After Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi and Su Shi, Lu You became another poet who was good at integrating the achievements of his predecessors. He can not only combine the achievements of ancient excellent poets, but also learn from contemporary poets. For example, the elegance of The Book of Songs, the romance of Qu Yuan, Tao Yuanming's simplicity, his calmness, his arrogance, Li Bai's stormy waves, Du Fu's depression, Mei's dullness, Su Shi's elegance, Huang Tingjian's academic talent, his past rules and spread can all be found in Lu's poems. Therefore, people often use the words "wind", "wealth", "elegance", "vigor", "nature", "heroic" and "gloomy" to describe his various styles. At the same time, Lu You is also good at innovation and eventually forms his own style.
Lu You's patriotic poems are highly lyrical, which is mainly due to the successful absorption of Du Fu's depression and Li Bai's romance in emotional brewing and artistic expression. He is good at combining these two styles, that is, taking Du Fu's profundity, richness and stagnation as the body, as the keynote to express patriotic feelings; Li Bai is full of passion, imagination and self-color, and is good at exaggeration, jumping and high generalization. , as a means of lyric expression; Finally, a gloomy and tragic family style was formed.
Lu You's experience and ambition are similar to Du Fu's, which enables him to learn from Du Fu to "get his bones" and "get his heart" (Song Dynasty notes). For example:
When I was a child, I knew that the world was unbearable and the Central Plains looked like a mountain. When the boat crossed Guazhou at night, the iron horse and autumn wind scattered, the Great Wall was empty, and the temple in the mirror had long faded. When you debut, you can say your real name, but you can't fight for a thousand years. (book rage)
But Lu You's personality and temperament are similar to Li Bai's, so there are more romantic and unrestrained features in Li Bai's expression techniques.
If you have a rich imagination and are especially good at helping dreams express the passion of the Northern Expedition and revival, you will turn depression into excitement. According to the statistics of Ou Bei Shi Hua, there are as many as 99 dreamers in the complete works. For example, "On the night of September 16th, I dreamed that I was stationed outside the river and sent envoys to hand over all sincerity and felt that I had made a difference", and I wrote a picture of a great victory in my dream: "The murderous look was faint, and the Yellow River opened a jade account in the east. Bai Tianyu flew under the city, took off his mink at night and stroked the general. ..... The fishy cave was washed away, and Yuan 'an in Taihang Beiyue. He even called for fighting wine as a Long song and sent Tianshan athletes to sing. "
For another example, it is rarely limited to a certain subtle feeling, but expresses those feelings with social universality in a highly generalized way. The language is concise, the emotional span is large, and the jumping is strong. The length is also short, such as "Guan Shanyue":
In the fifteenth year of Herong's reign, the general did not fight empty borders. Zhu dances heavily, but the horse is fat and the bow is broken. Garrison Diao Dou urged the moon to set and joined the army at the age of 30. Who knows that a strong man's heart is in the flute, and the sand head is empty to recruit people's bones. There was a smell of war in the original, and later generations turned against Hu Chuan! The adherents are dying and looking forward to recovery, and they are crying tonight!
Four sentences, one layer, extremely concise, ups and downs of feelings.
Another example is that the language is bold and unrestrained, similar to Li Bai in language rhetoric, full of heroic language, emotional language, rhetorical language and exaggerated language. Such as "Long Songs":
Life is not an An Qisheng, drunk in the East China Sea riding a long whale; You should still be Li Xiping, a thief in old Beijing. ..... Don't break the thief's hand at once, oh, the poem is long and cold. Xing came to buy Shiqiao wine, and the cart piled up long bottles aboveboard. Sad bamboo helps the drama to drink, like a giant field being tilted by the Yellow River. I don't want to eat a drop at ordinary times, and ten thousand people are surprised in a rage. ...
In short, Lu You absorbed the strengths of Du Fu and Li Bai and melted into a strong self-emotion in the social environment, so "his voice and emotion are naturally popular, and there is no need to imitate Du Li" (Li Zhaoyuan's Miscellanies of Twelve Ships).
Lu You's pastoral poems are not only good at absorbing Tao Yuanming's plain and pure, Wang Wei's quiet and elegant, and Mei's simple and natural, but also can inherit the spirit of imitating from Bai Juyi, Zhang Ji, Wang Jian, Ouyang Xiu and even Fan Chengda since the middle and late Tang Dynasty, forming a family style that is both beautiful and pure and full of life breath. Lu You's leisurely poems can also gather Bai Juyi's peaceful beauty, Su Shi's talent is brilliant, and Jiangxi Poetry School pays attention to craft and circulation, which constitutes its own exquisite and intensive style.
