Chinese name: Robben alias: Luo Guanzhong, ethnic group at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty: birthplace of Han nationality: Taiyuan Prefecture, Shanxi Province Date of birth: about 1330 (year of Gengzi) Date of death: about 1400 Occupation: novelist's main achievement: representative work Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
The script "Zhao Taizu Dragon and Tiger Club" and so on.
Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties
Representative works of historical romance in Tang and Five Dynasties: Zhang Hui's novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, his life experience, living in the south of the Yangtze River, his determination to be king, his writing, his main works, literary characteristics, evaluation of characters, commemoration of future generations, Dongping, Qingxu, Shanxi, Shandong, related disputes, dispute over his native place, and Shi Naian's life experience. During Yuan Renzong's expansion in the south of the Yangtze River, Luo Guanzhong's father was a silk merchant. In the mid-Yuan Dynasty, with the gradual fading of the trauma of the War to Destroy the Song Dynasty, the economic and cultural focus of society began to shift from the north to the south. Hangzhou, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, not only became a prosperous city with a large population and developed commerce, but also became an important center for the development of drama performance and "storytelling" art. Therefore, many northern intellectuals and scholars such as Guan Hanqing and Zheng Guangzu moved to Hangzhou. As a writer of novels and zaju, Luo Guanzhong is bound to be influenced by this social trend and become one of these writers who moved to the south. At the age of seven, I studied four books and five classics in a private school. Mother/kloc-died at the age of 0/4, so she dropped out of school and went to Suzhou and Hangzhou to do business with her father. But Luo Guanzhong is not interested in business. With the consent of his father, he went to Cixi to study with Zhao Baofeng, a famous scholar at that time. The title of Luo Guanzhong's "Wandering the Lake and Scattering the Sea" means wandering around the world. He came to Hangzhou around 1345 ~ 1355. Many rappers comment on books here, and some zaju writers are also active here. Luo Guanzhong makes friends with like-minded people. In addition, he loves folk literature very much and naturally doesn't want to leave here. In the sixteenth year (1356), Luo Guanzhong bid farewell to Zhao Baofeng, and Luo Guanzhong, who is "king with ambition", visited the peasant uprising army in Zhang Shicheng. Zhang Shicheng, who led the uprising, was the hero of destroying Yuan. In the second year, at the suggestion of Luo Guanzhong, Zhang Shicheng repelled the attack of Kang Maocai, a subordinate of Zhu Yuanzhang. In the same year, Zhang Shicheng's younger brother was captured by the defeat of the Yuan Dynasty, and Zhang Shicheng had to surrender. After the reduction of Yuan, Zhang Shicheng craved pleasure. In the 23rd year of Zheng Zheng, Zhang Shicheng saw the decline of the Yuan Dynasty and became king again. Many aides, including Luo Guanzhong, suggested suspending the king's seal, but it was not adopted. Liu Liang, Liu Yuan and others left one after another. From then on, Luo Guanzhong lost confidence in Zhang Shicheng and returned to his hometown Taiyuan. In September of the 23rd year of Zheng Zheng (A.D. 1363), Luo Guanzhong also left Zhang Shicheng and went north again. In the 26th year of Zheng Zheng, Luo Guanzhong returned to Hangzhou. The writing of the popular romance of the Three Kingdoms should be after that year. At this time, he is over 50 years old, has a mature outlook on history and life, and is fully qualified to create the popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms. In the third year of Hongwu in Ming Taizu (AD 1370), Luo Guanzhong had written twelve volumes, and the writing of the following volumes was four years after Hongwu. When Luo Guanzhong wrote The Romance of The Three Kingdoms, Shi Naian moved from Suzhou to Xinghua and died in Hongwu for three years. After finishing the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Luo Guanzhong decided to process and supplement the Water Margin in memory of his teacher. This book was written between four and ten years in Hongwu. While processing and supplementing Water Margin, Luo Guanzhong continued to create a series of historical romances. There was chaos in the world at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. He is also involved. The people of Amin dynasty called him "the king with ambition, but he met God" in Chen Ji, that is, they saw that the world was bound to fall into the hands of Zhu Yuanzhang and had to fade out of the rivers and lakes. Soon, Luo Guanzhong moved to the south of the Yangtze River and lived in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, expressing his ambition of "king of maps" with novels. Tu Wang failed. He was very angry and wrote a book. However, this may also be just a legend. Because Gu Ling recorded "Zhang Shicheng, the guest house of Luo Guanzhong" in Volume 4 of Ta Ying Yuan Ji in Qing Dynasty, this is not consistent with the image of "the king with ambition". Although there are contradictions in these two records, it is enough to show that Luo Guanzhong wanted to do something at the end of Yuan Dynasty, and "vivid" was just a helpless choice after the failure of reality. