Wang Anshi was born in the fifth year of Tianxi (A.D. 102 1) and died in the first year of Yuan You (A.D. 1086). His name is Mid-Levels, his name is Badger Lang, and his name is Jing Guogong, also known as Wang and Mr. Linchuan in the world. Song Linchuan (now from Shangchi Natural Village, dongxiang county, Fuzhou), Han nationality. An outstanding politician, thinker, writer and reformer in the Northern Song Dynasty, he was one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties. He made outstanding achievements in the literature of the Northern Song Dynasty. His poem "Learn from Du Fu and Be Thin and Hard" is good at reasoning and rhetoric, good at using allusions, powerful in style, subtle in warning and profound in sentiment. He is the author of Collected Works of Mr. Linchuan. He was born in a small official family. Father's benefit, word loss, is a judge of Linjiang army, and he has served as a county official in several States all his life. Anshi doesn't like reading very much, has a strong memory and is well educated. In the second year (1042), Li Qing ranked fourth in Emperor Wen of Sui Jinshi list, and successively served as the prison officer of Huainan magistrate, Yinxian magistrate, Changzhou magistrate and Tiaodian Jiangdong. In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Zong Shenchu acceded to the throne, and Zhao 'an was called a bachelor of Hanlin from Jiangning Government School. In the second year of Xining (1069), he was promoted to participate in politics. Since Xining three years ago, he has served as a member of the same school twice to publicize the new law. Xi Ning lived in seclusion after nine years' strike and died in Zhongshan, posthumous title, Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). His political reform had a far-reaching impact on the social economy in the early Song Dynasty, with the characteristics of modern change, and was praised by Lenin as "1 1 century China reformer". .
[Edit this paragraph] statesman Wang Anshi
In the second year of Li Qing (1042), Wang Anshi took the fourth place as a scholar, and successively signed books for Huainan (Yangzhou), Yinxian (now Ningbo, Zhejiang), Zhou Shu (now Buried Hill, Anhui) and other places to pass the verdict. He was transferred to Kaifeng as a judge of the animal husbandry department, and then transferred to Changzhou to raise officials and businessmen on Jiangnan East Road, which was called the third department. Years of experience as a local official made Wang Anshi realize that the root of social poverty in the Song Dynasty was merger, and the crisis faced by feudal rule in the Song Dynasty was "worrying about the country at home and not fearing barbarians abroad". Therefore, Wang Anshi called for a comprehensive reform of the written law since the early Song Dynasty in the book Yan Hong Shu written by Zhao Zhen of Song Renzong in the third year of Jiayou (1058) in order to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness. Take the example of Sima Yan, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Li Longji who only wanted to "relax" and did not seek reform, and finally fell down. Wang Anshi had a rare sense of urgency for reform, and shouted: "If the ancient times are accurate, the world can be peaceful and chaotic, and don't rush to today when possible", demanding immediate reform of the written law; Otherwise, the history of Huang Chao's death in the Tang Dynasty will repeat itself, and the Song Dynasty will also embark on the road of extinction. The feudal scholar-officials also placed high hopes on Wang Anshi and looked forward to his coming to power as soon as possible. At the beginning of Xining, Wang Anshi, as the attendant minister of Hanlin bachelor, discussed the way of governing the country with young Song Shenzong, which won Song Shenzong's appreciation. In the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi became a consultant in politics, and was promoted to prime minister the following year, and began to vigorously carry out reforms.
