Mental arithmetic: I have already figured out how to deal with it in my heart. Source: Song Kong and Zhong Ping's "On the Continuation of the World": "Li Cunjin wanted to build a pontoon bridge, and the military attache said,' The river bridge needs bamboo ropes ... Now there are no bamboo stones, so it is very difficult to steal them. "Cunjin said,' I do the math in my mind, and I have an opinion.' "
Hand in hand river beam: river beam: bridge. Refers to farewell. Source: Han Liling's poem "With Su Wu": "Hand in hand on the river beam, what about wandering?" On the side of the road, I can't quit. "
Above Haoliang: Haoliang: A bridge in Mizunokami. It refers to a situation where you have a different understanding and enjoy yourself. Source: Zhuangzi Qiushui: "Zhuangzi and Keiko swim on the Hao Liang. Zhuangzi said,' The minnows swim leisurely. This is the happiness of fish. Keiko said,' If you were not a fish, would you know the happiness of fish?' Zhuangzi said,' If I am not a child, do I know the joy of fish?'
Friendship between river and beam: river beam: bridge, which refers to the place of parting. Refers to the reluctant friendship when seeing you off. Source: Han Liling and Su Wu: "Hand in hand on the river beam, what about wandering?" Wandering around the road, I can't stop. ..... It is difficult for pedestrians to stay long, and each has a long-lost love. "
Erect golden beams: beams: bridges. Golden Bridge on the Sea. Metaphor can shoulder the heavy responsibility of the pillars. Source: Yuan Anonymous "Yellow Crane Tower" is the first discount: "I thought Zhou Yu broke a million Cao soldiers. He is a jade pillar in the sky and a golden beam in the sea. "
"The play is a quatrain, ending with the sentence of the Tang Dynasty," It's sunny in Meiwu, and the Liuqiao has the upper hand. There are no calendar days in the mountains. What dynasty is it today? "
Autumn Night at Liuqiao: "Liu Shu Bridge is everywhere, and water falls all the way. Clothing pestle every month, fishing boat is full of wind. The eyes are clear and secular, and the steps are withered. Who can escape from the wild? "
"Autumn Songs": "After a long rain, my eyes are fascinated and my house is full of green shoes. Suddenly I came to the foot of Liuqiao, the dew was wet and the flowers were red. " Autumn Night at Liuqiao: "There is a lonely moon in Wan Li, Di Qing, and the clouds are swept away. It's a good autumn night, so I don't need help on the bridge. " "This is the way it is": "Liu Huaming on the mountain, the sound of childhood falling. On the east bank of Liuqiao, talk about feng shui. "
"Liuqiao": "Chu Qing, village road, made of snow and mud, less than 10 days to the west of Xiaoqiao. When I went out, I felt that spring came early, and the willows were dyed light yellow and had already dipped into the stream. "
"Walking alone, crossing the Liuqiao and coming back": "Suddenly I feel a little better, so I ask the children to help me. Leng Yun covered the river with heavy snow. A hedgehog barks and a pheasant pecks. Xu Xing passed the house and laughed. "
"A bridge flies north and south, and Tianzhu becomes a thoroughfare." (Mao Zedong)
Take the boat as a beam, without showing its light. (The Book of Songs, Ru Ya Da Ming)
Poems about bridges
"A bridge flies north and south, and Tianzhu becomes a thoroughfare." (Mao Zedong)
Take the boat as a beam, without showing its light. (The Book of Songs, Ru Ya Da Ming)
"The small bridge crosses the blue quicksand obliquely and sends the pearl back to the home by the stream." (Hua Zhen)
It was dark at dusk in the west of the bridge, and the river outside the fence was green.
The bridge is close to the home forest of a small city, and the mountain belt is connected with Pinghu Wild Temple.
The wheel trend changes with the sky, and it crosses the sea in a bridge shape.
Clouds are like snow in the mountains at the bottom of the water, and grass is like smoke by the bridge.
Poems about bridges
A bridge flies north and south, and the natural barrier becomes a thoroughfare. (Mao Zedong)
Take the boat as a beam, without showing its light. (The Book of Songs, Ru Ya Da Ming)
"The small bridge crosses the blue quicksand obliquely and sends the pearl back to the home by the stream." (Hua Zhen)
It was dark at dusk in the west of the bridge, and the river outside the fence was green.