It is another important embodiment of Lu You's poetic achievements that every body is composed and seven words are still written.
Lu You is good at antithesis, and almost every capital has a pair, which is both smooth and wonderful. It is both unexpected and unpretentious, which leads to the praise of "the ancients loved to fight against each other" (Houcun Poetry). Compared with those poets who are "miscellaneous, empty, sparse, confined to materials, strangeness, seeking and method" (Zhao Yi's "Ou Bei Shi Hua"), they are better at remembering topics, concentration and thinking. Such as a cloud: "Castle Peak is a place where bones can be buried, and white hair is ashamed to bend over", "When the cloud returns, it brings a few drops of rain, and the wood falls and adds peaks", "The heavy curtain will not roll for a long time, and the ancient inkstone will be slightly concave and gather ink" (quoted from "Ou Bei Shi Hua") and so on.
Lu You's quatrains, especially the seven quatrains, mark the highest level of quatrains in the Song Dynasty. Some inherited the style of the Tang Dynasty, such as Rain in Jianmen Road:
Dust and wine stains on clothes make you disappear everywhere. Is this body a poet? Riding a donkey into the sword gate in the drizzle.
Some don't follow the old tune of the Tang dynasty, such as "chasing the past":
Gentlemen can sigh for their resourcefulness, but they were wrong about the country. I don't want to leave Jiangzuo, and no one is crying in Xinting!
This quatrain "focuses on enthusiasm, but the color of loyalty is awe-inspiring, which is not the correct voice of poetry." ("Yang Shi Hua")
Lu You's ancient poem "Beauty is deeper than beauty" is more suitable for expressing Lu You's deep and unrestrained feelings, so it is richer to write. (Oubei Shihua)
Paying attention to skills and tempering is another manifestation of Lu You's poetic achievements.
Lu You's poems are not based on the number of classics, but once used, they will drive them to perfection, appropriateness and fluency. The language of Lu You's poems can make the theme, content, thoughts and feelings express harmoniously. Eulogize the rhetoric of the Northern Expedition, describe the simple language of nature, and recite the exquisite language of leisure. In a word, "the famous Zhang Jun sentence, layered, let a person overwhelmed. It is necessary to do the right thing. I'm not saying not to search, but not to be slim; Nothing is new, but nothing is a choice. " (Oubei Shihua)
Lu You's poems also have some shortcomings, such as repetition of poems, hasty writing and no writing.
On the Style of Lu You's Ci
Compared with his poems, the number of Lu You's poems is less, which is 143, with two broken sentences. His ci achievements are not as good as his poems. He said, "When I was young, I did something in the secular world and later regretted it. But I still can't stop singing. " (preface to Shi Weng's poems)
In Wen Xin Diao Long, Liu Xie said, "Only brave men have strong and gentle spirit, profound learning, refined learning, attracted by their temperament, and condensed by Tao Ran ..... All teachers are sincere and different." A writer's creation is closely related to his knowledge, talent and ideological character. Of course, the formation of style is not only related to the writer's own personality, but also closely related to the writer's nationality, era and style itself. To understand the style of Lu You's ci, we must understand his ideological character.
Lu You was born in an official family and was good at Taoism, so he was exposed to the influence of Confucianism. When he was born in the south again, he saw his father and friends talking about state affairs, sobbing and eating together, which planted the seeds of patriotic thoughts in Lu You's young mind. His family has a rich collection of books, so Lu You likes many books since he was a child. In addition to classics and Taoist books, he also read military books and poems of various factions. Lu You loves reading very much. He said: "He was born with no other strengths, but unfortunately he doesn't know words. He reads ancient books in the pre-Qin period and thinks at night ... For example, in the farmers' discrimination of wheat with shells, the cover is also expert and lasting. " (The Book of the Monarch) Different thoughts in his childhood influenced him, which determined the complexity and contradiction of his later thoughts, and the Confucian thought of joining the WTO.
Compared with his poems, the number of Lu You's poems is less, which is 143, with two broken sentences. His ci achievements are not as good as his poems. He said, "When I was young, I did something in the secular world and later regretted it. But I still can't stop singing. " (preface to Shi Weng's poems)
In Wen Xin Diao Long, Liu Xie said, "Only brave men have strong and gentle spirit, profound learning, refined learning, attracted by their temperament, and condensed by Tao Ran ..... All teachers are sincere and different." A writer's creation is closely related to his knowledge, talent and ideological character. Of course, the formation of style is not only related to the writer's own personality, but also closely related to the writer's nationality, era and style itself. To understand the style of Lu You's ci, we must understand his ideological character.