The purpose of Wang Anshi's political reform is to enrich Qiang Bing, so as to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty and consolidate the rule of the landlord class. Wang Anshi clearly put forward that financial management is the prime minister's first priority, expounded the relationship between politics and financial management, and pointed out that "politics is the principle of financial management, and financial management is the so-called righteousness." More importantly, before Wang Anshi came to power, he thought that only on the basis of developing production can the national financial problem be solved: "The wealth of the world is born with the strength of the world, and the wealth of the world is taken from the expense of the world." After Wang Anshi took office, he continued to play this view. He once pointed out: "Those who do nothing today are short of money, so I put financial management first", while "financial management is urgent for farmers, and farmers are eager to get rid of hardships, restrain mergers and promote agriculture". In this reform, Wang Anshi put the development of production in the first place as the top priority. In Wang Anshi's view, in order to develop production, the first thing is to "relieve (laborers) suffering, restrain mergers and take pleasure in agriculture", mobilize the enthusiasm of laborers, and bring those idle people back to the front line of production. Harvest depends on people, not on the sky. To achieve this goal, the state power needs to formulate corresponding principles and policies and carry out top-down reforms nationwide. Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of state power in the reform, he disapproved of excessive state intervention in social production and economic life, opposed excessive patent collection, and put forward and adhered to the proposition and practice of "not too much monopoly law". Under the guidance of Wang Anshi's above thoughts, the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws, such as farmland water conservancy, young crops, exemption from labor, fair loss, easy market, exemption from money and mining tax system, and carried out extensive social reforms from agriculture to handicrafts, commerce and from rural areas to cities. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system, improved the quality and combat effectiveness of the army, and strengthened control over the vast rural areas; In order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education system have also been reformed. The so-called Three Classics and New Meanings, such as Zhou, Yi Shu and Poetic Art written by Wang Anshi himself, have provided new teaching materials for school education reform.
Political reform goes against the interests of conservatives and is opposed by conservatives. So Wang Anshi and Ning JaeHee went on strike for the first time in seven years. In particular, due to the differences between Wang Anshi, the designer of the reform, and Song Shenzong, the supreme moderator of the reform, Wang Anshi could not get more support after reunification and could not continue the reform. Coupled with the internal division of the reformists, his son Wang Kan died, and Wang Anshi resigned as prime minister for the second time in the ninth year of JaeHee Ning, and has lived in jiangning house ever since. In the first year of Yuan You, Song Zhezong (1086), conservatives came to power, and all previous new laws were abolished. Wang Anshi was deeply disturbed by the reversal of the political situation. When he heard that the immunity law had also been abolished, he could not help but say with indignation, "Enough!" Soon, he died of depression.
[Edit this paragraph] Historical evaluation
There are many different comments on Wang Anshi's political reform in history. During the Northern Song Dynasty, opponents criticized it by modifying history. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the reform was once again characterized by the method of compiling history, and it was pointed out that Wang Anshi's reform led to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty (it is said that the Southern Song Dynasty court wanted to shirk the responsibility of the royal family). Later generations made such judgments on its reform based on this, so that there were special satirical articles in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
However, there are also scholars in Wang Anshi's hometown who argue because of their fellow villagers, such as Lu Jiuyuan.
From historical development to modern times, unprecedented changes have taken place in China, and the call for reform is increasing. Therefore, Wang Anshi's reform began to be positively evaluated. The main figures are Liang Qichao and Yan Fu, who started from the needs of social reality and called for the spirit of reform. Later, there were more and more studies on Wang Anshi's political reform, and it was not popularized until the Republic of China.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Wang Anshi was evaluated mainly from the perspective of class. Later, this method was gradually abolished, and his reform was from the perspective of specific interests. The main researchers are SJGH and Deng Guangming.
Overseas, Huang Renyu, a Chinese-American historian, believes that many of Wang Anshi's reforms involved large-scale commercial and digital management in China at that time, but they failed because of the lack of bureaucratic culture and related technical capabilities at that time.
In the second year of Zong Xining (1069), Wang Anshi began to implement the new law and adopted a series of reform measures. The following year, Sima Guang wrote a long letter of more than 3,300 words to Wang Anshi, listing the disadvantages of implementing the new law and demanding that Wang Anshi abandon the new law and restore the old system. "Reply to Sima's suggestion" is Wang Anshi's reply: "If I really blame myself for being in office for a long time and failing to help the people, then someone will know the crime. If you say that you should do nothing today, just do what you did before, it is beyond anyone's knowledge. " The so-called "don't be afraid of clouds to cover your eyes, you are at the highest level." It is a portrayal of Wang Anshi.
