Yuhua tea is named after it is produced in Yuhuatai, Nanjing. Yuhua Tea was created in 1958 and is not considered a historical tea. Due to its excellent quality, this tea has won the title of provincial and ministerial excellent products several times, and is listed as one of the famous teas in the country.
The picking of Yuhua tea requires uniform tenderness and consistent length. The specific standard is to pick half-open buds and leaves as raw materials.
Tight, straight, green and even are the quality characteristics of Yuhua tea. The appearance is as follows: the shape is like a pine needle, the cords are tight, straight and rounded, the ends are slightly pointed, the front shoots are straight and the hair is exposed, the color is dark green, the aroma is rich and elegant, the taste is fresh and mellow, the soup is green and clear, and the bottom of the leaves is tender and bright. When brewed in boiling water, the buds stand upright, rise and fall, like emeralds, and the fragrance overflows. A cup of it will refresh your soul and leave the fragrance on your teeth and cheeks.
Origin: Suburbs of Nanjing
Features: Yuhua tea is one of the top ten famous teas in the country. The tea leaves are round green in shape, like pine needles, with pekoe, and are tight and straight.
Production: Yuhua tea must be picked before Grain Rain. The picked young leaves must have one bud and one leaf, 2.5 to 3 cm long. The production process is all done by hand.
Features: After brewing, Yuhua tea has a green and clear color, a quiet aroma, a mellow taste and a sweet aftertaste.
Nanjing Yuhua tea is a treasure among fried green teas and one of the three types of tea in China, namely: Anhua pine needles (half-baked and half-fried), Nanjing Yuhua (fried greens), and Enshi Yulu (steamed greens). ), is a high-quality, tender needle-shaped spring tea produced in Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum and Yuhuatai Garden Scenic Area in Nanjing. The tea produced near Meishan is the top grade. This technique is planted between tea trees and plum trees. The tea buds are fully absorbed in March and April. Fragrant morning dew and night mist, when the tea buds sprout to one bud and three leaves, they are mined about ten days before Qingming until Qingming. Only one bud and one leaf are selected, and the tea buds with a length of 2-3 cm are picked and killed (high temperature Kill the young leaves before killing them, and kill the old leaves when they are young), knead, shape and dry, apply black tar and fry by hand. Each pot can only fry 250 grams of tea. A pound of tea requires 45,000 buds and leaves to be authentic Yuhua tea.
Yuhua tea is characterized by its tight, straight, green and uniform shape, that is, it is shaped like pine needles, with tight and straight cords, slightly pointed at both ends, dark green color, slightly visible velvet, and silvery green color. . It is highly favored by people from Singapore, Taiwan and Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Not many people in the north and southwest know this tea! Therefore, the price is not as expensive as the real Longjing and Biluochun. You can get the treasures for a thousand yuan, and counterfeiting has not yet become a trend!
A specialty of Nanjing, it is also one of the top ten famous teas in the country. It has a round green shape, tight and straight cords, tall and straight branches, and white hair, just like pine needles, symbolizing the unyielding and everlasting heroic image of the revolutionary martyrs, so it is named Yuhua Tea.
Yuhua tea mainly grows in the suburbs of Nanjing. There are strict requirements in raw material selection and process operation. Before Grain Rain, 2.5 to 3 cm long leaves with one bud and one leaf are picked, dried and rolled. There are four processes of shaping, shaping and roasting, all of which are done by hand.
Yuhua tea has good color, aroma, taste and shape. After brewing, the tea color is green and clear, the aroma is elegant, the taste is mellow, and the aftertaste is sweet. It has the functions of quenching thirst and refreshing the mind, diuresis, treating asthma, and removing phlegm. , remove troubles and tiredness and other effects.
Since 1966, it has been selling well overseas. In Japan and Southeast Asia, people use Yuhua tea as precious gifts to give to relatives and friends.
"Yuhua Tea" is named after it is produced in Yuhuatai outside Zhonghua Gate in Nanjing.