Lu You was born in an official family and was good at Taoism, so he was exposed to the influence of Confucianism. When he was born in the south again, he saw his father and friends talking about state affairs, sobbing and eating together, which planted the seeds of patriotic thoughts in Lu You's young mind. His family has a rich collection of books, so Lu You likes many books since he was a child. In addition to classics and Taoist books, he also read military books and poems of various factions. Lu You loves reading very much. He said: "He was born with no other strengths, but unfortunately he doesn't know words. He reads ancient books in the pre-Qin period and thinks at night ... For example, in the farmers' discrimination of wheat with shells, the cover is also expert and lasting. " (The Book of the Monarch) Different thoughts in his childhood influenced him, which determined the complexity and contradiction of his later thoughts, and the Confucian thought of joining the WTO.
Lu You's thoughts are also rich and changeable. He is smart and knowledgeable, sometimes pretentious, but often gives up on himself; He likes making friends, but he always feels lonely. He has strong feelings, but he flaunts himself as "cold". He thinks highly of himself and is not ashamed of poverty, but he humbly asks for an official salary ... Of course, he also has one thing, and that is his strong patriotism.
A complex figure will inevitably form a work with complex ideological content. There are always different opinions about the style of Lu You's ci. In the Ming Dynasty, Yang Shenyun said, "The beauty of Weng Fang's ci is like Huaihai and Dongpo." Liu Kezhuang in the Southern Song Dynasty: "Spreading long and short sentences is beyond Jia Xuan's passion;" Elegant and exquisite, including Chen Jianzhai and Zhu Xizhen; " Those who are beautiful and dense want to return to Yan Shuyuan and He, but few people sing. Lu You's ci has both graceful and unconstrained styles. But looking at his 143 poems, his main style is bold rather than graceful, which is closer to Su and Xin than Qin Guan and other poets.
Su Shi was the leader of the poetry circle in the Northern Song Dynasty and the founder of bold and unconstrained ci, which had a great influence on Lu You. Lu Ci inherited Su Shi's new tradition of "taking poetry as ci". Before Su Shi, Ci was a decadent voice, which was closely related to the fact that the theme of Ci was limited to the relationship between men and women. Since Su Shi broke through the limitation of "Ci is a colorful subject", the content of Ci began to be enriched and the realm of Ci began to become broad. At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, the unrestrained poet headed by Xin Qiji added the social and political content of "hatred of home and country" to his ci, which made his ci gain the same literary status as poetry. Lu You is a new school of poets, whose ci is rich in content and distinctive in theme. As far as the subject matter is concerned, there are not only frustrations and frustrations in life, sentimentality in traveling and traveling, giving answers outside dinner, cynical self-mockery, affectionate and touching love, lofty and detached Yongmei's works, but also boring articles about wandering around immortals, learning Taoism, enjoying oneself, indulging in drinking and being a prostitute.
Patriotism is the most distinctive theme in Lu You's works, which is also clearly reflected in his ci. But not as directly as in the movie, but through disillusioned sadness. Lu You's ideals include "rejuvenating Hu and restoring the Central Plains"-safeguarding national interests and pursuing "a career that will last forever"-belonging to personal interests and honors. But under the circumstances at that time, the two were completely consistent. In his poems, Lu You repeatedly expressed his desire and determination to kill the enemy and make meritorious deeds, such as: "A boat flies through the waves, and an iron horse shoots at the sun. If you mess around, you will die. Can you make a golden soup? " I lost my old capital and Zhao Yan lost my old frontier. Please write a stamp for Guo Ping Hu Qiang. "("Song of Drinking the River ") In Lu Ci, in addition to a few expressions of his expectations, more is to express his sigh and disappointment. Lu ci is not as sonorous and agitated as Lu poetry, but like:
Complain for love
Recalling that year, in order to find opportunities to make contributions, I went to Liangzhou, the border guard, alone. Now the military life of defending the frontier fortress can only appear in dreams, but I don't know where I am in dreams. Dust covered the old mink fur.
The Hu people are still alive, the temples are frosty in autumn, and the affectionate tears are dry. Who had expected this life, the heart is in Tianshan, and the old is in Cangzhou.
"Do you remember the old people in Taoyuan? Title Huashan map "
On that day, the mountains and rivers in the Central Plains shook and the shops closed for stewing meat. Tears are exhausted, and the two rivers levy towns, looking forward to the future prosperity.
Autumn wind and frost are full of green temples, but old and handsome. Beyond the cloud, there are thousands of waters in Qian Shan, and no one still asks.
