1, the precautionary principle "Xue Ji" said: "It is said that the ban will not be made." It is required to estimate all kinds of bad tendencies that students may have in advance and take preventive measures in advance. Otherwise, "if it is banned again, it will be overwhelming." In the case that bad tendencies have already occurred and even accumulated habits have deepened, it is out of place and difficult to do educational guidance again.

2, the principle of timely teaching "call when you can", grasp the best time to learn, learn at the right time, and teach at the right time. Otherwise, "if you learn it later, it will be hard and hard." This has involved the age characteristics, psychological preparation, teaching content and order of middle school students in teaching, and it is required to find the best combination of various factors to make teaching effective.

3. The principle of "step by step" is called "Sun Xun", and teaching must follow a certain order. Order can be understood as the order of content and the order of age. If you "teach without grandchildren", there is no reasonable order and you teach indiscriminately, the effect will be counterproductive. Therefore, we should "learn and wait for it."

4. The principle of "learning from each other is good, which is called friction". In learning, we should observe more, learn from each other and learn from each other's strengths. We should study in the collective and study with the help of the collective. Otherwise, "learning alone without friends is ignorance."

5, the principle of long-term goodness is lost. "The Book of Learning" believes that "the teacher has four losses, and the teacher must know it." People learn too much, or lose too little, or lose too easily, or stop. These four hearts are different. Know his heart, and then you can recover his loss. "This points out four shortcomings in students' study, namely, being greedy, one-sided, expert, impetuous, cautious and afraid of difficulties. These four shortcomings are also caused by "mentality differences"-individual mentality differences. Therefore, teachers should master students' psychological differences and realize their duality, that is, "more, less, easy and stop, although each has its own losses, while more is easy to learn, less is easy to specialize, easy to be brave, and stop is orderly, and each has its own advantages." If you save the damage, it will be good. " Therefore, learning records reveal the dialectical relationship between students' learning length and gains and losses, and require "teaching, being good and saving those who lose". Teachers should pay attention to students' individual differences and help them develop their advantages and overcome their shortcomings.

6. The principle of inspiration is "the teaching of a gentleman, the teaching of metaphor", and the teaching should pay attention to inspiration. Let students learn by rote blindly, or ask questions frequently, and only pay attention to the progress without paying attention to students' interest, acceptance and learning effect. Students will think that learning is a chore, even resentment, and will soon forget everything they have learned. Therefore, teaching should restart hair induction, pay attention to "guiding by Buddhism", and teachers should guide, but not lead students by the nose; "Strong and restrained", urging and encouraging, but not reluctant and depressing; "Open your heart", open your heart, and don't give an answer. Yukime believes that a teacher who knows how to inspire is a teacher who knows how to teach.

7. The principle of "Tibet and interest complement each other", that is, you should have a proper occupation when teaching and a place to live when you retire. This means regular classroom study, extracurricular activities and self-study in a planned way, so that students can feel the fun of learning, feel the amiable and lovely teachers and classmates, and make learning an internal need of students.

Second, teaching methods.

"Xue Ji" also has a precise exposition of some teaching methods.

1. Interpretation method It puts forward: "reach an agreement" (simple language, accessible meaning), "slightly conceal" (subtle meaning, good essence) and "draw inferences from one example to another" (give a few typical examples to make the truth clear and easy to understand).

2. Question-and-answer method Teachers should ask questions simply first, then difficultly, and follow the inherent logic of the questions. Moreover, answering questions should follow their questions, and the targeted answers should be appropriate, enough is enough, and there is nothing wrong.

3, practice methods, such as learning poetry, must read more and sing more, learn music, must play the piano and pluck the strings, and learn manners according to the rules. Arrange necessary exercises according to the learning content. Exercises need to be standardized and should be carried out step by step.

First, "learning"

Xue Ji is one of the monographs on the study of ancient Chinese laws and regulations, which was written at the end of the Warring States Period. Legend has it that it was compiled by Dai Sheng in the Western Han Dynasty. According to Guo Moruo's textual research, the author is Ke, a student of Mencius. Xue Ji is concise and vivid, which systematically and comprehensively expounds the purpose and function of education, the system, principles and methods of education and teaching, the position and function of teachers, and the relationship between teachers and students and classmates in the process of education. This paper systematically and comprehensively summarizes China's educational experience in the pre-Qin period. It is the earliest monograph on education and teaching in ancient China and even in the world.

Second, the content brief introduction

Learning records advocate the combination of in-class and out-of-class, and the combination of textbook learning and practical training, which not only expands the knowledge, but also cultivates noble moral sentiments and good living habits. The book uses more space to expound the dialectical relationship between "teaching" and "learning". It is believed that only through the practice of "learning" can we see the gap in our own learning ("learning before learning is insufficient"), and only through the practice of "teaching" can we see the deficiency of our own knowledge and experience ("teaching before learning is difficult"). Seeing the gap, we can make progress, seeing poverty, we can spur ourselves, and thus draw the correct conclusion that "teaching and learning learn from each other". Learning notes attach importance to heuristic teaching ("thinking after enlightenment") and gradual teaching ("teaching without rules is called grandchildren"), and emphasize stimulating students' intrinsic learning motivation and cultivating students' learning consciousness. Attach importance to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. It is argued that the basis of inspiration and induction is to understand the difficulty of students' learning and the beauty and evil of talent.

It advocates the teaching order from shallow to deep, from easy to difficult, from simple to complex, and puts forward the positive educational principle, that is, to guide students to develop in a good way before their bad behavior occurs. It is also pointed out that students should learn from each other in the learning process. The Book of Learning endows teachers with lofty status. Put forward the idea of respecting teachers and valuing morality.

Data link: Baidu Encyclopedia-Learning Notes