The bridge is close to the home forest of a small city, and the mountain belt is connected with Pinghu Wild Temple.
Clouds are like snow in the mountains at the bottom of the water, and grass is like smoke by the bridge.
Jinsha River is warm in the clouds and cliffs, and Dadu Bridge is cold in the iron bars.
Old vines and faint crows, small bridges and flowing water.
When a chicken crows at the Maodian Moon, people walk on the Banqiao Frost.
Where does the Jade Man teach oral sex at Bridge 24 on a moonlit night?
Under the sad bridge, the spring waves are green, which used to be a stunning photo.
The shade of ancient wood is a short awning, and the stick thistle helps me cross the east of the bridge.
There are some weeds blooming by the Suzaku Bridge, and there is only sunset at the corner of Wuyi Lane.
Outside the bridge, the plum blossoms are lonely, no matter what.
You are watching the scenery on the bridge, and the people watching the scenery are watching you upstairs.
antithetical couplet
Shrink one's hand for thousands of miles
Combine these two places into a family.
Remote connection of water lamp
The rainbow is full of air.
The shadows above and below shook the bottom of the moon.
The traveler crossed the ladder in the mirror.
Bridge proverb:
Horse racing on the bridge-desperate.
A bridge is a bridge, and a road is a road-loud and clear.
Put a pole in the bridge opening-you can't afford it.
Bridge proverb
Don't worry too much.
I have crossed more bridges than you.
Bridge to bridge, road to road.
You go your way, I'll go my wooden bridge.
Dismantle the bridge immediately after crossing the river
One more friend, one more road, one more enemy, one more bridge.
Double bridges are easy to walk, but single trees are difficult to walk.
Idioms related to bridges
Take risks and overcome obstacles on the road ahead.
Overlapping bridges in case of water: [explanation] When the water stops, the bridge will pass. Describe not afraid of resistance, go forward bravely.
A bridge is a bridge, and a road is a road: [explanation] Metaphor should strictly distinguish irrelevant things. Take "bridge to bridge, road to road".
When the ship reaches the bridge gate, it will be straight. Don't worry too much beforehand, the problem will solve itself. I don't believe it ~
Bridge in water: See "Bridge in Water".
Overlapping bridge in case of water: blocking in case of water, crossing the bridge. Describe not afraid of resistance, go forward bravely.
An unbridgeable tongue: an expression that describes surprise.
Dismantling the bridge: See "Dismantling the Bridge Across the River".
Repair bridges and roads: build bridges and roads. The old metaphor is enthusiastic about public welfare and donating money to do good.
Bridge-to-bridge, road-to-road: The metaphor of irrelevant things should be strictly distinguished.
Cross the river and burn the bridge: cross the river by yourself and burn the bridge by yourself. Metaphor: After achieving your goal, kick the person who helped you away.
Cross the bridge to pull the board: a metaphor for kicking away those who help themselves after achieving their goals.
Stories related to bridges
1 Bridges and landscapes are beautiful, and bridges really complement each other in such a natural picture. Poems such as Du Fu's "Willow on the Bridge, Meixiangye on the River Road" and Bai Juyi's "Sunny Hongqiao Reflecting, Autumn Goose Whispering" all describe the beautiful scenery composed of mountains, water and bridges.
Where there are mountains and water, there must be bridges, pavilions and bridges, and running water, which set each other off and are indispensable. Ouyang Xiu's two poems, "Blooming bright and blue, Quzhu Bridge painting children's songs", are a portrayal of this.
The Third Bridge and the Literary Bridge are in the water and mountains, and it is more and more difficult to fly. They are wonderful literary themes, as famous as the Maple Bridge in Suzhou. In poetry, besides Zhang Ji's poem "Sleeping by the Maple Bridge", there is also Du Mu's poem "The grass in Changzhou is rustling, and the autumn rain crosses the Maple Bridge at dusk" and so on. In painting, the structure of "Hongqiao" in Zhang Zeduan's Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival is very ingenious. In terms of drama, there are many "bridge plays" in Beijing Opera alone. The most famous ones are Changbanpo, Broken Bridge, Caoqiao Dream and so on. The story of "Queqiao" in myths and legends has a long history, and the story of Zhang riding a donkey backwards across the bridge is also known to all women and children.
