The reason for this is the following：

People's temperament is mainly determined by heredity. At present, psychologists generally believe that under normal circumstances, people's temperament types can be divided into four types: choleric, sanguine, mucinous and depressive.

Psychologists explain four kinds of temperament:

Bile quality is equivalent to the intense and unbalanced types of nerve activity. People with this temperament are highly excited, grumpy, straightforward and energetic. They can bury themselves in their careers with great enthusiasm. When they are excited, they are determined to overcome all difficulties. When their energy is exhausted, their mood will plummet again.

Blood is equivalent to a flexible type with strong and balanced nerve activity. People with this temperament are enthusiastic, capable, adaptable, sociable, cheerful, quick-thinking, easy to divert attention, easy to change emotions, indifferent to market affairs, interested in things, full of fantasies, and unwilling to do patient and meticulous work.

Mucous substance is equivalent to quiet type, with strong and balanced nerve activity. People with this temperament are calm, good at restraint and tolerance, have a regular life, are not distracted by unimportant things, work hard, have patience, have a serious attitude, are neither supercilious nor arrogant, do not like empty talk, and are serious; But not flexible enough, not easy to divert attention, conformism, lack of enthusiasm for the cause.

Depression is equivalent to weak neural activity, and the process of excitement and depression is weak. People with this temperament are calm, profound, easy to get along with, popular, reliable and firm, and can overcome difficulties; But sensitive, vulnerable to setbacks, withdrawn and indecisive, fatigue is not easy to recover, slow to respond, not enterprising.

Then, why should the types of temperament be divided like this? As an important aspect of personal psychological characteristics, temperament types have always been of interest to people, and managers have also experienced a process of continuous development and improvement.

People's physical qualities are different. For example, the response of the nervous system to the outside world is fast or slow, the blood circulation is strong or weak, and people's constitutions are fat or thin. The earliest temperament research began with the question of how the amount of body fluids such as blood, bile and mucus in human body affects people's temperament. According to the dominant proportion of blood, yellow bile, black bile and mucus, ancient Greek philosophers divided human temperament into four categories: sanguine, active and agile; Grumpy, with a keen sense of sex and quick movements; Depression with fragile temperament and slow action; Quiet, slow-moving mucus.

Although this method of temperament classification lacks sufficient scientific basis (the distinction between yellow bile and black bile is unscientific in itself), it is used in future temperament research. From 65438 to 0789, Kant, a great German philosopher, divided temperament into two categories: active temperament and emotional temperament from the viewpoint that temperament is influenced by personality and lineage. According to whether the personality is active or not, the active temperament is divided into bile and mucus; According to the difference of blood quality, emotional temperament can be divided into two categories: light blood quality and heavy blood branch What factors are affecting temperament in blood, and what is the quantitative relationship between them? Kant doesn't understand these problems, and even people don't understand them.

German psychologist Kramer created a unique style in the study of temperament theory. He used the basic types of physique to distinguish temperament. For example, a weak human brain has a long and narrow outline, long limbs and underdeveloped muscles. This kind of person is emotionally fragile, sentimental, withdrawn, introverted, impulsive, convulsive and restless. This person's temperament belongs to schizophrenia. For another example, stout physique is characterized by an open chest, a stocky figure, a round face and a bulging stomach. This kind of person's temperament is characterized by cheerful personality, good at getting along with people around him, natural and generous attitude, but depressed and crazy, unstable mood. This kind of temperament is called circulation type.

Based on higher nervous activity's theory, Pavlov, a physiologist in the Soviet Union, thinks that the characteristics of temperament city higher nervous activity type are reflected in human behavior. He pointed out that there are four temperament types corresponding to four higher nervous activity types (excited, lively, quiet and weak): choleric, sanguine, mucinous and depressive. People with bile have a strong nervous system, but it is uneven; The nervous system of patients with depression is weak; The nervous system of sanguine people is flexible and unified; However, the nervous system of people with mucus is more inert.

In a word, there are dozens of theories about temperament classification in the world, but only German psychologist Feng Te's theory of temperament classification is basically accepted by international psychologists.

Feng Te divided temperament into four categories according to the speed of human nervous system's reaction to the outside world and the strength of willpower. Their specific features are as follows:

1. Bile (quick response, strong willpower)

Impatient temper, strong nervous system, not afraid of difficulties, lack of self-control, lack of lasting systematic work ability.

Second, depression (slow response, strong willpower)

Sentimentality, nervous system sensitivity, strong inhibition, stubbornness, easy to get angry, not good at communication, can not bear long hours of intense work.

Third, sanguine (quick response, weak willpower)

I have a strong nervous system, balanced feelings and actions, lively and active, good at communication, able to adapt to various situations, and often easy to make compromises.

4. Mucous type (slow reaction and weak willpower)

Lonely personality, emotional and action balance, indifferent expression, emotional stability, slow response, difficult to adapt to changes in living conditions, hard work.

The above four classifications are too idealistic, and the actual encounter is often the cross-integration of two or three temperament types.

People in their daily work, study and life, from making friends, falling in love and getting married to cultivating hobbies and choosing careers, will all involve temperament issues. After a man and a woman get married, if they don't pay attention to the temperament characteristics of both sides, they will often quarrel because of the disharmony of marriage, and even develop into divorce.