"Yuhua Tea" is actually rare among Chinese tea names, but the production history of "Yuhua Tea" is very long. Around the fourth century AD during the Eastern Jin Dynasty, people in Nanjing had the custom of drinking morning tea. Lu Yu recorded the story of "The Biography of the Elders in Guangling" in the "Tea Classic". It is said that during the reign of Emperor Jin Yuan, there was an old woman who sold a pot of tea along the street every morning. People rushed to buy her "Yuhua Tea" soup to drink. The strange thing was that the old woman had been selling tea since early in the morning. night. The old woman gave all the money she earned from selling tea to the poor and lonely people, and the poor people were very grateful to her. The news was known to the officials at the time, and they sent someone to arrest the old woman and put her in prison. Early the next morning, the old woman disappeared.
Now there are more than 1,000 acres of lush green tea gardens in Yuhuatai.
"Yuhua Tea" is actually rare among Chinese tea names, but the production history of "Yuhua Tea" is very long. Around the fourth century AD during the Eastern Jin Dynasty, people in Nanjing had the custom of drinking morning tea. Lu Yu recorded the story of "The Biography of the Elders in Guangling" in the "Tea Classic".
It is said that during the reign of Emperor Jin Yuan, there was an old woman who sold a pot of tea along the street every morning. People rushed to buy her "Yuhua Tea" soup to drink. The strange thing was that the old woman had been selling tea since early in the morning. night. The old woman gave all the money she earned from selling tea to the poor and lonely people, and the poor people were very grateful to her. The news was known to the officials at the time, and they sent someone to arrest the old woman and put her in prison. Early the next morning, the old woman disappeared.
Now there are more than 1,000 acres of lush green tea gardens in Yuhuatai.
Due to its outstanding comparative benefits, stable economic benefits and the good development opportunities faced by my country after joining the WTO, tea production has become one of the important industries preferred for strategic adjustment of the city's agricultural structure. One of the important ways to increase agricultural efficiency and farmers’ income. This article starts from investigating the current situation of the development of Nanjing's tea industry, carefully analyzes the existing problems and restrictive factors in the industrialization development of Nanjing's tea industry, and initially puts forward the overall ideas and development strategies for the industrialization management of Nanjing's tea industry.
1. Current situation and advantages
Tea is one of the industries with the fastest development speed and good economic benefits in Nanjing’s horticulture industry. As of October 2002, the city's tea garden area was 87,700 acres, of which 56,100 acres were in production, with an annual output of about 1.7 million kilograms of dry tea and an output value of 142 million yuan. The average output value per mu of tea gardens in production was 2,535 yuan, and the city's highest tea output value per mu reached 9,500 yuan. Yuan, output value and efficiency are among the best in the country. Nanjing Yuhua Tea, one of the top ten famous teas in the country, currently has an annual output of 20 tons and an annual output value of more than 60 million yuan. Since Yuhua Tea achieved full mechanized production in 1986, product standards for Yuhua Tea (DB32 /T142-1996, 2001), processing technical regulations (DB32/T432-2001), and cultivation technical regulations (DB3201/T003-2002) series of standards. The formulation and promotion of this set of standards will play an important role in stabilizing the product quality and improving the quality of Yuhua tea. Yuhua tea has a huge role in promoting the market visibility, enhancing market competitiveness and promoting the industrialization of Yuhua tea; a number of leading tea industry enterprises such as Nanjing Yuhua Tea Group, Nanjing Zhongshan Ling Tea Factory, and Lishui County Tea Experimental Field have been established; initially It has created Yuhua tea brands such as "Cedar", "Lifeng" and "Zhongshan", and developed "Jinlingchun", "Pingshan Cuiming", "Seven Immortals Silver Bud", "Puqiao Jade Sword", "Li A number of Nanjing local famous tea products such as "Feng Cuimei" and "Fangshan Ziwu"; at the same time, a relatively complete marketing network of sales centers → specialty stores → supermarkets, hotels and tourist attractions has been established.