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang made the provinces try for three years in order to consolidate his position. Being an enemy of Zhu Yuanzhang, Luo Guanzhong had to give up the opportunity for a scholar to become an official. In Hongwu 14 of Ming Dynasty, Luo Guanzhong wrote the Biography of Sansui Pingyao (20th edition), and then wrote the Historical Romance of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, Biography of Sui and Tang Dynasties and other works. Some experts believe that the experience of "aspiring to be king" in his early years and his special mood in his later years are the keys to Luo Guanzhong's preference for political and historical novels and his artistic success in such novels. One is to write the Romance of the Three Kingdoms with the story of the Three Kingdoms as the theme, and the other is to compile the Water Margin with the story of Liangshan heroes with historical and heroic legendary characteristics (commonly known, for example, the History of China Literature was originally written by Shi Naian and compiled by Luo Guanzhong). Luo Guanzhong has finished creating these works, and he is already an old man in his sixties. In order to publish these works, Yu Hongwu came to Fujian from Hangzhou in about thirteen years, because Jianyang in Fujian was one of the centers of publishing industry at that time. However, Luo Guanzhong failed to achieve this goal. Luo Guanzhong's creative talents are manifold. He wrote Yuefu code words and operas, but his achievements were mainly novels. As for his novels, "A Visit to the West Lake" said that he "compiled dozens of novels", and it is said that he wrote "The Romance of the Seventeenth History". In addition to the well-known Romance of the Three Kingdoms, there are other works signed by Luo Guanzhong, such as Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties, Romance of the History of Tang and Five Dynasties, and Biography of Three Sui Dynasties in Pingyao. Together with Shi Naian, he wrote The Water Margin. Among these works, the highest achievement is Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The book depicts the complicated political and military struggles in the Three Kingdoms period with a grand structure, starting with the Yellow Scarf Uprising and finally unifying the Western Jin Dynasty. The work condemns the cruelty and ugliness of the rulers, reflects the sufferings of the people in troubled times and their yearning for a clean government and benevolent rule, and reflects the distinct tendency of "supporting Liu and opposing Cao". The popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms is "not deep but not vulgar", and its language is concise and lively. It combines history and literature naturally, with both realistic descriptions and romantic legends. The earliest extant version of Luo Guanzhong's popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms is Jiajing edition, and the most widely circulated version is the revised edition of Maureen and Mao Zonggang in Qing Dynasty. In addition to novel creation, Jia's Ghost Book Continuation says that he is "the language of Yuefu, extremely fresh". Existing opera works include Zhao Taizu's Dragon and Tiger Club Zaju. The basic idea of Zaju is similar to the popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which describes the intimate relationship between monarch and minister, hoping to end the tragic situation caused by the hegemony of treacherous men through the "three cardinal guides and five permanents". About A.D. 1385 ~ 1388, Luo Guanzhong lived for 70 years and died in Luling (now Ji 'an, Jiangxi), the hometown of Wen Tianxiang, a national hero in the Song Dynasty. The main scripts are: Song Taizu Dragon and Tiger Storm Club, advice of loyalty and filial piety, and Zhang Sanping crying. Novels: Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties, Romance of Tang and Five Dynasties, Biography of Three Demons of Sui Dynasty, Powder House, Water Margin, Romance of Three Kingdoms co-authored by Shi Naian, etc. Luo Guanzhong, with literary characteristics, is known as the originator of China Zhang Hui's novels. His novels in Zhang Hui are characterized by chapters and titles. Each story is relatively independent, with neat paragraphs, but connected from beginning to end to form a unified whole. And it has been divided into volumes and titles, and the content is also very particular. Today, I saw the earliest block-printed "Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms" by Jiajing Renwu (1522), each with a single sentence and seven words. The title of Water Margin, which he and Shi Naian co-wrote, is two sentences every time, which is roughly dual. In addition to chapters, his Zhang Hui novels still retain the system of opening poems and ending poems in