The historical story of four bridges Qiantang River Bridge, built in 1937, is the first modern bridge designed and built by China people themselves, as you may know; But do you know that this bridge was opened to traffic on September 26th 1937, and it was blown up by us on February 23rd, and it didn't serve the Japanese invaders!
The oldest existing open-shouldered stone arch bridge is Zhao Zhouqiao, Zhao County, Hebei Province. It was built from the 15th year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty to the first year of Daye (595-605).
The earliest existing multi-arch stone bridge with span is baodai bridge, Suzhou, Jiangsu. Founded in the 11th year of Tang Yuanhe (8 16).
The earliest existing bridge crossing is the fish pond flying beam in Jinci, Shanxi Province, which was built in the first year of Chongning in the Northern Song Dynasty (1 102).
The earliest movable switch stone bridge is Guangzhou Chaozhou Guangji Bridge. It was built in the 10th year of Xuande in Ming Dynasty (1435).
The only Wu Ting Bridge is located in Slender West Lake in Yangzhou, Jiangsu.
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Common saying
Don't worry too much.
The bridge I have crossed is longer than the road you have walked.
Outside the bridge, the plum blossoms are lonely, no matter what.
Irrelevant things should be strictly distinguished.
You take the main road and I'll cross the wooden bridge-you go your way and I'll go mine.
One more friend, one more road, one more enemy, one more bridge.
Ancient poems:
The bright moonlight on the 24 th Bridge is a clear night. Where do you teach blowjobs?
The 24th Bridge is still there, and Leng Yue is silent. After reading the red medicine by the bridge, who will you know every year?
Respondent: Li 123 Li Grade 5 2009-11-2913: 24.
Report 1 qi á o's water or air buildings that are conducive to traffic: Suo ~; God ~; The Yellow River is big ~; The Yangtze river is big ~; Three-dimensional intersection
② Last name. Bridge: ① a building built on water or in the air to facilitate the passage of pedestrians and vehicles. Metaphors can be interrelated: a bridge of friendship. Letters are the bridge between us.
Bridge: A sports event is a kind of poker game.
More information about this word—
< name > sound and form. From the Woods, Sheng Qiao. Original meaning: bridge
Bridge, water beam also. From the Woods, Sheng Qiao. Parallel wood is the person who makes it. People who are alone in the Woods say "bar". -Shuo Wen
In Ning Xin, it was renamed Anyang, and it was the river bridge. -History? Qin Benji
It is sunny in spring near Luoshui Bridge. -Liu Yuxi's "Langtaosha"
Changhong lies on the waves. Don? Du Mu's Epang Palace Fu
Bridge side red medicine. Song? Jiang Kui's Slow Yangzhou
Around the bridge. -Guangdong military
Another example: the bridge pavilion (the road is built by the mountain). That is, plank road and pavilion road); Jin Qiao (bridgehead. Tianjin, seaside ferry)
A crossbar on an object
Used as bridge scale. -Book of Rites? Qu Li. Note: "Inoue orange."
Another example is saddle bridge.
admire a famous person
Bridges: building bridges
△jiāo
1. orange. Pumping tools on oil wells. Or the balance beam on the orange.
2. preach "Yu": pride. See "Bridge Discharge".
△jiǎo
1. Mountain equipment. Historical records? "River Channel Sutra": "On land, on water, on mud and on mountains." Pei Qian's explanation made Guangxu say, "The bridge is near and far. One is' swimming'. " Paddle and go straight to the car. "You said it was a sedan chair.
2. After "correction": correction.
3. Pass "correction": false, false. See "Qiao Yan".
4. Pass "":tilt; stretch?out
5. Physical illness.
[Edit this paragraph] The concept of bridge
The bridge is an overhead man-made passage. It consists of an upper structure and a lower structure. The superstructure includes bridge body and bridge deck; The substructure includes pier, abutment and foundation. They hang high and lie flat, with diverse shapes, and some are simple and elegant; Some cross the rocks and streams, adding color to the mountains and rivers; Some are located in the main roads in the city center, with clever shapes; Some bridges are versatile and ingenious. No matter the wind and rain, no matter the heat and winter, they always cross the river to Tianjin in obscurity for the vast number of pedestrians, horses and chariots. The main purpose of building a bridge is to solve the traffic across water or valley, so that vehicles or pedestrians can walk on the bridge unimpeded. Judging from its earliest or most important function, a bridge should refer to a road across the water. Therefore, Duan Yucai's explanation of "Wen Jie Zi" is: "The word' Liang Zi' uses wood to cross the water, and today it is also a bridge." It shows that the original meaning of bridge refers to the passage with trees on the water, and later it is extended to the form of "plank road" on the cliff and "climbing over the wall" between pavilions and pavilions. Modern bridges also play an important role in urban traffic. Building a bridge (overpass) on the flat ground to connect the east, west, north and south will not only help alleviate traffic congestion, but also become a beautiful scenery in modern cities. China is the hometown of bridges, and it has been known as "the country of bridges" since ancient times, which developed in the Sui Dynasty.