In mid-October 2002, we conducted a 100-question questionnaire survey on the intention of developing economic forestry and fruit trees in relevant districts and counties across the city. The statistical results showed that farmers who preferred planting tea accounted for 61.5% of the farmers surveyed. At the same time, through a questionnaire survey, we initially found out the production scale, efficiency and industrialization business model selection intentions of the city's individual tea businesses. Through the analysis of the current development status of Nanjing's tea industry industrialization, we believe that Nanjing's tea industry industrialization construction has the following unique advantages, which must be fully utilized:
First, market advantage. Although my country is a major tea producer, compared with relevant foreign countries, per capita consumption is not high. , Nanjing’s per capita tea consumption is about 500g. At present, the annual consumption of Nanjing tea market is about 3,000 tons, and the total amount of real estate tea is about 1,700 tons. Only about 1,000 tons are sold in the local market, and about 700 tons of products are sold to other places. As a source of famous real estate tea, The annual production volume of scented tea is about 200 tons, which only accounts for about 20% of the total sales volume of the local scented tea market. Therefore, the current tea production in Nanjing is far from fully meeting the market demand. If the per capita consumption reaches 1 kilogram, the market consumption will be Reaching about 6,000 tons, tea will have greater room for development. In addition, Nanjing, as the central city in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, has the characteristics of convenient transportation and obvious location advantages. It is also the distribution center for various famous and high-quality teas in the country. It has a strong radiation function to surrounding areas, which is conducive to the spread of Nanjing tea to the whole country.
The second is resource advantage. Among them, the most prominent resource advantage is the advantage of land resources. Nanjing currently has about 1.3 million acres of hilly and mountainous hills and slopes suitable for growing tea. Currently, most of them are used to grow cash crops with low economic value such as potato, sesame, and soybeans. In addition, The Upper Nanjing area has abundant rainfall and a suitable climate, so vigorously developing tea production is one of the best options to give full play to the advantages of land resources.
The third is basic advantages. Nanjing has a long history of developing tea. In particular, Yuhua Tea, a representative of famous real estate tea, has a history of more than 50 years. Long-term production practice, in the selection of tea varieties, field management of tea gardens, development of new tea products and tea marketing We have accumulated a lot of experience in all aspects, and the economic and comparative benefits of tea have gradually been recognized and accepted by farmers. The economic benefit ratio of tea and grain in our city has reached more than 10:1, and the benefit ratio of tea and other economic crops has also reached 2:1 or above. In addition, long-term production practice has also cultivated and created a technical and marketing team that is proficient in tea production management and tea processing, and is good at exploring markets. This is an important foundation for the industrialized operation and leap-forward development of Nanjing's tea industry. .
The fourth is environmental advantage. The construction of "Green Nanjing" provides a rare development opportunity for Nanjing's tea industry. Firstly, the municipal government attaches great importance to and strongly supports it, and has provided financial subsidies for the development of tea for three consecutive years; secondly, the municipal government is actively carrying out the application process for the protection of regional products of Yuhua tea origin, which is very important for the protection of real estate famous tea brands. It is of great significance to develop, standardize and purify the Nanjing tea market, protect the legitimate rights and interests of producers and consumers, and further improve the economic and social benefits of our city's tea industry, thus creating a good external environment for the development of Nanjing's tea industry. environment.