Lu You's "Poetry with Ci" is also reflected in the freedom and simplicity of language, which is not bound by temperament. "Disagreement of temperament" is a precedent initiated by Su Shi, and it became a trend among bold poets in the early Southern Song Dynasty. Lu Ci was highly respected at that time, but Liu Kezhuang said that Lu Ci was "rarely sung by the world", which shows that Lu You was also influenced by this trend. On the one hand, Lu You's "dissonance in melody" is due to his emphasis on performance and disdain for melody; On the other hand, because of his unrestrained personality, he can't stand the bondage of temperament. The predecessors said that he was a "genius hero" and "regardless of cutting the rope". His lyrics not only don't pay attention to rhythm, but also don't modify words. Such as "Bashan road for three years, covered with green gauze dust" ("Magnolia? The beginning of work in Japan in spring "); "It's sad to go back to my hometown and make friends with old people. But I'm afraid my hometown is better than my hometown "(Nanxiangzi); "Busy days are full of hardships, leisure days are few, and new troubles often lead to old troubles" (Huanxisha) ... These are unadorned, natural and smooth lines. Liu Xizai: "Poems are clear as words, shallow and deep, plain and strange, so they are full of flavor" (Outline of Art and Poetry). Lu Ci can also be said to be "shallow and deep, plain and strange". Liu Kezhuang: "Let Weng and Jia Xuan sweep away their delicate beauty, but they often drop their schoolbags. If they are addicted. " (The Complete Works of Houcun University (volume 180)) The evaluation of Chushubao is fair to Xin Ci, because the use of allusions in Xin Ci is often difficult for readers to understand. But Lu Ci does not have this problem, and we can understand his meaning without comments. Even with canon, Lu You can appreciate elegance and vulgarity with his extraordinary writing style.
Lu You was frustrated all his life, and he often expressed his frustration. As quoted in the previous article, "confession" is also like:?
Xie Chichun
I joined the army in the prime of my life, and I was once swallowed up. Clouds are high and light, and wolves fly at night. Zhu Yan's temple is green, and he carved Ge Xirong. Laughing at the crown of Confucianism made many mistakes.
Fame is broken, but Wu Chu is a ship. Mourning hurts memories, and reconciliation is the same. The smoke is boundless, where to see Qin Guan? Alas, the fleeting time is wasted again!
A butterfly in love with flowers
Chen Fei at night. Go to Qiu Guang, the dark Chang 'an Road. Suddenly, I remembered that the horse was in the right place, and it should be the same as before.
Jianghai canoe is now on the market. A roll of art, sighing no one pays. I believe I will never meet you in my life, and I regret Yang Fu.
As can be seen from the above words, they are characterized by strong feelings and frankness. This has a lot to do with Lu You's extroversion and quick speech. But sometimes it's too straightforward to be attractive. As Liu Xizai said, "Lu Fangweng's ci is elegant and elegant, which is the most popular among Su Qin. However, it lacks detachment, and the charm of nature lies in that people can measure what they are going to do. " Lu Ci always hits the nail on the head, leaving no room. Of course, this is the expression of the author's strong emotion and straightforward personality, but from an artistic point of view, it cannot but be regarded as a shortcoming. Xin Qiji is much better than him in paying attention to charm. Xin Qiji is subtle and euphemistic, and often turns thousands of words into images for readers to appreciate. When we appreciate Lu Ci and Xin Ci, we will feel that although Lu Ci is stirring, it is not as rich as Xin Ci and gives people room for aftertaste. The thorn in the world also points out that "Jiannan is full of energy and has no rhyme", which means that Lu Ci is full of emotion and has no rhyme.
Su Shi's writing is bold and elegant, which is inseparable from his "detached" attitude. Although Lu You also wrote some ci poems describing leisurely and secluded life and learning from immortals, he never forgot the world, and his ci poems were basically "joining the WTO". This is different from Su Shi's thought of "drifting away from dirt and getting rid of inaction".
Although there are similarities between Lu Ci and Qin Guan Ci, their styles are quite different because of their different personalities. Qin Guan's handwriting is elegant, gentle, meticulous and skillful, just like a beauty. Yuan Haowen called his poems "girlish poems", and his poems were full of girlish spirit. However, Lu Ci is not so exquisite. Although it is also about children's love, it is still masculine. This is also the fundamental difference between their ci styles.
Generally speaking, Lu Ci has various styles, but it is mainly bold. His boldness is different from Su Shi's elegance and Xin Qiji's depression, but similar to his "sad" style. His graceful and restrained, different from Qin Guan, is beautiful but not thin, soft but not weak. Lu Ci's soft outside and rigid inside make his ci have strong feelings and express his thoughts directly, which is also the greatest style of Lu Ci. Lu You's ideal is to gallop on the battlefield, but he has never been able to do it, so he can only be a scholar. This is his misfortune, but it is also a literary blessing, otherwise we will lose a great poet and poet.