[Edit this paragraph] Wang Anshi's political reform
Because he was deeply appreciated by Zongshen, in the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi was appointed as a political adviser, and the next year he was promoted to prime minister, and began to vigorously promote political reform and reform. Wang Anshi clearly put forward that financial management is the prime minister's first priority, explained the relationship between political affairs and financial management, and thought that only on the basis of developing production can the national financial problems be solved well. After Wang Anshi took office, he continued to play this view. In the reform, he took the development of production as the top priority and put it in the first place. Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of state power in the reform, he disapproved of excessive state intervention in social production and economic life, opposed excessive patent collection, and put forward and adhered to the proposition and practice of "not too much monopoly law". Under the guidance of Wang Anshi's above thoughts, the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws, from agriculture to handicrafts and commerce, and from rural areas to cities, and launched a wide range of social reforms. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system, improved the quality and combat effectiveness of the army, and strengthened control over the vast rural areas; In order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education system have also been reformed. The political reform violated the interests of the big landlords and bureaucrats, and Empress Dowager Cixi, royalty and conservative scholar-officials joined forces to oppose the political reform. So in the seventh year of Yexining (1074), Wang Anshi went on strike for the first time. See you next year. Wang Anshi can't get more support after the resumption of the phase and can't carry out reform. In the ninth year of Xining (1076), he resigned as prime minister for the second time and has lived in jiangning house ever since. In the first year of Yuan You, Song Zhezong (1086), conservatives came to power, and all previous new laws were abolished. Wang Anshi died of depression soon.
[Edit this paragraph] Writer Wang Anshi
Wang Anshi is not only an outstanding politician, thinker, but also an outstanding writer. In order to realize his political ideal, he closely linked literary creation with political activities, emphasizing that the role of literature lies in serving the society first. He opposed the vague and powerless style of Yang Yi and Liu Yun of Quincy School, and thought that "the so-called writers are just doing something to make up for the world." The so-called resignation, there are still sculptures. Really be a clever fairy China, there is no need to apply it; If you apply it, you don't have to be smart and flashy. It should be application-oriented and painting-oriented. "It is precisely because Anshi regards the concept of" application "of" serving the world "as the foundation of literary creation that his works reveal the drawbacks of the times, reflect social contradictions and have a strong political color. Today, there are Wang Linchuan's collections, Linchuan's collections and Mr. Linchuan's songs.
Wang Anshi was one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. His prose is vigorous and concise, extraordinary and steep. Most of them are essays in the form of books, tables, notes, preface, etc., which explain political opinions and opinions and serve the reform and innovation. These articles have clear views and profound analysis on current political or social issues. Long articles are horizontal but not concise, short ones are broken but not detailed. Quotations from Emperor Ren Shang is a masterpiece advocating social change. On the basis of in-depth analysis of the diplomatic dilemma of internal troubles and foreign invasion in the Northern Song Dynasty, it put forward a complete political reform proposal, which showed the author's progressive thought of "ruling the country from the people's diseases". "Nothing happened in this century", while describing and explaining the peaceful situation and reasons in the early Song Dynasty for more than a hundred years, pointed out sharply the social problems that were at stake at that time, expected the Sect to make political achievements, and thought that "the promising day is today". It played the overture of the government, which began in the second year. Answering Sima Zhi's remonstrance, he refuted Sima Guang's accusation that the new law invaded officials, caused trouble, demanded benefits and refused to remonstrate. It is short and clear, and its wording is appropriate, which reflects the author's firm and principled statesmanship. An Shi's political essays, whether long or short, are very rigorous in structure, excellent in thinking, thorough in reasoning and concise in language. "It only takes one or two sentences to wipe out a large number of others" (Liu Xizai's Art Outline). Text outline), with strong generality and logic. At this time, it played a positive role in promoting the political reform and consolidating the achievements of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. Some of Anshi's essays, such as GunShuo, Reading Biography, Biography of Book Assassin, Shang, etc., are well-known, with strong comments on characters, sharp writing style and rich feelings, giving people a fresh and clear feeling. He also has a part of landscape travel prose "The Creation of the City Pit Courtyard", which is concise, lively and labor-saving, just like Liu Zongyuan; A trip to Baochan Mountain not only records a trip, but also is very meaningful. The two are closely and naturally combined. Even if the abstract truth is vivid, it adds ideological depth to the specific notes and makes the layout flexible and tortuous.