2. Problems and constraints
1. The low technological content restricts the improvement of the quality of tea products
The technological content of our city’s tea industry is not high. It is one of the "bottlenecks" in the development of tea industrialization in our city. It is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, the proportion of promotion and application of improved tea varieties, especially clones, is quite low. More than 95% of the existing tea gardens are seed sowing, which is different from clones. Compared with the improved tea varieties, the extraction is delayed, the bud heads are irregular, and the quality of fresh leaves is low, which seriously affects the quality of tea products;
Second, the tea garden field management technology is relatively backward, especially the mechanized pruning of the tea garden. The popularization and application rate of mechanized picking technology, tea pollution-free cultivation technology, clonal breeding technology and comprehensive utilization technology of tea resources is low, resulting in a relative increase in tea production costs and low tea production per mu, which seriously hinders tea products. According to the survey results of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Agriculture in 2001, the cost of per kilogram of fresh leaves is only 0.21 yuan when the mechanized tea picking technology is promoted and applied. Compared with manual picking, the delivery cost is 0.61 yuan, which is more than 65%. The output of machine picking is 243 kilograms, which is 10.5 times more efficient than manual picking;
Third, the comprehensive tea processing technology is backward and the added value of the product is low. This is reflected in the fact that tea is mostly primary products with a single structure. Deeply processed tea products such as instant tea, tea beverages, tea bags and extraction of natural tea products are almost blank, which seriously affects the improvement of the grade and market competitiveness of real estate tea products.
2. The disconnection between production and marketing restricts the improvement of the overall efficiency of the tea industry
The disconnection between production and marketing is the second "bottleneck" in the construction of tea industrialization in our city. Mainly manifested in three aspects: First, the current tea production and operation in our city are still based on the small-scale farmer economic thinking of producers and the most primitive buying and selling relationship of operators (fresh leaves and semi-finished products), and there is blindness in production and operation. The manufacturers are dependent on production (raw materials), and the degree of integration of production, processing and marketing is very low. Tea sales are still "basket sales", with thousands of households rushing to the market, and market risks are high; secondly, there is a lack of effective cooperation between producers and operators. The interest distribution and connection mechanism, the lack of a carrier to communicate production and the market, the relatively lagging development of intermediary organizations, and the low degree of organization of tea production and operation have resulted in the overall low level of tea development in our city, small scale, and disordered market circulation; thirdly, The market system is not perfect. There are nearly 400 tea farms in the city, but there is no professional tea wholesale market. The scattered operations bring chaos to the market order. In neighboring Zhejiang Province, there are 105 tea markets of various types. The sales volume was 22,017 tons, and the operating revenue reached 1.1421 billion yuan.
3. The serious lack of investment restricts the development potential of the tea industry
The lack of effective investment in the tea industry is the third "bottleneck" in the development of the tea industrialization in our city .
Mainly manifested in three aspects: First, the investment in tea industry construction funds is insufficient. The newly developed tea gardens in our city generally invest 500-1,000 yuan per mu including seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, artificial ditching, etc., and the development of clonal improved tea gardens The investment is generally around 1,500-2,000 yuan, resulting in poor field management, unmatched infrastructure, and poor ability to withstand natural disasters. However, the Yushan Tea Farm in Changshu City, which has the highest economic benefits of tea in the province (output value per mu of tea garden) Reaching 8,000-10,000 yuan), the investment in developing cloned improved tea gardens is as high as 10,000 yuan per mu, achieving the goals of high investment and high output; second, there is insufficient investment in tea garden management, especially tea garden organic fertilizers, field management labor and tea garden management. Insufficient investment in ecological construction and other aspects has led to tea garden aberration, tea garden degradation, low yield, and reduced efficiency; third, insufficient investment in tea processing, especially insufficient investment in famous tea production machinery, teahouse construction, and environmental sanitation construction, has resulted in The processing level of tea products is low, product quality is affected, and product convergence lacks characteristics.
4. The backward operating mechanism restricts the expansion of the tea industry
At present, some large state-owned tea farms in the city still have the phenomenon of "eating from the same big pot". The operating system is rigid and the operating mechanism is rigid. It is obviously lagging behind and has not yet truly established a modern enterprise system with clear property rights and scientific management. Many state-owned tea farms are content with the status quo, and their product sales still mainly rely on group consumption. They have not really stepped out of the tea farms and into the big market. They lack the awareness and motivation to open up the market and make the enterprise bigger and stronger, resulting in stagnant business scale and operating efficiency. So far, the largest tea enterprise in the city has a business scale of only about 7 million yuan.
