What are the psychological effects in interpersonal communication? Social psychology research shows that in interpersonal communication, the cognition, impression, attitude and emotion of the communication object will directly affect the normal communication. However, due to various reasons, the cognition in the process of interpersonal communication often appears one way or another deviation. The following are six psychological effects in interpersonal communication that I have carefully arranged, hoping to help everyone.

Six psychological effects in interpersonal communication 1 projection effect

Projection effect means that in interpersonal communication, cognitive people always assume that others have the same tendency as themselves, that is, project their own characteristics on others. The so-called "there is a villain's heart and a gentleman's belly" reflects one aspect of this projection effect.

Generally speaking, projection can be divided into two types: one is that individuals do not realize that they have certain characteristics and add them to others. For example, a classmate who is hostile to others always feels that the other person has hatred for himself, as if his every move is a provocation. The other is that individuals realize some unsatisfactory characteristics of themselves and add them to others. For example, in the examination room, students who want to cheat always feel that other students are cheating, and they will suffer if they don't cheat. It is worth noting that the latter kind of projection often projects some unsatisfactory characteristics of itself on a person whom one respects and admires. The logic is: they still have the glorious image of these characteristics, so there is no harm in me having these characteristics. The purpose is to re-evaluate one's unsatisfactory characteristics through this projection, so as to achieve a temporary psychological balance.

stereotype

Stereotype is a relatively fixed, generalized and general view of a certain kind of things or people in society. Its main performance is: in the process of interpersonal communication, the communication object is mechanically attributed to a certain kind of person, regardless of whether he presents the characteristics of this kind of person, he is considered to be the representative of this kind of person, and then the evaluation of this kind of person is imposed on him. Stereotype, as a fixed cognition, is conducive to making an overall evaluation of a certain group, but it is also easy to produce deviation, produce the prejudice of "ancestors" and hinder the in-depth and meticulous cognition between people. For example, boys often think that girls are cautious, timid and delicate; Girls tend to think that boys are thick-skinned, bold and arrogant.

Stability effect

Stereotype effect means that people's cognition and evaluation of others are influenced by some ideas in their minds. In interpersonal activities, when we recognize others, we often unconsciously produce a prepared psychological state (some original ideas appear), and from this psychological state, we recognize and evaluate things according to certain external connections, thus producing a set effect. Stereotype effect helps us to make a general understanding of others under certain conditions, but it often leads to cognitive deviation. For example, students from rural areas think that students from cities are well-informed, but cunning and stingy; Students from cities think that students from rural areas are ignorant, but honest and honest.

Primary effect

The first reason is the first impression, or first impression. In interpersonal communication, people often pay attention to the details they come into contact with at first, such as the expression, figure and appearance of the other person, but pay little attention to the details they come into contact with later. The initial impression of this early information and its influence on the later information are the first cause effect.

The first cause effect is a common phenomenon in college students' communication activities. Objectively speaking, the first cause effect plays a certain role in communication activities. This is what we often call "ancestors", which has influenced the in-depth exchange activities in the future. Of course, first impressions are not immutable. Although the information generated by the first impression is limited, because people's cognition is comprehensive, they can completely penetrate these incomplete information, fill the vacancy with thinking, and form a certain degree of overall impression.

recency effect

Proximity is the last impression. Recency effect refers to the influence of last impression on people's cognition. The last impression is often the deepest impression, which is the post-reflection of psychological explanation. The first cause effect and recency effect are not opposites, but two sides of the same problem. In college students' interpersonal communication, the first impression is of course important, and the last impression can not be ignored. Generally speaking, the first cause effect is obvious in strangers' cognition; Recency effect is more obvious in the cognition of familiar people. This tells us that when interacting with others, we should not only pay attention to the impression we usually leave on each other, but also pay attention to the first impression and the last impression we leave on each other.

Halo effect

Halo effect, also known as halo effect, means that in interpersonal communication, people often generalize from one characteristic of the other person to a series of other related characteristics, and form a complete impression from local information, that is, make comprehensive conclusions about others according to the least situation. The so-called "beauty is in the eye of the beholder" refers to this halo effect. Halo effect is actually the result of generalization and expansion of personal subjective inference. Under the halo effect, once a person's strengths or weaknesses are magnified, his own strengths or weaknesses will retreat behind the light and be ignored by others. Halo effect is also a common phenomenon in college students' interpersonal communication. For example, male and female college students will give attractive students more ideal personality characteristics, and often design a bright future for those students who look more attractive.

Six psychological effects in interpersonal communication II. Living in this society, you should be an authentic relationship person, play an active role in interpersonal communication and leave a good impression. So how to do a good job in interpersonal communication? I can't learn the professional thing of mind reading, but it is also a good introduction to understand the psychological effects in interpersonal communication, make use of these common psychological phenomena and laws in social life, and make good relations. So what are the psychological effects in interpersonal communication?

