. In the litter layer on the surface, she weaved a spherical nest with branch fibers and grass stalks, and then covered it with a lot of moss and various branches and leaves, exposing only an irregular black hole for parents to enter and leave. There is also a kind of buried bird that "nests but doesn't hatch eggs". Its nest is built under the forest. First, it dug a big pit, and a lot of leaves were piled in the pit, which was padded with solid soil. In this way, a layer of leaves and a layer of land are piled up until a large mound with a diameter of 3-4 meters and a height of 1.5 meters is built, and then a hole is dug at the top of the mound and eggs are buried in it. The temperature required for hatching eggs is provided by the fermentation of leaves in the mound.

The structure built by birds to hide eggs and chicks during breeding can gather the laid eggs together and promote hatching; It can also keep warm and protect parents, chicks and eggs from natural enemies.

The nests of the lower groups are simple, and some only dig a shallow pit on the surface without adding any nest materials, such as penguins, ostriches, golden-eyed birds, white-fronted terns and so on. Some only apply a few hay stalks in the pit, such as yellow-footed three-toed quail, gray-headed pheasant and hairy pheasant. The ground nests of pheasants, cranes and geese are more complicated. They use soft substances such as grass, leaves and down, and some can be woven into a disc-shaped nest. These birds lay more eggs in each nest, and the color of the eggs is sometimes very similar to the color of the environment. Most chicks grow early and can move independently soon after hatching.

Some waterfowl, such as snipe, crake, Dong chicken, bony cock, etc., often bend reeds and cattails on the water and weave them into dish-shaped floating nests.

Some birds of prey and climbers nest in tree holes or crevices, such as owls and woodpeckers. Their eggs are mostly pure white, chicks are late, and the incubation period is generally longer.

Most arboreal birds weave nests with branches, grass stems, hairs and feathers between branches, and the nests of lower groups (such as pigeons) are the simplest, with only a few branches spliced into a shallow dish; The nests of herons, falcons and some large birds (such as crows) are mainly made of thick branches, reinforced with soil and lined with soft substances such as twigs, grass stems, feathers and hair to form a pot-shaped nest. The chickens are all late.

Higher birds are good at weaving delicate nests. They mainly use fine grass stems and plant fibers to weave dish-shaped, spherical or flask-shaped nests, and some use spider silk to weave soft materials such as moss and animal hair into elastic felt-like nests. Sparrows and birds nest cleverly and covertly, with high survival rate of offspring, few eggs per nest and late chicks. In the evolutionary history of birds, finches have adapted to the radiation of different ecological environments and formed a variety of lifestyles and nesting methods, which can nest on the ground, tree holes, crevices, aquatic plants, stems, branches, holes in human buildings and so on.

Bird's nest is a special form of bird's nest, which is made from saliva in Jin Siyan and regarded as high-grade food in China.

-Nesting is not a unique skill of birds, but the nesting technology of birds is unparalleled in the animal kingdom.