3. Ideas and Countermeasures
The overall guiding ideology of Nanjing’s tea industrialization construction is: market-oriented, efficiency-centered, with the goal of increasing the efficiency of tea and increasing the income of tea farmers. , relying on science and technology, taking innovation as the driving force, taking the implementation of famous brands and industrialized operations as strategies, implementing regional layout, corporate operations, standardized production, serial processing, supermarket operations and brand development, through industrial construction, The city's tea industry will gradually achieve improved varieties, high-quality products, mechanized production, socialized services and maximized benefits.
(1). Carefully formulate a scientific development plan
With the overall goal of building a "green Nanjing", to make Nanjing tea bigger and stronger, we must first conduct thorough research and scientific research. On the basis of the demonstration, an overall development plan for Nanjing's tea industry will be carefully formulated. Based on the existing natural resources and climatic conditions, we should adapt measures to local conditions, plan rationally, exploit strengths and avoid weaknesses, insist on doing something and not doing anything, implement regional and large-scale planting, gradually form regional characteristics and regional advantages, and form economies of scale. In terms of tea varieties, we should give priority to the development of high-quality teas, focus on the development of famous teas in terms of product development, and focus on the development of pollution-free teas in terms of product quality. We must not only uphold traditional advantages, but also continue to pioneer and innovate.
(2). Rely on scientific and technological progress to comprehensively improve the scientific and technological level of Nanjing's tea industry
We must rely on science and technology to continuously improve the scientific and technological content of Nanjing's tea industry. We should focus on three aspects of work: First, vigorously introduce, demonstrate and promote excellent tea varieties, especially cloned varieties, and strive to have clonal improved tea gardens accounting for 20% of the city's total tea garden area by 2010, and increase the city's tea raw materials as soon as possible. quality; second, vigorously introduce and demonstrate and promote advanced tea garden production and management technology, especially mechanized pruning and mechanized picking technology of tea gardens, pollution-free cultivation technology of tea, breeding technology of improved clones and comprehensive utilization technology of tea resources; third, It is to vigorously introduce and demonstrate and promote famous tea processing technology and tea deep processing technology to enhance the technological content of products and increase the added value of products.
As one of the top ten famous teas in the country and a famous agricultural product in Jiangsu Province, Yuhua tea has great brand advantages and high market visibility. However, with the improvement of people’s living standards and the increasingly individualized consumer demand In order to better meet the needs of consumers, the processing technology of Yuhua tea needs to be continuously improved and innovated on the original basis. To this end, we must actively implement the Yuhua Tea revitalization project, focusing on three tasks. First, we must actively improve and innovate the Yuhua Tea mechanism and technology, and implement a collaborative research plan for Yuhua Tea production; second, vigorously develop the Yuhua Tea origin production. The application work for regional protection shall be completed in a short period of time; the third is to establish a quality assurance system for Yuhua tea as soon as possible to promote Yuhua tea to become a pollution-free agricultural product as soon as possible.
(3). Implement industrialized management and steadily improve the overall benefits of Nanjing’s tea industry
To implement the industrialized management strategy for the development of Nanjing’s tea industry, we should focus on the following three aspects Work:
1. Focus on cultivating competitive entities in the tea market
If the development of Nanjing tea is to reach a new level and achieve sustainable and efficient development goals, it must make great efforts to focus on cultivating Competitors in the tea market, including leading tea companies, product professional markets, industry associations, industry cooperative organizations, etc., have made great efforts to demonstrate and promote efficient operation models of various industrialized operations, such as "leading enterprise driven", "agricultural cooperatives" "Connection type", "Professional agricultural cooperative service type", "Wholesale market radiation type", etc. In particular, we will increase support for leading tea companies, and strive to achieve five unifications in recent years through the leadership of leading companies, namely unified labeling, unified quality, unified technical guidance, unified packaging, and unified external marketing. Taking the national famous tea Yuhua Tea as the key product, we will build the brand of real estate famous tea, expand the sales channels of our city's real estate tea, occupy the domestic and foreign tea markets, especially the northern tea market, improve the economic and social benefits of our city's tea, and provide us with It has made new contributions to increasing the income of farmers in the city and increasing agricultural efficiency.