[Edit this paragraph] The characteristics of the bridge
China is a bridge country with many mountains and rivers. In ancient times, both the bridge-building technology and the number of bridges were in the leading position in the world. For thousands of years, bridges have long been an indispensable part of people's social life. However, due to the vast territory of China, there are great differences in geography, climate, cultural customs and the development level of social productive forces from south to north and from east to west. Therefore, according to their own actual situation and needs, they have created a variety of bridge forms and gradually formed their own characteristics after a long time. Specifically, they have the following characteristics:
(1) regional. China, a vast country, is a bridge connecting the North and the South and the East and the West. Influenced by its natural geography and humanistic society, it has formed its own relatively independent style and characteristics according to local conditions. For example, the Central Plains and the Yellow River Basin in the north have relatively flat terrain and few rivers and waters, so people rely on mules, horses and carts to transport materials. Therefore, most of the bridges here are Guan Dan's majestic stone arch bridge and Liang Shi bridge, so that ships can pass under the bridge; In the northwest and southwest regions, it is difficult to build piers because of the high mountains and steep valleys. Therefore, rattan, bamboo cable, logs and other mountain materials are often used to build rope suspension bridges or outrigger wooden beam bridges. The coastal areas of Lingnan, Fujian and Guangdong are rich in hard granite, so stone bridges abound. In Yunnan minority areas, unique bamboo bridges can be seen everywhere because of the abundance of bamboo. Judging from the style of the bridge, the bridge in the north is as rough and simple as the northerners; Bridges in the south are as smart and light as southerners. Of course, this is also closely related to physical geography. For example, the rivers in the north have changed greatly due to the bullying of water flow and the impact of mountain torrents and ice, so the bridge must be thick and stable; However, the South River is gentle and easy to navigate, so the bridge is slender and beautiful.
(2) Diversity. China is an ancient civilization, with vast territory and abundant resources, beautiful mountains and rivers, and great differences in geology and geomorphology between the north and the south, so the technical requirements for bridge construction are also very high. Around the Han Dynasty, four basic types of bridges: beam bridge, pontoon bridge, cable bridge and arch bridge, all came into being. According to the different building materials and structural forms, these four kinds of bridges have evolved into: wooden bridge, stone bridge, brick bridge, bamboo bridge, salt bridge, ice bridge, rattan bridge, iron bridge, reed bridge, stone pillar bridge, stone pier bridge, flood bridge, cantilever bridge, covered bridge, wind and rain bridge, bamboo bridge, stone bridge, telescopic bridge, cable-stayed bridge and third bridge.
(3) Multifunctional. Ancient craftsmen in China paid great attention to the maximization of bridge benefits when building bridges. They should not only consider adjusting measures to local conditions, but also consider making the bridge play a multi-functional role as much as possible. For example, most arch bridges in the south of the Yangtze River are flat at both ends and high in the middle, which not only produces the beauty of arc in modeling, but also facilitates sailing. Covered bridges can be seen everywhere in the south of China, which fully embodies the multi-purpose characteristics of one bridge. There is a lot of rain and strong sunshine in the south, so the bridge builders built a gallery on the bridge, which not only provided a place for passers-by to avoid the wind and rain, but also increased the self-weight of the bridge, prevented the bridge from being washed away by the flood, and protected the wooden beams and iron cables from being corroded by the wind and rain. In particular, many of these covered bridges are also used for markets, accommodation and business activities, because people are used to being in a hurry. For example, Xiangzi Bridge in Chaoan County, Guangdong Province, with a total length of more than 500 meters, is known as "a long bridge in one mile and a city in one mile", and there is an openable pontoon bridge in the bridge to facilitate navigation; Build a gallery house on the bridge and make a market behind it. During this period, shops are lined up, from morning till night, bustling and lively, so that you can't smell the roaring tide and the wide river. Therefore, there is a joke among the people that "ask Xiangqiao when you arrive at Xiangqiao".