Wang Anshi's poems can be roughly divided into early and late periods, with obvious differences in content and style. Gong Jing was less confident, so poetic language was just what he wanted, and he was no longer more tolerant ... Later, he became a group of shepherds, made a fake collection of poems in the Tang Dynasty from the Song Dynasty, and studied it extensively. In his later years, he began to go all out. "(Ye Mengde's Shi Lin Shi Hua). The early poems are good at reasoning and have obvious tendencies, involving many important and sharp societies. The problem noticed the sufferings of the lower classes and made an unfair voice for them. Feelings, mergers, reinforcements, etc. Describe and prompt the weakness of the national situation or the corruption of internal affairs in the Song Dynasty from the political, economic and military aspects, point out the harm of land annexation by big landlords and businessmen to the country and the people, and put forward the suggestion of "elite soldiers"; "Collecting Salt" and "Hebei People" reflect the tragic experience of the people being oppressed by the rulers at that time. "In the Examination Room" and "Examination Paper" directly criticized the imperial examination system of giving scholars poems, requiring the use of talents who can contribute to the country; "Yuan Ri" and "Song Yuanfeng" enthusiastically eulogized the new atmosphere and people's joy brought by the political reform; Shang Yang and Jia Sheng, etc. By evaluating the merits and demerits of historical figures, their new viewpoints and progressive significance are expressed. An Shi's reclusive life in his later period contributed to his poetry creation. He lingered and reveled in the countryside, with a narrow theme, and a large number of poems about scenery and things replaced the previous political poems, expressing a leisurely interest. But artistic expression is perfect. "Elegant and exquisite, vulgar, every irony will sink between the teeth and cheeks. Poems such as Poems on the Back of the Mountain, Boating in Guazhou, Flowers on the River, Plum Blossoms, and Mr. Yin's Wall on the Lake are exquisitely observed, with a long and fresh artistic conception, showing praise and love for the beauty of nature, which has always been told by people.
As far as the poetic style is concerned, Anshi's ancient poems mostly use classics and arguments, but like Qu and Taoyuan Xing, they have novel ideas, rich feelings and rich imagination. Rhyme, on the other hand, is steady and appropriate, but sometimes it is inevitable to lose too much carving. Five musts and seven musts are especially famous. "Wang Banshan has many styles and is good at quatrains" (Hanting Poem) and "Gong Jing's quatrains are amazing in the world" (Boat House Poem). His poems have great influence on contemporary and later generations, and are called "Wang Gong Jing Style" (Yan Yu's Poems on Canglang).
There are about twenty poems written by An Shi today. Although he is not a famous poet, his "works are thin and elegant, washing away the old habits of the Five Dynasties" (Liu Xizai's "Art, Ci and Qulue"). The word "Gui Zhi Xiang Jin Mausoleum Nostalgia" reveals the decadent life of the ruling class in the Six Dynasties by describing the magnificent scenery and homesickness of Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), and is known as the swan song of ancient times. Coupled with Fan Zhongyan's "Fisherman's Passion" and "Qiu Lai's Unique Scenery", Su Dongpo's bold voice was opened, which had a good influence on later ci circles.
From the literary point of view, Anshi's works have made outstanding achievements in poetry, prose and ci. The poetry innovation movement in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty was vigorously promoted by him, which contributed to sweeping away the glitz and splendor that was all the rage in the early Song Dynasty. However, An Shi's literary thought overemphasizes "practicality" and often underestimates the role of art forms. Many of his poems often show that the elements of argument and reasoning are too heavy, thin and stiff, and lack image and charm. There are also some poems about Buddhism, which are obscure and dry, but they are also a star in the history of China's poetry.