the Song and Yuan plays. The text often begins with the word "talking about China" and ends at the critical moment when the plot unfolds. I use the phrase "I want to know what will happen next time", and quote poems and songs in the middle to describe the scene or praise the characters. Luo Guanzhong's Zhang Hui novels are stereotyped in system, but also mature in artistic expression. The literary characteristics of his works are: the process of writing a book has changed from collective compilation to individual originality; From borrowing historical romance and fable to facing reality and paying attention to life's creative consciousness; The theme of performance ranges from paying attention to national events such as the battle of prosperity and abolition to paying attention to daily life and family chores; The characters described range from extraordinary heroes to ordinary civilians; Typical modeling ranges from highlighting the character to depicting the character with multi-color and dynamic strokes; The plot structure changes from linear flow to network intersection; The language of the novel has changed from semi-illiterate and semi-illiterate to colloquial and dialectal; And so on, are enough to show that Luo Guanzhong's Zhang Hui novels have made great achievements in the history of China novels. This also laid a solid foundation for the prosperity and more exquisite development of vernacular short stories in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. Luo Guanzhong is a writer with special contribution in the history of China literature. Many of his novels are set in troubled times. There are only seven divided times in the history of China, and Luo Guanzhong wrote three of them. Besides Romance of Three Kingdoms, there are other works such as Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties, Romance of Tang and Five Dynasties, Legend of Three Demons, etc. He also participated in the compilation and creation of Water Margin. He can also write songs and lyrics. His plays are known today, including the Dragon and Tiger Storm in Song Taizu, the serial remonstration of the son of loyalty and filial piety, and the crying of Zhang Sanping, but the last two have been lost. Luo Guanzhong experienced the great social turmoil at the end of Yuan Dynasty, witnessed the real disputes, and had a deeper understanding of the people's miserable living situation and ideal pursuit. His motivation for writing novels is, on the one hand, "don't vent your anger too much for a while, but take advantage of the opportunity of four years", on the other hand, it is also to change the shortcomings in the art of storytelling at that time and provide a good and convenient script for the people and speakers. Starting from the needs of society and literature, he collected, sorted out and enriched several novels with great influence among the people. The publication of Luo Guanzhong's works, especially The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, marks the transition of China's ancient novels from a "story-telling" stage to a long novel, and opens a new page in the history of China's novel development. Luo Guanzhong's artistic attainments first benefit from his familiarity with historical materials and profound understanding of historical figures. He absorbed the advantages of Chen Shou's History of the Three Kingdoms, obtained the essence of the folk book Shuo San Fen, and collected hundreds of stories. He knows the names and personality characteristics of hundreds of emperors and generals, and even the social relations, historical destiny and official career of many characters like the back of his hand. This kind of effort to learn from Bona extensively and remember vividly is the basis for Luo Guanzhong's overview of the century-old history and collection of the achievements of the whole century. Contradictions and conflicts are the most attractive places in historical novels. The author can use it to create motivation, express the actions of the characters and promote the development of the story. One of Luo Guanzhong's strengths is his flair. Create tension as the driving force of contradictions and conflicts. Luo Guanzhong is best at writing wars. Hundreds of wars in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms are written with their own characteristics without any repetition. Battle of Red Cliffs, it's very beautiful. The first feature of Battle of Red Cliffs is that the two countries are at war and the three parties are involved; There were a lot of military activities and a lot of diplomatic activities, and the main advisers and generals in the Three Kingdoms period were attracted by these activities. The second feature is that the way to promote and solve contradictions is to fight wits and separate regimes, not confrontation. A large number of descriptions and narratives in the works are literary wars rather than military wars. The third feature is the characteristics of the times. Before Battle of Red Cliffs, warlords scuffled, and the war in Battle of Red Cliffs burned the history of the Three Kingdoms for half a century. The fourth characteristic is geographical