(4) public welfare. Since the bridge came into being, it has emerged as a kind of sociality belonging to the people. Traditional buildings in China are generally private, and only bridges (except those in private gardens) are owned by the society, whether government-owned or private. Therefore, for thousands of years, loving bridges and protecting roads has become a good fashion, while "repairing bridges and paving roads" is a charitable act that benefits the public and is highly respected by the public. Therefore, repairing or building a bridge has a broad mass character. According to historical records, there are probably four ways to build bridges in China: one is civil construction, that is, the bridge is built independently by one family and one surname; The second is to raise funds and report them to the government for support and joint construction. This is the most common, such as the famous Zhao Zhouqiao and Quanzhou Luoyang Bridge, which were all built in this way. Third, the official presided over the people's repair, which was pledged by local officials and gentry, and appointed officials or businessmen to preside over it. This is mostly a bridge; Fourth, it is all funded by the government. So there are ancient bridges all over China, and even more bridges are built in the hinterland. Its quantity and wide distribution rank first in the world.
[Edit this paragraph] The emergence and development of bridges
Before artificial bridges appeared, many natural bridge forms were formed in nature due to the influence of crustal movement or other natural phenomena. Inspired by these natural bridges, such as the Liang Shi Bridge in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang, the Stone Arch Bridge in Guixi, Jiangxi (Xianren Bridge), the "single-plank bridge" formed by the natural fallen trunk along the river, or the natural "suspension bridge" formed by the twining of vines on both sides, human beings constantly imitate nature in the process of survival. At first, some wooden bridges were built on the river with a piece of wood, or on the ditches around clan settlements (the bridge was originally called "beam", probably because this beam passed by), or a stone pedal was set up in a narrow and shallow stream to slightly emerge from the water, forming a simple "jumping pier" Liang Shi bridge (the original bridge was often imitated in gardens and called "pavilion"). These "single-plank bridges" and "jumping pier bridges" are the most primitive bridges of human architecture. Later, with the development of social productive forces, it gradually evolved from low-level to high-level, and then gradually produced various bridges across the air.
Bridges in China have gone through four stages of development. The first stage is mainly in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, including the previous historical era, which is the founding period of the ancient bridge. At this time, in addition to the original wooden bridge and Tingbu bridge, there are mainly two forms of bridge: beam bridge and pontoon bridge. At that time, due to the backward level of productivity, most of them could only be built in areas with flat terrain, narrow rivers and gentle water flow, and bridges could only be wooden beams, so the technical problems were relatively easy to solve. On the other hand, pontoons are often used in rivers with wide water surface and fast flowing water.
The second stage is dominated by Qin and Han dynasties, including the Warring States and the Three Kingdoms, which is the period of creation and development of ancient bridges. Qin and Han dynasties are a dazzling development stage in the history of Chinese architecture. At this time, not only the bricks of artificial building materials were invented, but also the arch coupon structure with the theme of masonry structure system was created, which created the prerequisite for the emergence of arch bridges later. The appearance of ironware in the Warring States period also promoted the multi-faceted utilization of stone materials in buildings, thus adding new components such as stone pillars, Liang Shi and stone bridge surfaces to the log beam bridge. Not only that, but also its great significance lies in the stone arch bridge came into being. The establishment of stone arch bridge has played an epoch-making role in the history of ancient bridge construction in China, which is not only practical, but also economical and beautiful. The great development of Liang Shi stone arch bridge not only reduces the maintenance cost and prolongs the service life of the bridge, but also improves the scientific level of structural theory and construction technology. Therefore, the use of building stone and the emergence of arch coupon technology in Qin and Han dynasties are actually a major revolution in the history of bridge construction. Therefore, according to some documents and archaeological data, about the Eastern Han Dynasty, four basic bridge types, namely, beam bridge, pontoon bridge, cable bridge and arch bridge, were formed.