2. Actively implement the famous brand development strategy
The implementation of the famous brand development strategy is an urgent need for tea industrialization management and an important measure in response to tea's entry into the WTO. First of all, establishing the concept of famous brands and enhancing the awareness of creating famous brands are prerequisites for the smooth implementation of the strategy of creating famous tea brands; secondly, formulating policies and measures that are conducive to creating famous brands and actively supporting tea products to create famous brands; in addition, it is also necessary to establish and improve the management of creating famous tea brands A system can ensure the longevity of tea product brands.
In addition, registering a collective trademark is also an effective way to create a famous tea brand. Since most of the applicants for registered trademarks of agricultural and sideline products in our city are single farmers or single enterprises, there is often a scattered situation of "one natural area, one special product, multiple registered trademarks" (such as the multi-trademark phenomenon of Yuhua tea). It is obvious that a single applicant has a small production scale and is unable to carry out trademark promotion, corresponding product development and market expansion. In addition, there may be vicious competition between different registrants of the same product, resulting in a slow increase in trademark awareness, or no improvement at all. Due to its popularity, the trademark that was finally registered did not play its due role. Therefore, the biggest advantage of applying for registration of a collective trademark is that without changing the identity of individual members, the production and operation capabilities of all individual members can be effectively combined through the unified use of a unified trademark, forming a quantitative advantage and showing scale effects.
3. Further demonstrate and promote standardization technology
Without standardization, the scale and industrialization of the development of the tea industry cannot be achieved. Without standardization, it is impossible to create a real tea brand. Without standardized tea Therefore, the industry cannot truly go abroad to participate in international competition. Therefore, on the basis of vigorously demonstrating and promoting the existing Yuhua tea series standards, we should speed up the formulation, promotion and application of production, processing and product standards for other real estate famous teas, so that standardization can run through the entire process of industrialized management of the tea industry. From the ecological construction of tea gardens, selection of fine varieties, fresh leaf production, processing, packaging and sales, pollution-free quality standards must be implemented to ensure the steady improvement of tea quality, create a green brand, establish a green image, and enhance market competitiveness.
(4). Increase investment in the tea industry and continuously enhance the development potential of Nanjing’s tea industry
First of all, we must increase capital investment and vigorously encourage and attract "three capitals" Capital develops the tea industry, forms a diversified investment mechanism, strengthens the construction of tea garden infrastructure and supporting facilities, especially the construction of tea garden ecological environment; secondly, it is necessary to strengthen investment in tea garden management, promote the application of pollution-free tea production technology, and strive to Improve the overall production level; third, we must increase investment in the construction of the tea processing system, focusing on configuring advanced tea production machinery and building safe and hygienic processing supporting facilities, so as to further enhance the development potential of Nanjing's tea industry.
(5). Innovate operating mechanisms and rapidly expand the development scale of Nanjing tea industry
First, strengthen organizational innovation and mechanism innovation. The core of organizational innovation is the enterpriseization of tea base construction , the core of mechanism innovation is the privatization of enterprises. It is necessary to gradually promote the restructuring of state-owned tea farms in the city and strive to establish a truly modern enterprise system as soon as possible; secondly, actively encourage the introduction of foreign investment and the adoption of various forms of joint ventures, joint ventures, cooperation, joint ventures, etc. The Communist Party of China will jointly develop the tea industry in Nanjing and gradually establish a multi-channel, diversified investment structure and investment mechanism including the state, enterprises, collectives, farmers, individuals and foreign capital; third, accelerate the reform of the agricultural land use system and further improve the land transfer mechanism. Actively provide good external conditions for the large-scale development of the tea industry.
Market price (special grade): more than 100 yuan/catty
Market price (first level): more than 60 yuan/catty
Market price (second level) : 40-60 yuan/jin
Market price (level three): 20-40 yuan/jin