characteristics. There is a Yangtze River between Cao Cao and Sun Quan. The Yangtze River hangs high in the sky, thick and thin, boundless, foggy or stormy. So both sides of the war made a big fuss about this big river. The uncertainty of this great river always affects the strategies and tactics of both sides of the war. The fifth feature is the intersection of multiple contradictions, including the contradiction between the enemy and ourselves, such as Cao Cao's attempt to destroy Sun Quan and the internal contradictions among allies, such as Zhou Yu's attempt to kill Zhuge Liang. There are obvious guns, backstabbing, collusion, betrayal, justice and conspiracy. The sixth feature is that the result of contradictory struggle is unexpected: the strongest loses and the weakest wins; He who has the most soldiers loses the most, and he who has the least soldiers gains the most. Luo Guanzhong's most outstanding achievement is to create a typical figure who is always radiant. These characters have been active on the stage of China for hundreds of years, and are engraved in the hearts of ordinary people in China. Luo Guanzhong's historical novels are characterized by novel twists and turns and concise language. Character evaluation Luo Guanzhong is not only recognized as the author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, one of the earliest Zhang Hui novels in China, but also the author of The Water Margin and The Legend of Three Demons in Suiping, which respectively created the heroic legend and ghost story in Zhang Hui's novels, both of which contained Luo Guanzhong's statement, while another kind of "love story" originated from The Water Margin. Therefore, it can be considered that Luo Guanzhong is the originator (or at least one of the originators) of the four categories of classical novels in China, which is of epoch-making significance to the development of China's novels. Some even called Luo Guanzhong "the king of China's ancient novels". A portrait of Luo Guanzhong created in modern times to commemorate future generations. Luo Guanzhong Memorial Hall in Dongping, Shandong Province is located in Luo Zhuang Village, Dongping County, Tai 'an City, Shandong Province. It covers an area of 34,400 square meters and has a building area of 6,700 square meters. It was designed by Qufu Institute of Ancient Architecture and modeled after the architectural style of the Ming Dynasty. It is a blue brick and gray tile, carved with beams and painted with buildings. The main buildings are related to the Central Temple, Shuihu Garden, Three Kingdoms Garden, Guanzhong Residence, Luoyuan, stele gallery and so on. Outside the memorial hall, there are two memorial archways in Luo Guanzhong's hometown, in which the story of the Three Kingdoms is carved and the story of the Water Margin is carved in the south. The names of the two archways were inscribed by scholars Feng Qiyong and Ouyang Zhongshi respectively. The two archways are16.6m high and 30m wide. The main building of Dongping Memorial Hall in Shandong Province, with the palace style of Ming Dynasty, contains a bronze statue of Luo Guanzhong, which is 2.7 meters high and weighs 1 ton. The couplets on both sides are "Confucius in Mount Nishan, the Holy East Luo Guanzhong". The gate of Luo Guanzhong Memorial Hall in Shanmenlou, Qingxu, Shanxi Province is an antique building leaning against the mountain. There are a pair of green stone lions in front of the door. The words "Luo Guanzhong Memorial Hall" inscribed by Mr. Feng Qiyong, a famous contemporary cultural figure, hung on the gate. Opposite the square in front of the mountain gate is a resplendent screen wall with the glass relief of Kirin Yu Tu's book embedded on it. When you step into the gate, the first thing you see is the granite statue of Luo Guanzhong. Standing four meters tall, his expression is solemn and profound, his eyes are bright and staring into the distance, magnificent and lifelike. The base of the statue is five meters high and there are three layers of white marble fences. There is a clear pond on the central axis of the compound, which is crystal clear and full of fish. There is a rainbow jade belt bridge in the pool, and there are eight pairs of stone lions carved on the white marble railing, which have different shapes and vivid charm. There are three things in the yard. The West Room is the research data center of China Luo Guanzhong and The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, where various versions of Luo Guanzhong's works and related books and papers are stored. The East Room is used by Luo Guanzhong Research Association for office and reception of guests, and it is also a place for literati to enjoy tea, chess and elegant writing. Ten Notes on Disputes Related to Qing Xu Luo Guanzhong Memorial Hall (I) Notes on Travelling to the West Lake: Luo Guanzhong, a native of Qiantang and Southern Dynasties, has compiled dozens of novels. (B)' Continued Literature Tongzhi' cloud:' Water Margin' Luo Guanzhong Miao. Word penetration, Hangzhou people. (3) "Seven Manuscripts" cloud: "The History of the Three Kingdoms" and "Song Jiang" were edited by Robben