The third stage is dominated by the Tang and Song Dynasties, supplemented by the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, which is the heyday of the development of the ancient bridge. Compared with Qin and Han Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties had stronger national strength, and Tang and Song Dynasties achieved long-term stability and unity. The level of industry and commerce, transportation and science and technology was very developed, and it was the most advanced country in the world at that time. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, because a large number of Han nobles moved south, the economic center moved from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin, which made the economy of the southeast water network area develop greatly, and the development of economy and technology in turn stimulated the great development of the bridge. Therefore, many bridges that attracted worldwide attention came into being at this time, such as Zhao Zhouqiao, which was an open-shouldered stone arch bridge initiated by Li Chun, a stonemason in Sui Dynasty, Hongqiao, a stoplog wooden arch bridge invented by abandoned soldiers in Northern Song Dynasty, and Wan 'an Bridge in Quanzhou, which was founded by recitation, and Xiangzi Bridge in Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, which was a combination of Liang Shi Bridge and telescopic pontoon bridge in Southern Song Dynasty. These bridges are very famous in the history of bridges in the world, especially in Zhao Zhouqiao. Seven centuries later, similar bridges appeared in other countries in the world. Throughout the history of Chinese bridges, almost all major inventions and achievements, as well as bridges that can compete for the first place in the world, were produced at this time.
The fourth stage is Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, which is the saturation period of bridge development, and there are almost no major innovations and technological breakthroughs. At this time, the main achievement is to repair and transform some ancient bridges, leaving many construction documents for bridge construction, providing a lot of written materials for future generations. In addition, some arduous projects, such as Wannian Bridge in Cheng Nan, Jiangxi and Panjiang Bridge in Guizhou, were completed. At the same time, Sichuan, Yunnan and other places have built many cable bridges, and the construction technology of cable bridges has also improved. In the late Qing Dynasty, that is, 188 1 year, with the opening of the first railway in China, another technological revolution in the history of Chinese bridges was ushered in.
[Edit this paragraph] Types and forms of bridges
According to the main materials
Wood, stone, brick, bamboo, rattan, iron, salt, ice, paper bridge.
Wooden bridge is the earliest form of bridge. Almost all bridges before Qin and Han Dynasties in China were wooden bridges. Such as the earliest wooden bridge and wooden column beam bridge. Boat bridges appeared around Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and row-column wooden beam bridges and outboard wooden beam bridges appeared around Warring States Period. However, due to the characteristics of wood itself, such as looseness, perishable, and dominated by the strength and length of materials, it is not only difficult to build bridges on rivers with wide rivers, but also difficult to build durable bridges. So in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it was replaced by a bridge with mixed wood and stone.
Stone and brick bridges. Generally speaking, the bridge deck structure is also a bridge made of stone or brick, but bridges made of pure brick are rare, usually made of brick, wood or masonry, and stone bridges are more common. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a wooden bridge with stone piers appeared, and the Western Han Dynasty further developed into a Liang Shi bridge with stone pillars, and a single-span stone arch bridge appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the Sui Dynasty, the world's first single-hole arc stone arch bridge with shoulder was born, while in the Tang Dynasty, Li Zhaode created a porous Liang Shi bridge. The Song Dynasty witnessed the vigorous development of large stone bridges, creating Liang Shi Bridge which spans several miles at the intersection of rivers and seas, such as Luoyang Bridge and Ping 'an Bridge in Quanzhou, and large stone arch bridges, such as Lugou Bridge in Beijing and baodai bridge in Suzhou.
Bamboo bridge and rattan bridge. Mainly distributed in the south, especially in the southwest. Generally, it is only used on rivers with narrow river surface, or as a temporary crossing. In the early days, it was mainly a cable bridge. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the bamboo cable-stayed bridge was called "Ruxiang Bridge". Later, bamboo cable bridge, bamboo pontoon bridge and bamboo slab bridge appeared. In ancient times, iron bridges included iron cable bridges and iron column bridges. The former belongs to the category of cable bridge, which is relatively common and appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The latter is a kind of beam bridge, which is actually a wood-iron mixed bridge, which is relatively rare. Jiangxi has seen an example.
Salt bridge and ice bridge. Mainly exists in special natural environment. The former is mainly found in salt lake area of Qinghai, while the latter is mainly found in cold areas in the north.
Paper bridges appear in some toys.
According to the structure and appearance
Beam bridge, pontoon bridge, cable bridge and arch bridge are four basic types.