Paying attention to one's own characteristics in temperament is helpful to one's career choice and development path. If you are close to bold people to apply for art colleges, you can choose drama and literature or composition, not acting. The development prospect of the former is definitely better than the latter.

If the personnel department can understand the temperament of employees and consider it when assigning work, it will achieve better results; On the contrary, it is poverty. Analysis of production accidents is not entirely caused by ideological negligence, but also by temperament factors. Due to the lack of the ability to work for a long time, people with choleric temperament are more likely to produce defective products due to distraction if they are forced to engage in jobs that require long-term concentration (such as operating machine tools for precision cutting).

Some psychologists who work in the personnel department abroad advocate measuring the temperament characteristics of employees, and based on the measurement results, assign everyone to the jobs that are most suitable for their characteristics. To this end, they developed some methods to determine individual temperament types, and their specific indicators are:

First, sensory testing. Only by measuring the intensity of external influence can we have a psychological impact on him. For example, when a weak light or sound signal comes, what intensity should be achieved to attract the attention of the observed object? This is of great significance to the selection of radar observers and other professionals.

Second, the endurance test. Astronauts ignite rockets, and fighter pilots have to bear a lot of acceleration when the plane accelerates. In this case, is he conscious and psychologically stable? Firefighters are active in a harsh environment full of fireworks and dangers. Can they maintain emotional stability? All these require people who work in some harsh environments to measure their tolerance to various strong stimuli and their psychological state under these stimuli.

Third, agility measurement. It mainly measures the agility of individual nervous system to external reaction. When recruiting a detective, the Public Security Bureau should not only know his reaction speed to external changes, the characteristics of reaction mode and the corresponding psychological process, but also measure his reaction speed and attention transfer speed in unexpected situations (such as sudden attacks on ethics).

Fourth, plasticity measurement. People who do acrobatics often change quickly according to the actual situation. The speed of their change and adaptation is called plasticity. When choosing acrobats in Afghanistan, don't choose those who have a large inertia (and thus less plasticity) as young seeds.

5. Determination of excitability. When selecting performing talents in art colleges, we should not only test his basic skills, speech, appearance and demeanor, but also see whether he can show strong inner excitement on the outside. On the other hand, the requirements for foreign staff are just the opposite. They should be calm and steady, so they must be extremely excited and not exposed easily.

There are many ways to measure these psychological characteristics. Generally, a specific environment is created in the laboratory to measure its corresponding psychological characteristics. There is also a question and answer test. Test results should be evaluated according to statistical methods.

Although people's physical quality has a great influence on temperament, temperament will change due to the acquired life practice, the influence of external conditions and their own subjective efforts, and it is not static. Although depressed people are sentimental and can't bear long-term intense work, many famous scientists, writers and composers in the world (such as Darwin, Nicholas Nikolai Gogol, Chopin, etc. ), although depressed, he has made great achievements in his work and achieved excellent results. This shows that a person's temperament is not suitable for people engaged in a certain kind of work, and there is no need to sell yourself short, let alone fall into a pessimistic and disappointed situation. Instead, we should consciously exercise ourselves according to our own shortcomings. As long as we persist, life will always succeed.

Like temperament, a person's personality is also a very important psychological feature. Let's look at the following example first.

Five minutes after the performance of a theater officially started, four late audiences came to the theater gate. As a rule, the staff prohibited them from entering the theater.

A, who arrived first, had a red-faced argument with the goalkeeper. He argued that the clock in the cinema was blocked, and he planned to push the staff away and run directly to their seats. He also said that it would not affect anyone. As a result, he had a fight with the staff.

B, who arrived later, immediately understood that he was not allowed to enter the theater, and there was a ticket gate upstairs. He thought it might be easier to get in there, so he ran upstairs.

C, who arrived almost at the same time, saw that he was not allowed to enter the main hall and thought, "The first game is probably not very exciting. I'd better go to the canteen for the time being and go in at halftime. "

Finally, D said, "I'm really unlucky. I come to the theater once in a while, what bad luck! " "Then I went home.

The mental activities of the four people were all painted with their own unique colors. A straightforward, enthusiastic, energetic, easily excited, and the mood changes dramatically; B, on the other hand, is lively, sensitive, responsive and easy to divert attention. Both of them are extroverted. C quiet, steady, slow-witted, taciturn, emotional and patient; D withdrawn, self-abased, slow-moving and sentimental. Their personalities are introverted.

Extroverts generally have strong self-esteem, while introverts generally have weak self-esteem.

But in the real society, after all, people who are extremely extroverted or extremely introverted are a minority, and most of them are intermediate types between extroversion and introversion.

There is no absolute difference between introversion and extroversion. Any tendency may have positive significance in one situation and negative significance in another. For example, extroverts have rich emotions, strong working ability and are easy to adapt to the new environment, but their attention is unstable and their interests are easy to shift. Introverts have poor endurance in their work and often have narrow contact surfaces, but they are sensitive, cautious and observant, and are good at observing small things that others are not aware of. Young people's personality is characterized by formative period and great plasticity. They should fully understand themselves, pay attention to their strengths and avoid weaknesses, and cultivate their healthy personality.