1, first cause effect

The impression left by the first communication occupies a dominant position in the other party's mind, and this effect is the first cause effect. Once the first impression is formed, it is not so easy to change it. Even if there is a gap between the later impression and the initial impression, the first impression will often affect our evaluation and opinion of others in the future, and many times we will naturally obey the initial impression. The first cause effect plays a decisive role in the formation of people's impressions.

Because of the first cause effect, the first impression plays an important role in interpersonal communication, so we should pay attention to the first impression left by others when interacting with others. If you want to make a good first impression, you should first pay attention to gfd, who is neat and tidy, and whose clothes are harmonious and appropriate. Secondly, you should pay attention to your manners, exercise and improve your conversation skills, and master appropriate social etiquette. In social activities such as making friends, recruiting and job hunting, we can use this effect to leave a good impression on others and lay a good foundation for future communication.

The first impression in interpersonal communication occupies a dominant position in the other person's mind, and this effect is the first cause effect. Therefore, we can make use of this effect to give people an excellent image in social activities such as making friends, recruiting and job hunting, and lay a good foundation for future communication. However, in order to have in-depth communication in social activities, it is not enough to have the first cause effect alone. You also need to have complete hardware, that is, the quality of speaking, manners, self-cultivation and etiquette.

2. Stereotype effect

Businessmen are often considered treacherous, and there is a saying that "no treachery, no business". Professors are usually regarded as white-haired and gentle old people. People in the south of the Yangtze River are usually considered smart and resourceful, while people in the north are considered brave and upright ... When we know and evaluate others, we don't regard individuals as isolated objects, but always regard individuals as members of a certain kind of people, which makes him have both personality and * * *, and it is easy to think that he has all the qualities of a certain kind of people. Therefore, when we generally divide people into fixed and generalized types, stereotypes are formed.

The positive effect of stereotype is that it simplifies our cognitive process. Because when we know some information about others, we often infer other typical characteristics of this person according to the characteristics of the crowd to which this person belongs. Although this may not form a correct impression of others, it can help us simplify the cognitive process to some extent. But stereotypes have more negative effects. Such as racial prejudice, national prejudice, gender prejudice, etc. It often makes people look at people from point to face, which is easy to produce deviation in judgment and illusion in understanding.

3. Projection effect

A person who likes celery always thinks that others like celery, so it becomes a joke to recommend celery to others in public. Everyone will inevitably make the mistake of judging others according to their own needs in life, which is called projection effect in psychology, that is, in the process of interpersonal cognition, people often assume that others have the same attributes, hobbies or tendencies as themselves, and often think that others naturally know what they are thinking.

"To treat a gentleman's belly with a villain's heart" is a typical projection effect. When other people's behavior is different from ours, we are used to measuring other people's behavior by our own standards and think that other people's behavior is unconventional. People who like jealousy often sum up the motives of other people's behavior as jealousy. If others show a little disrespect to him, he thinks others are jealous of himself. We should know ourselves and others correctly, be strict with ourselves, treat others objectively and try to avoid judging others by our own standards.

4. recency effect

That is, the impression left by the last meeting in communication lasts the longest in the other person's mind. When a variety of stimuli appear at the same time, the formation of impression mainly depends on the stimuli that appear later, that is, in the process of communication, our latest understanding of others occupies a major position, covering up the previous evaluation of others, so it is also called "novelty effect". Take advantage of recency effect, when parting from your friends, give him good wishes, and your image will be beautified in his heart. Friends I haven't seen for years, what impressed me most in my mind is actually the scene when I left. A friend always makes you angry, but there are only two or three reasons to be angry, which is also the performance of recency effect. This beautification may affect your later life.

If the information obtained before and after is different, but there is irrelevant work to separate them, then the latter information plays a greater role in forming the overall impression. This phenomenon is due to the role of recency effect. The longer the interval between information before and after, the more obvious the recency effect is. In the process of communication, you can use recency effect to enhance your image. For example, if the feelings of the two sides are not harmonious, once they want to break up, they will take the initiative to express goodwill or even apologize to each other, win each other's goodwill unexpectedly, and even resolve past grievances.

5. Halo effect

As the saying goes, beauty is in the eye of the beholder. When lovers are in love, they think that everything they do is good and everything they do is right. Even what others think is a shortcoming, the other party doesn't care. This is a performance of halo effect. Halo effect has some negative effects. Under this psychological effect, it is difficult for you to distinguish between good and bad, true and false, and it is easy to be used. Therefore, we should have a certain sense of defense in the social process.

Halo effect means that when we evaluate others, we often like to spread all the good or all the bad overall impressions from the good or bad local impressions, just like a halo, which gradually spreads from a central point to a larger and larger circle, so it is sometimes called halo effect or halo effect. In most cases, the halo effect often leads people to make the mistake of "generalizing the whole with one side" and "loving me, loving my dog", resulting in the illusion that everything is fine. A certain quality of a person or a certain characteristic of an article gives people a very good impression. Under the influence of this impression, people will also give a better evaluation of other qualities of this person or other characteristics of this item.