Beam bridge, also known as flat bridge and span bridge, is a bridge supported by piers at a horizontal distance, and then beams are erected to tile the deck. This is the most widely used bridge, which appeared earlier than other bridges in history. It takes the form of wood, stone or a mixture of wood and stone. In the pre-Qin period, all beam bridges used wooden columns as piers, but this kind of wooden column beam structure showed its weakness very early and could not adapt to the development of the situation. Therefore, it was replaced by the Shizhu wooden beam bridge, such as the multi-span long bridge built in Qin and Han Dynasties: Wei Qiao, Baqiao, etc. About the Han Dynasty, the pile foundation technology was invented, and stone piers appeared, which showed that bridges made of wood and stones could cross wider rivers and bear the impact of rough waves. However, because the wooden beam on the stone pier is not resistant to wind and rain erosion, a bridge house was built on the bridge to protect the bridge body. This type of bridge (covered bridge) is more common in the south, but it was first seen in the Yellow River basin. Small and medium-sized Liang Shi or stone slab bridge is the most popular bridge type for its convenient structure, durable materials and labor-saving maintenance. Especially after the Southern Song Dynasty, it was very popular in Quanzhou, Fujian, and many Liang Shi bridges were created. If there is no pier in the middle of a beam bridge, it is called a single-span beam bridge; If there are piers in the water, so that the bridge body forms two holes, it is called a double-span beam bridge; If there are more than two piers, it is called a multi-span beam bridge.
The pontoon bridge is also called pontoon bridge, pontoon boat and pontoon truss. Because it is easy to erect, it is often used in military affairs, so it is also called "Zhanqiao"-a bridge where hundreds of wooden boats (including rafts or bamboo rafts on the water) are placed side by side on the water with chains, and the boats are paved with boards for people to pass. If the bridge in the strict sense is marked by crossing the air and having column piers, it is not a bridge in the full sense. The pontoon bridge is mainly built where the river is too wide, too deep or fluctuating, which is beyond the reach of ordinary wooden columns and bridges. Wooden stakes, iron oxen, iron mountains, Shi Zhuan and stone lions are set on both sides of the pontoon bridge, and ropes are used. Tianjin Bridge, built on the Luoshui River in the first year of the Sui Dynasty, was the first pontoon bridge to connect ships with chains. At present, pontoon bridges are still widely used in southern China, such as Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Guangxi.
Advantages of the pontoon bridge: First, the construction is fast. In the second year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1852), the Taiping Army besieged Wuchang and built two pontoons across the Yangtze River overnight. Second, the cost is low. In the Ming Dynasty, Zou Shouyi made a comparison between the stone bridge and the pontoon bridge in Xiufenglin: "If you use the Liang Shi Bridge, it costs 1,000 yuan, and if you use the pontoon bridge, it costs 500 gold, depending on your needs." Third, it can be opened and closed at will, and it is very convenient to disassemble and assemble. Disadvantages are small deadweight, fluctuating with the waves, weak flood resistance, complicated management, frequent maintenance and replacement of ships, bridge decks and mooring cables, and high maintenance costs. Therefore, the ultimate destination of many pontoons is to develop into wooden bridges, Liang Shi bridges or stone arch bridges.
Cable bridge is also called suspension bridge, cable bridge and suspension bridge. , is a bridge suspended with bamboo cables or rattan cables and iron cables as the backbone. Most of them are built on steep river banks and dangerous valleys, and the current is too fast to be used as docks, mainly in the southwest of China. Its practice is to build houses on both sides of the river, set up posts for tying ropes and rotating posts for twisting ropes respectively, then tie several thick ropes flat, and then put boards horizontally on the ropes, and some even add one or two ropes on both sides as handrails. It was first seen in Qin and Han Dynasties. For example, Qin built a bamboo cable bridge in the southwest of Yizhou (now Chengdu) in Sichuan, also called Yili Bridge. The existing famous ones are Luding Iron Cable Bridge and guanxian Bamboo Cable Bridge built in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Crossing the cable bridge feels very thrilling, just as the ancients described the cable bridge: "People are hanging in the air, and if they don't quit in an instant, they will fall into a bottomless valley." Monk Zhimeng in the Tang Dynasty said, "If you can't see the end, the shadows are fighting." In fact, it is still safe to really cross the past, just like Xu Xiake's Travels commented on the Panjiang Bridge in Guizhou: "Look at it and you will stop."