Guanzhong in Hangzhou. (4) The History of the Three Kingdoms was compiled by Wanli Department and Dongyuan Luodaoben. (5) Biography of the Three Magical Ministries in Suiping: edited by Luo Guanzhong Dongyuan. (6) The Water Margin: Your father edited it in the Central Plains. (7) Water Margin: edited by Luo Guanzhong, Central Plains. (8) The Complete Biography of Datang was originally written by Luling Robben. (9) "Shadow of the Tree House" goes: "Water Margin" is said to have been written by Luo Guanzhong, a Vietnamese named Wu Hongchu. (10) "Ghost Book Continuation" said: Luo Guanzhong, a native of Taiyuan, was scattered in lakes and seas. He is widowed, and Yuefu slang is extremely fresh. He forgot to make friends with the rest of the year, and he suffered many times. This is just the beginning of the resumption of the meeting I haven't been here for over 60 years, but I don't know where it will end. Five statements: Hangzhou, Luling, Zhongyuan, Dongyuan and Taiyuan. The most concerned are Hangzhou, Dongyuan and Taiyuan. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms in Hangzhou said: The Collected Works of Zhao Baofeng, a local scholar in Hangzhou, was ranked 16th, and was named Robben. People in Hangzhou think Robben is Luo Guanzhong, but Luo Guanzhong has participated in political activities in many places, so one of them can't be regarded as his official native place. Hangzhou said it could not be established. Dongyuan mentioned Mr. Yong Yuzi (Jiang Daqi) in the sixth year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty. Jiang Daqi thinks that the books of Dongyuan generation classify the author as Dongyuan. Dongyuan's theory is not credible and cannot be established. Taiyuan said that the author of Ghost Book was anonymous, and after textual research, the author was Jia. According to the discovery of Luo Guanzhong's works in various places, he has traveled to many places and left footprints in various places, which is one of the reasons why there are many opinions about his native place. Is consistent. At that time, Jia proposed "Taiyuan people", which was a large area and came from that continent and county, but Jia did not propose it. However, the genealogy found in Wanhe village, the most concentrated village in Roche, includes six empirical studies: sacred paper, beam-protecting signs, tombs, inkstones and plaques. It can be explained that Luo Guanzhong was directly under the jurisdiction of Taiyuan. In August, 2006, at the international symposium on Luo Guanzhong, the Three Kingdoms and the Water Margin held in Shandong, 500 experts from home and abroad generally believed that Water Margin was banned in the early Ming Dynasty and could not be published under its real name. Luo Guanzhong himself is from Dongping, Shandong, but Shi Naian can't be found in historical materials. In this case, the author is likely to publish the article under a pseudonym. The early version of the Ming Dynasty was signed by Luo Guanzhong alone, and later by Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong. "Shi Naian" is pronounced as "I am" and Shi Naian is pronounced as "I am" with a Shandong accent. According to the habit of many writers writing books at that time, the subtext of Shi Naian-Luo Guanzhong was probably "I am Luo Guanzhong". Combining the writing characteristics of Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin, some experts believe that these two famous works were written by Luo Guanzhong in different ways. Master-apprentice relationship Ji Lianhai disagreed with the statement that the Water Margin was written by Luo Guanzhong alone, but he agreed with the widely circulated statement that Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong were masters and apprentices. He said that the statement that Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong were teachers and students came from Wang Daosheng's Epitaph of Huai 'an Shi Naian in Ming Dynasty and Hu Yinglin's Poem of Shaoshi Mountain in Qing Dynasty. Wang Daosheng said: "Every manuscript is proofread with the master, especially Zhenghai Fish. His strength is attributed to Luo Guanzhong." When talking about the origin of the creation of Water Margin, Hu Yinglin said, "I learned a lot about catching thieves in Song and other places, and understood the reasons for its 180 people, and polished it into this series." Robben, his favorite pupil, also made it the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which was extremely humble. Luo Guanzhong's surname is Luo Ming. Although there are not many historical records, it can still be verified that Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong belonged to the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties and Shi Naian was a sophomore for 30 years. They participated in the Zhang Shicheng Uprising. Luo Guanzhong's Yuefu argot is extremely fresh, according to the sequel of Ghost Record Book. Therefore, many scholars believe that most of the poems in the Water Margin were collected by Luo Guanzhong, and Luo Guanzhong, as an editor, revised the Water Margin, which is similar to the Romance of the Three Kingdoms in some plots.