Celebrity effect is a typical halo effect. It is not difficult to find that most of the commercials are made by famous singers and movie stars, but few people see them. Because the products launched by the stars are more easily recognized by everyone. Once a writer is famous, the manuscript that was pressed at the bottom of the box will not be published at all, and all works will not be sold. This is the role of the halo effect.

There is often a halo effect between boyfriend and girlfriend. When two people who love each other are together, they will feel that both sides have advantages and no disadvantages. That is to say, when you like someone at first, you just like the other person's advantages, and then after the halo effect expands, you feel that the other person is full of advantages.

"the bystander is clear, and the authorities are confused." We should be good at listening and accepting other people's opinions and be alert to the negative effects of halo effect. At the same time, you can also use the influence of halo effect to increase your attraction. When interacting with people, we can adopt preconceived strategies to let them know our advantages and get positive comments.

Step 6 set the effect

A farmer lost an axe and suspected that it was stolen by his neighbor's son, so he observed the way he walked and the expression on his face, and found that his words and deeds were nothing like thieves stealing axes. Later, the farmer found the lost axe in the deep mountain. He looked at his neighbor's son again and felt that there was no sign of stealing an axe in his words and deeds. This story describes the process of farmers' psychological activities under the influence of psychological stereotype. The so-called psychological stereotype refers to a psychological reaction tendency of people to look at current problems with "old eyes"-existing knowledge and experience in cognitive activities, also known as psychological stereotype or psychological stereotype.

In interpersonal communication, the stereotype effect shows that people recognize others with fixed characters. For example, in dealing with the elderly, we think that they are rigid in thinking, stick to the rules and can't keep up with the times. And they will think that we are young and inexperienced, "hairless and not firm." When we get along with our classmates, we will feel that honest people will never lie. And once we think that someone is a sly old fox, even if he shows a good impression on you, you will think that this is "the weasel is not kind, giving a new year call to the chicken."

Psychological stereotypes often lead to prejudice and prejudice, which prevents us from correctly understanding others. So, don't blindly look at people and things with old eyes.

7, fortification psychology

Perhaps most people will think that when two people are alone, we will be somewhat defensive from time to time. When there are many people, they will feel that they have no space and worry about the safety of their belongings. Your diary is always locked tightly for fear that others will take away your secrets. To this end, you must be strengthened. This kind of defensive psychology will play a negative role in the process of communication and hinder normal communication.

From the above, we can know the psychological effect in interpersonal communication. Only by correctly understanding, understanding and mastering psychological effects can we make better use of these psychological effects to improve interpersonal communication.

An overview of six psychological effects in interpersonal communication 3

The first cause effect has a great influence on people in interpersonal communication and is an important term in communicative psychology. The impression left by the first communication between people forms and occupies a dominant position in each other's mind. This effect is the first cause effect. Let me introduce some related knowledge to you.

Four interesting psychological effects in interpersonal communication

First: the first cause effect We often say that "leaving a good impression" generally refers to the first impression, and there is the role of the first cause effect. Therefore, in social activities such as making friends, recruiting and job hunting, we can use this effect to show people an excellent image and lay a good foundation for future communication. Of course, this is only a temporary behavior in social activities, and deeper communication requires your complete hardware. This requires you to strengthen the quality of speech, manners, self-cultivation, etiquette and other aspects, otherwise it will lead to another negative effect, that is, recency effect.

Second: recency effect recency effect, contrary to the first cause effect, refers to the impression left by the last meeting in communication, which will stay in the other person's mind for a long time. Friends I haven't seen for years, what impressed me most in my mind is actually the scene when I left; A friend always makes you angry, but there are only two or three reasons to be angry, which is also the performance of recency effect. Use recency effect to bid farewell to your friend and give him good wishes, and your image will be beautified in his heart. It is possible that this beautification will affect your life, because you may become a "halo" figure, which is the halo effect.

Third: halo effect When you have a good impression on a person, it will be difficult to feel his shortcomings, just like there is a halo around him, and your psychology is the halo effect. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. When lovers are in love, it is difficult to find each other's shortcomings and think that everything he does is good and everything he does is right. Even things that others think are shortcomings don't matter to each other. This is a performance of halo effect. Halo effect has some negative effects. Under this psychological effect, it is difficult for you to distinguish between good and bad, true and false, and it is easy to be used. So in the process of social communication, we have a certain sense of defense, that is, people's defense psychology.

Matters needing attention

When two people are alone, we will be prepared from time to time; When there are many people, they will feel that they have no space of their own, and whether their belongings are safe; Your diary is always locked tightly for fear that others will take away your secrets. To this end, you must be strengthened. This kind of defensive psychology will play a negative role in the process of communication and hinder normal communication.

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